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Samuele Cortese has declared reimbursement for travel and accommodation expenses from the Association for Child and Adolescent Central Health (ACAMH) in relation to lectures delivered for ACAMH, the Canadian AADHD Alliance Resource, the British Association of Psychopharmacology, Healthcare Convention and CCM Group team for educational activity on ADHD, and has received honoraria from Medice. Samuele Cortese is an Editorial Board member of\n                      CNS Drugs\n                      . Samuele Cortese was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Valeria Parlatini also received travel and fees reimbursement by Medice to attend Eunethydis 2025, not related to the present project. Sulagna Roy, Guilherme Fusetto Veronesi, Sara Mannarini and Daniele Pirolo have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of data and material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"SR was responsible for data curation, investigation and writing (original draft); GFV, SM and DP for data curation, investigation and writing (revision); AB for conceptualisation and writing (revision); SC for conceptualisation, supervision and writing (original draft and revision); VP for conceptualisation, project administration, supervision and writing (original draft and revision). All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}