{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T18:54:50Z","timestamp":1773168890539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0528-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1450695743000},"page":"243-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Dimethyl Fumarate: A Review in Relapsing-Remitting MS"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Emma D.","family":"Deeks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"528_CR1","unstructured":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Multiple sclerosis: hope through research. 2015. http:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/disorders\/multiple_sclerosis\/detail_multiple_sclerosis.htm . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"key":"528_CR2","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society. What is MS? 2015. http:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"key":"528_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708659","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/708659","volume":"2013","author":"GG Ortiz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moises FP, Bitzer-Quintero OK, et al. Immunology and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: clinical and basic approach. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:708659.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2015.11.1.9","volume":"11","author":"W Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim W, Zandona ME, Kim SH, et al. Oral disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(1):9\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"528_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i7.545","volume":"3","author":"A Gajofatto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD. Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: when to start, when to change, when to stop? World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(7):545\u201355.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases."},{"key":"528_CR6","unstructured":"Biogen Inc. Tecfidera\u00ae (dimethyl fumarate) delayed-release capsules: US prescribing Information. 2014. http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"key":"528_CR7","unstructured":"Biogen Idec Ltd. Tecfidera gastro-resistant hard capsules: EU summary of product characteristics. 2015. http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/ . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0155-5","volume":"28","author":"CB Burness","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burness CB, Deeks ED. Dimethyl fumarate: a review of its use in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2014;28(4):373\u201387.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.190132","volume":"341","author":"RH Scannevin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scannevin RH, Chollate S, Jung MY, et al. Fumarates promote cytoprotection of central nervous system cells against oxidative stress via the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;341(1):274\u201384.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"528_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq386","volume":"134","author":"RA Linker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linker RA, Lee DH, Ryan S, et al. Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 3):678\u201392.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"6","key":"528_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13885","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160613885","volume":"16","author":"Q Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Q, Chuikov S, Taitano S, et al. Dimethyl fumarate protects neural stem\/progenitor cells and neurons from oxidative damage through Nrf2-ERK1\/2 MAPK pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(6):13885\u2013907.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"528_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin SX, Lisi L, Russo CD, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of dimethyl fumarate in astrocytes involve glutathione and haem oxygenase-1. ASN Neuro. 2011;3(2).","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20100033"},{"key":"528_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-163","volume":"9","author":"P Albrecht","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albrecht P, Bouchachia I, Goebels N, et al. Effects of dimethyl fumarate on neuroprotection and immunomodulation. J Neuroinflamm. 2012;9:163.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"528_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.04.011","volume":"5","author":"H Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang H, Taraboletti A, Shriver LP. Dimethyl fumarate modulates antioxidant and lipid metabolism in oligodendrocytes. Redox Biol. 2015;5:169\u201375.","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"528_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulze-Topphoff U, Varrin-Doyer M, Pekarek K, et al. Dimethyl fumarate utilizes NRF2-independent and NRF2-dependent pathways for immune modulation [abstract no. S53.002]. Neurology. 2014;82(10 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.S53.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"528_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72151","volume":"124","author":"H Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen H, Assmann JC, Krenz A, et al. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate\u2019s protective effect in EAE. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(5):2188\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"528_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1422-3","volume":"130","author":"B Parodi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parodi B, Rossi S, Morando S, et al. Fumarates modulate microglia activation through a novel HCAR2 signaling pathway and rescue synaptic dysregulation in inflamed CNS. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2015;130(2):279\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)."},{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.041","volume":"375","author":"H Tang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tang H, Lu JY, Zheng X, et al. The psoriasis drug monomethylfumarate is a potent nicotinic acid receptor agonist. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;375(4):562\u20135.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"528_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42273","volume":"120","author":"J Hanson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hanson J, Gille A, Zwykiel S, et al. Nicotinic acid- and monomethyl fumarate-induced flushing involves GPR109A expressed by keratinocytes and COX-2-dependent prostanoid formation in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(8):2910\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"528_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-30","volume":"7","author":"H Wilms","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilms H, Sievers J, Rickert U, et al. Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in vitro model of brain inflammation. J Neuroinflamm. 2010;7:30.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"11","key":"528_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100977","volume":"208","author":"K Ghoreschi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghoreschi K, Bruck J, Kellerer C, et al. Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2011;208(11):2291\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"33","key":"528_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28017","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.383380","volume":"287","author":"H Peng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peng H, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Mehta VB, et al. Dimethyl fumarate inhibits dendritic cell maturation via nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1\/2) and mitogen stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) signaling. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(33):28017\u201326.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03094.x","volume":"145","author":"S Schilling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schilling S, Goelz S, Linker R, et al. Fumaric acid esters are effective in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppress macrophage infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;145(1):101\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"528_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01292.x","volume":"13","author":"S Schimrigk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schimrigk S, Brune N, Hellwig K, et al. Oral fumaric acid esters for the treatment of active multiple sclerosis: an open-label, baseline-controlled pilot study. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(6):604\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"528_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng H, Matos M, Wipke B, et al. Dimethyl fumarate alters microglia phenotype and protects neurons against proinflammatory toxic microenvironments [abstract no. P1.163]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.163"},{"key":"528_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenna M, Matos M, Sun C, et al. The NRF2 transcriptional target, OSGIN1, contributes to the cytoprotective properties of monomethyl fumarate [abstract no. P1.150]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.150"},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1343796","volume":"33","author":"JT Phillips","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phillips JT, Fox RJ. BG-12 in multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 2013;33(1):56\u201365.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"528_CR28","first-page":"10","volume":"82","author":"M Brennan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brennan M, Allaire N, Huss D, et al. Dimethyl fumarate and monomethyl fumarate are distinguished by non-overlapping pharmacodynamic effects in vivo [abstract no. P1.206]. Neurology. 2014;82(Suppl):10.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"528_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120254","volume":"10","author":"MS Brennan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brennan MS, Matos MF, Li B, et al. Dimethyl fumarate and monoethyl fumarate exhibit differential effects on KEAP1, NRF2 activation, and glutathione depletion in vitro. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120254.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"528_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.04.006","volume":"283","author":"GO Gillard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gillard GO, Collette B, Anderson J, et al. DMF, but not other fumarates, inhibits NF-kappaB activity in vitro in an Nrf2-independent manner. J Neuroimmunol. 2015;283:74\u201385.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"528_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1747.2003.12605.x","volume":"121","author":"F Treumer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Treumer F, Zhu K, Glaser R, et al. Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(6):1383\u20138.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.00211.x","volume":"116","author":"M Vandermeeren","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vandermeeren M, Janssens S, Wouters H, et al. Dimethylfumarate is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B1, but not RelA in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(1):124\u201330.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"528_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","volume":"367","author":"R Gold","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. New Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1098\u2013107 (plus supplementary appendix).","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"528_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","volume":"367","author":"RJ Fox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. New Engl J Med. 2012;367(12):1087\u201397 (plus supplementary appendix).","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"528_CR35","unstructured":"Woodworth J, Zhao Z, Stecher S. Oral BG-12 in combination with interferon beta-1a or glatiramer acetate: pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability [abstract]. 28th Congress of ECTRIMS and 15th Annual Conference of RIMS; 2010."},{"issue":"10","key":"528_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.08.009","volume":"35","author":"SI Sheikh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheikh SI, Nestorov I, Russell H, et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteers. Clin Ther. 2013;35(10):1582\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"528_CR37","first-page":"S303","volume":"261","author":"G Giovannoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giovannoni G, Gold R, Fox RJ, et al. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and relapses requiring intravenous steroid use and MS-related hospitalizations: integrated analysis of the phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM studies [abstract no. PP1228]. J Neurol. 2014;261(Suppl 1):S303.