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S.R. and S.S. have no conflict of interest to declare. In the last 3 years, J.B. has received: royalties from Elsevier and SpringerNature in respect of authorship of reference texts on herbal medicines; travel expenses and\/or conference expenses from United States Pharmacopeia, UK Drug Safety Research Unit, University of Mississippi, Southern Cross University, International Society of Pharmacovigilance and the South African Botanical Products Association in respect of invited meetings\/conference presentations; non-financial support (clinical trial supplies) from Achieve Life Sciences and NZVAPOR (both 2022\u20132024) as a co-investigator. J.B. is an Editorial Board member of Drug Safety. J.B. was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organised by the Council of Australian University Librarians (CAUL) and its Member Institutions. This manuscript forms part of the doctoral research of X.Y.L. X.Y.L. is a recipient of the Auckland Medical Research Foundation Maclaurin & Barham Doctoral Scholarship (1224004). No other funding was received for this review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"This is a scoping review. No ethical approval is required.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the idea for the article and developed the literature search strategy. X.Y.L. performed the literature search, study screening, selection, and data extraction. X.Y.L. drafted the article and J.B., S.R. and S.S. critically revised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}