{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:47:16Z","timestamp":1793170036980,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01154-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1564203759000},"page":"1395-1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Take-Home Naloxone for the Emergency Interim Management of Opioid Overdose: The Public Health Application of an Emergency Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8513-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1154_CR1","unstructured":"UNODC. World drug report. 2016. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/wdr2016\/ . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"issue":"50\u201351","key":"1154_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1","volume":"65","author":"R Rudd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rudd R, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths: United States, 2010\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(50\u201351):1445\u201352.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1154_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.018","volume":"120","author":"AS Bohnert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bohnert AS, Tracy M, Galea S. Characteristics of drug users who witness many overdoses: implications for overdose prevention. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;120(1\u20133):168\u201373.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb94136.x","volume":"164","author":"D Zador","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zador D, Sunjic S, Darke S. Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, 1992: toxicological findings and circumstances. Med J Aust. 1996;164(4):204\u20137.","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9444712.x","volume":"94","author":"B Powis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Powis B, Strang J, Griffiths P, Taylor C, Williamson S, Fountain J, et al. Self-reported overdose among injecting drug users in London: extent and nature of the problem. Addiction. 1999;94(4):471\u20138.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.01.010","volume":"79","author":"M Tracy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tracy M, Piper TM, Ompad D, Bucciarelli A, Coffin PO, Vlahov D, et al. Circumstances of witnessed drug overdose in New York City: implications for intervention. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;79(2):181\u201390.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9421993.x","volume":"94","author":"J Strang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Strang J, Powis B, Best D, Vingoe L, Griffiths P, Taylor C, et al. Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability. Addiction. 1999;94(2):199\u2013204.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/09687630701731205","volume":"15","author":"J Strang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strang J, Manning V, Mayet S, Titherington E, Offor L, Semmler C, et al. Family carers and the prevention of heroin overdose deaths: unmet training need and overlooked intervention opportunity of resuscitation training and supply of naloxone. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2008;15(2):211\u20138.","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy."},{"key":"1154_CR9","unstructured":"WHO. Community management of opioid overdose. 2014. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/137462\/1\/9789241548816_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 . Accessed 25 Jan 2016."},{"key":"1154_CR10","unstructured":"UNODC\/WHO. Opioid overdose: preventing and reducing opioid overdose mortality. Vienna: United Nations; 2013. http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/docs\/treatment\/overdose.pdf . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S101700","volume":"8","author":"CR Lewis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lewis CR, Vo HT, Fishman M. Intranasal naloxone and related strategies for opioid overdose intervention by nonmedical personnel: a review. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2017;8:79\u201395.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.09.011","volume":"26","author":"A McAuley","year":"2015","unstructured":"McAuley A, Aucott L, Matheson C. Exploring the life-saving potential of naloxone: a systematic review and descriptive meta-analysis of take home naloxone (THN) programmes for opioid users. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(12):1183\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"9","key":"1154_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2017.1230097","volume":"14","author":"MJ Elzey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elzey MJ, Fudin J, Edwards ES. Take-home naloxone treatment for opioid emergencies: a comparison of routes of administration and associated delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2017;14(9):1045\u201358.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1037274","volume":"14","author":"HK Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim HK, Nelson LS. Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone : a pharmacologic review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(7):1137\u201346.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf."},{"issue":"10028","key":"1154_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00161-6","volume":"387","author":"S Berterame","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berterame S, Erthal J, Thomas J, Fellner S, Vosse B, Clare P, et al. Use of and barriers to access to opioid analgesics: a worldwide, regional, and national study. Lancet. 2016;387(10028):1644\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1833","volume":"18","author":"D Boudreau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boudreau D, Von Korff M, Rutter CM, Saunders K, Ray GT, Sullivan MD, et al. Trends in de-facto long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(12):1166\u201375.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","volume":"374","author":"WM Compton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):154\u201363.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1154_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6626a4","volume":"66","author":"GP Guy Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guy GP Jr, Zhang K, Bohm MK, et al. Vital signs: changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:697\u2013704.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"1154_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.050","volume":"46","author":"L Beletsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beletsky L, Davis CS. Today\u2019s fentanyl crisis: prohibition\u2019s iron law, revisited. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;46:156\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"1154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k496","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k496","volume":"360","author":"SH Woolf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woolf SH, Aron L. Failing health of the United States. BMJ. 2018;360:k496.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1","volume":"65","author":"RA Rudd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths: United States, 2010\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1445\u201352.