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"528_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold R, Giovannoni G, Phillips JT, et al. Long-term efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in newly diagnosed patients with RRMS: an integrated analysis of DEFINE, CONFIRM, and ENDORSE [abstract no. P7.227]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P7.227"},{"key":"528_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Gold R, Fox RJ, et al. Five-year follow-up of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in RRMS: integrated clinical efficacy data from the DEFINE, CONFIRM, and ENDORSE studies [abstract no. P7.234]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P7.234"},{"key":"528_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez O, Giovannoni G, Fox RJ, et al. Efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate for RRMS in prior interferon users in the DEFINE and CONFIRM studies [abstract no. P7.231]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P7.231"},{"key":"528_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips JT, Gold R, Giovannoni G, et al. Clinical efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with highly active disease: an integrated analysis of the phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM studies [abstract no. P7.228]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P7.228"},{"key":"528_CR42","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez \u00d3, Giovannoni G, Fox RJ, et al. Efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in prior interferon users with low clinical disease activity: integrated analysis of the phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM studies [abstract no. EP1318]. In: 31st Congress of ECTRIMS; 2015."},{"key":"528_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousry T, Arnold DL, Fox RJ, et al. Five-year follow-up of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: MRI outcomes from DEFINE, CONFIRM, and ENDORSE [abstract no. P7.262]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P7.262"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"528_CR44","first-page":"S306","volume":"261","author":"L Kappos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kappos L, Fox RJ, Gold R, et al. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients according to prior therapy: integrated analysis of DEFINE and CONFIRM [abstract no. PP1238]. J Neurol. 2014;261(Suppl 1):S306.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"528_CR45","first-page":"413","volume":"20","author":"SP Sarda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarda SP, Kita M, Fox RJ, et al. An interim analysis of quality of life in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate [abstract no. P790]. Mult Scler. 2014;20(1 Suppl 1):413\u20134.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"528_CR46","unstructured":"Kremenchutzky M, Fox RJ, Phillips JT, et al. Efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate vs glatiramer acetate on a novel composite outcome measure of inflammatory disease activity: post hoc analysis of the CONFIRM study [abstract no. P1063]. In: 31st Congress of ECTRIMS; 2015."},{"key":"528_CR47","unstructured":"Gold R, Giovannoni G, Phillips JT, et al. Efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in early multiple sclerosis: post hoc analysis of the phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM studies according to baseline disability [abstract no. P565]. In: ECTRIMS; 2015."},{"key":"528_CR48","unstructured":"Miller D, Yousry T, Fox RJ, et al. Sustained low rate of brain volume loss with long-term delayed release dimethyl fumarate treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: results from the ENDORSE study [abstract no. P1072]. In: ECTRIMS; 2015."},{"key":"528_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Chan A, Gold R, et al. Characterization of absolute lymphocyte count profiles in MS patients treated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: considerations for patient management [abstract no. P606]. In: ECTRIMS; 2015.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.86.16_supplement.P2.099"},{"issue":"11","key":"528_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001360","volume":"84","author":"DHF Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller DHF, Fox RJ, Phillips JT, et al. Effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate on MRI measures in the phase 3 CONFIRM study. Neurology. 2015;84(11):1145\u201352.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"9","key":"528_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7412-x","volume":"261","author":"DL Arnold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arnold DL, Gold R, Kappos L, et al. Effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate on MRI measures in the Phase 3 DEFINE study. J Neurol. 2014;261(9):1794\u2013802.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"528_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.148","volume":"2","author":"V Viglietta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viglietta V, Miller D, Bar-Or A, et al. Efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: integrated analysis of the phase 3 trials. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2015;2(2):103\u201318.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12624","volume":"22","author":"L Kappos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kappos L, Giovannoni G, Gold R, et al. Time course of clinical and neuroradiological effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(4):664\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"528_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6954-7","volume":"260","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bar-Or A, Gold R, Kappos L, et al. Clinical efficacy of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of the DEFINE study. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2297\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"528_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6968-1","volume":"260","author":"M Hutchinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hutchinson M, Fox RJ, Miller DH, et al. Clinical efficacy of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of the CONFIRM study. J Neurol. 2013;260(9):2286\u201396.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514537013","volume":"21","author":"R Gold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gold R, Giovannoni G, Phillips JT, et al. Efficacy and safety of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in patients newly diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Mult Scler. 2015;21(1):57\u201366.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"issue":"12","key":"528_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7504-7","volume":"261","author":"DL Arnold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arnold DL, Gold R, Kappos L, et al. Magnetization transfer ratio in the delayed-release dimethyl fumarate DEFINE study. J Neurol. 