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SR and SS have no conflicts of interest to declare. In the last 3 years, JB has received: royalties from Elsevier and SpringerNature in respect of authorship of reference texts on herbal medicines; travel expenses and\/or conference expenses from United States Pharmacopeia, UK Drug Safety Research Unit, University of Mississippi (USA), Southern Cross University (Australia), International Society of Pharmacovigilance, and South African Botanical Products Association in respect of invited meetings\/conference presentations; non-financial support (clinical trial supplies) from Achieve Life Sciences and NZVAPOR (both 2022-24) as a co-investigator. JB is an Editorial Board member of Drug Safety. JB was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is a scoping review. No ethical approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Materials","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}