2014;261(12):2429\u201337.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"528_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513507817","volume":"20","author":"L Kappos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kappos L, Gold R, Arnold DL, et al. Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: the DEFINE study. Mult Scler. 2014;20(2):243\u201352.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"528_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513507818","volume":"20","author":"M Kita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kita M, Fox RJ, Phillips JT, et al. Effects of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) on health-related quality of life in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: findings from the CONFIRM study. Mult Scler. 2014;20(2):253\u20137.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"issue":"12","key":"528_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.08.013","volume":"36","author":"M Kita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kita M, Fox RJ, Gold R, et al. Effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on health-related quality of life in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an integrated analysis of the phase 3 DEFINE and CONFIRM studies. Clin Ther. 2014;36(12):1958\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"528_CR61","author":"R Gold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gold R, Phillips JT, Havradova E, et al. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and pregnancy: preclinical studies and pregnancy outcomes from clinical trial and postmarketing experience. Neurol Ther. 2015. doi: 10.1007\/s40120-015-0033-1 .","journal-title":"Neurol Ther."},{"key":"528_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2014-069","volume":"17","author":"JT Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips JT, Selmaj K, Gold R, et al. Clinical significance of gastrointestinal and flushing events in patients with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate. Int J MS Care. 2015;17:236\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J MS Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.03.003","volume":"3","author":"JT Phillips","year":"2014","unstructured":"Phillips JT, Hutchinson M, Fox R, et al. Managing flushing and gastrointestinal events associated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: experiences of an international panel. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014 3(4):513\u20139.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"528_CR64","author":"JT Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips JT, Erwin AA, Agrella S, et al. Consensus management of gastrointestinal events associated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: a Delphi study. Neurol Ther. 2015. doi: 10.1007\/s40120-015-0037-x .","journal-title":"Neurol Ther."},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"528_CR65","first-page":"90","volume":"20","author":"C Hehn Von","year":"2014","unstructured":"Von Hehn C, Tornatore C, Li J, et al. Effect of bismuth subsalicylate on gastrointestinal events associated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study [abstract no. P052]. Mult Scler. 2014;20(1 Suppl 1):90.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"528_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornatore C, Amjad F. Attenuation of dimethyl fumarate-related gastrointestinal symptoms with montelukast [abstract P7.251 plus poster]. Neurology. 2014;82(10 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.P7.251"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"528_CR67","first-page":"206","volume":"20","author":"C Sammarco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sammarco C, Laing L, Herbert J. Strategies to reduce adverse events related to oral dimethyl fumarate [abstract no. P311 plus poster]. Mult Scler. 2014;20(1 Suppl 1):206.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"528_CR68","unstructured":"Begus-Nahrmann Y, Niemczyk G, Schmid B, et al. Disparities and challenges to oral disease modifying MS therapies and the potential of individualised coaching [poster no. P1121]. In: 31st Congress of ECTRIMS; 2015."},{"key":"528_CR69","author":"EJ Fox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fox EJ, Vasquez A, Grainger W, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of dimethyl fumarate in a multicenter, open-label study of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MANAGE). Int J MS Care. 2015. doi: 10.7224\/1537-2073.2014-101 .","journal-title":"Int J MS Care."},{"issue":"7","key":"528_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.03.028","volume":"37","author":"J O\u2019Gorman","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Gorman J, Russell HK, Li J, et al. Effect of aspirin pretreatment or slow dose titration on flushing and gastrointestinal events in healthy volunteers receiving delayed-release dimethyl fumarate. Clin Ther. 2015;37(7):1402\u201319.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"528_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox R, Gold R, Phillips JT, et al. Lymphocyte count reductions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients treated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: an integrated analysis of the placebo-controlled studies [abstract]. Neurology. 2014;82(10 Suppl 1).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.P3.179"},{"key":"528_CR72","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Updated recommendations to minimise the risk of the rare brain infection PML with Tecfidera [media release]. http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ . Accessed 23 Oct 2015."},{"issue":"9B","key":"528_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130154","volume":"71","author":"MA Lima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lima MA. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: new concepts. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;71(9B):699\u2013702.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"528_CR74","unstructured":"McKee S. Biogen reports second case of PML [media release]. http:\/\/pharmatimes.com . Accessed 20 Jul 2015."},{"issue":"15","key":"528_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1415408","volume":"372","author":"T Rosenkranz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenkranz T, Novas M, Terborg C. PML in a patient with lymphocytopenia treated with dimethyl fumarate. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(15):1476\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14 Suppl","key":"528_CR76","first-page":"96","volume":"84","author":"C Pozzilli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pozzilli C, Phillips JT, Fox R, et al. Long-term follow-up of the safety of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in RRMS: interim results from the ENDORSE extension study [abstract no. P066 plus poster]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl):96\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"528_CR77","unstructured":"Costello K, Halper J, Kalb R, et al. The use of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: principles and current evidence. 2015. http:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"key":"528_CR78","unstructured":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health. CADTH therapeutic review: recommendations for drug therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. 2013. https:\/\/www.cadth.ca\/media\/pdf\/TR0004_RRMS_RecsReport_TR_e.pdf . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"key":"528_CR79","unstructured":"Biogen. Gastrointestinal tolerability study of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in participants with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Germany (TOLERATE). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02125604. 2015. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"key":"528_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornatore C, Walsh J, Mann M, et al. Effect of montelukast on gastrointestinal tolerability in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis receiving delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (MITIGATE) [abstract no. P1.127]. Neurology. 2015;84(14 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.127"},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp140023","volume":"72","author":"RH Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas RH, Wakefield RA. Oral disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Am J Health-System Pharm. 2015;72(1):25\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Health-System Pharm."},{"key":"528_CR82","unstructured":"MS-UK Helpline. Oral MS medications \u2018don\u2019t improve treatment adherence\u2019. 2015. http:\/\/www.ms-uk.org\/drugsresearch . Accessed 24 Aug 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2015-001139","volume":"15","author":"N Scolding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scolding N, Barnes D, Cader S, et al. Association of British Neurologists: revised (2015) guidelines for prescribing disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol. 2015;15(4):273\u20139.","journal-title":"Pract Neurol."},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"528_CR84","first-page":"201","volume":"20","author":"S Cohn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohn S, Bermel R, Hara C, et al. Comparative tolerability and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod in multiple sclerosis [abstract no. P300]. Mult Scler. 2014;20(1 Suppl 1):201.","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"issue":"11","key":"528_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-014-0167-z","volume":"31","author":"R Nixon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nixon R, Bergvall N, Tomic D, et al. No evidence of disease activity: indirect comparisons of oral therapies for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Adv Ther. 2014;31(11):1134\u201354.","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.863755","volume":"30","author":"M Hutchinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hutchinson M, Fox RJ, Havrdova E, et al. Efficacy and safety of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) and other disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and mixed treatment comparison. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(4):613\u201327.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"528_CR87","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE technology appraisal guidance TA32, TA320, TA303 and TA254. 2002\u20132014. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk . Accessed 3 Dec 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"528_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0207-x","volume":"29","author":"X Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang X, Hay JW, Niu X. Cost effectiveness of fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate and intramuscular interferon-beta1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(1):71\u201381.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"issue":"11","key":"528_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2015.1056794","volume":"18","author":"MJ Maruszczak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maruszczak MJ, Montgomery SM, Griffiths MJ, et al. Cost-utility of fingolimod compared with dimethyl fumarate in highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in England. J Med Econ. 2015;18(11):874\u201385.","journal-title":"J Med Econ."},{"key":"528_CR90","unstructured":"Iyer R, Sussman M, Fay M, et al. Association between time to treatment initiation of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate following MS diagnosis and medical costs in a real-world setting [poster no. P331]. In: 31st Congress of ECTRIMS; 2015."},{"key":"528_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohan SL, LaGanke C, Tornatore C, et al. Real-world clinical outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients who switch from natalizumab to delayed-release dimethyl fumarate: preliminary analysis of a multicenter, retrospective, observational study (STRATEGY) [poster no. 3278]. Annual Meeting of the Consortum of Multiple Sclerosis Centers; 2015.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P3.293"},{"key":"528_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viglietta V, Vollmer T, Zhang R, et al. Safety and tolerability of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered as add on therapy to beta interferons or glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients [abstract]. Neurology. 2014;82(10 Suppl. 1).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.S4.002"}],"container-title":["Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-015-0528-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40265-015-0528-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-015-0528-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T07:23:53Z","timestamp":1718263433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40265-015-0528-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-015-0528-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6667","1179-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6667","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1950","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]}}}