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0113","volume":"74","author":"SS Martins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martins SS, Sarvet A, Santaella-Tenorio J, Saha T, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Changes in US lifetime heroin use and heroin use disorder: prevalence from the 2001\u20132002 to 2012\u20132013 National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(5):445\u201355.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"1154_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2","volume":"65","author":"R Gladden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gladden R, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths: 27 States, 2013\u20132014. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). 2016;65:837\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2 .","journal-title":"MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)"},{"key":"1154_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14614","author":"H Gill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gill H, Kelly E, Henderson G. How the complex pharmacology of the fentanyls contributes to their lethality. Addiction. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14614 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"1154_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004","volume":"196","author":"Z Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai Z, Abate MA, Smith GS, Kraner JC, Mock AR. Fentanyl and fentanyl-analog involvement in drug-related deaths. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;196:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000465","volume":"40","author":"S Pichini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pichini S, Solimini R, Berretta P, Pacifici R, Busardo FP. Acute intoxications and fatalities from illicit fentanyl and analogues: an update. Ther Drug Monit. 2018;40(1):38\u201351.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit."},{"issue":"14","key":"1154_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6614a2","volume":"66","author":"NJ Somerville","year":"2017","unstructured":"Somerville NJ, O\u2019Donnell J, Gladden RM, Zibbell JE, Green TC, Younkin M, et al. Characteristics of fentanyl overdose: Massachusetts, 2014\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(14):382\u20136.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098617744161","volume":"9","author":"R Rzasa Lynn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rzasa Lynn R, Galinkin JL. Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2018;9(1):63\u201388.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0271-5","volume":"15","author":"MW Kinshella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinshella MW, Gauthier T, Lysyshyn M. Rigidity, dyskinesia and other atypical overdose presentations observed at a supervised injection site, Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):64.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1157722","volume":"54","author":"G Burns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burns G, DeRienz RT, Baker DD, Casavant M, Spiller HA. Could chest wall rigidity be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse? Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(5):420\u20133.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2131","volume":"143","author":"B Coruh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coruh B, Tonelli MR, Park DR. Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity. Chest. 2013;143(4):1145\u20136.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090784","volume":"181","author":"IA Dhalla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dhalla IA, Mamdani MM, Sivilotti MLA, Kopp A, Qureshi O, Juurlink DN. Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;181(12):891\u20136.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"1154_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.11.001","volume":"107","author":"B Fischer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fischer B, Vojtila L, Rehm J. The \u2018fentanyl epidemic\u2019 in Canada: some cautionary observations focusing on opioid-related mortality. Prev Med. 2018;107:109\u201313.","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/187447370801150611184218","volume":"8","author":"J van Amsterdam","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Amsterdam J, van den Brink W. The misuse of prescription opioids: a threat for Europe? Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2015;8(1):3\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev."},{"key":"1154_CR35","unstructured":"United Nations Office ion drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global overview of the drug demand and supply: latest trends, cross-cutting issues. World Drug Report 2018 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9)."},{"key":"1154_CR36","volume-title":"European drug report 2017: trends and developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2017","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European drug report 2017: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2017."},{"key":"1154_CR37","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Perspectives on drugs: preventing overdose deaths in Europe. EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), Lisbon, Portugal, 2017."},{"key":"1154_CR38","unstructured":"UNODC. World drug report, 2012. United Nations, 2012."},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14383","volume":"113","author":"M Hickman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hickman M, Larney S, Peacock A, Jones H, Grebely J, Degenhardt L. Competing global statistics on prevalence of injecting drug use: why does it matter and what can be done? Addiction. 2018;113(10):1768\u201374.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"1154_CR40","unstructured":"Roxburgh A, Dobbins T, Degenhardt L, Peacock A. Opioid, amphetamine, and cocaine-induced deaths in Australia. 2018. https:\/\/ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au\/resource\/opioid-amphetamine-and-cocaine-induced-deaths-australia-august-2018 . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511732249","volume-title":"The life of the heroin user: typical beginnings, trajectories and outcomes","author":"S Darke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Darke S. The life of the heroin user: typical beginnings, trajectories and outcomes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1154_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.006","volume":"88","author":"SG Sherman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sherman SG, Cheng Y, Kral AH. Prevalence and correlates of opiate overdose among young injection drug users in a large US city. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2\u20133):182\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"9","key":"1154_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13429","volume":"111","author":"S Darke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Darke S, Duflou J. The toxicology of heroin-related death: estimating survival times. Addiction. 2016;111(9):1607\u201313.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"9","key":"1154_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13467","volume":"111","author":"B Tas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tas B, McDonald R. Commentary on Darke and Duflou (2016): heroin-related deaths: identifying a window for intervention. Addiction. 2016;111(9):1614\u20135.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"1154_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.10.021","volume":"257","author":"J Poklis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poklis J, Poklis A, Wolf C, Mainland M, Hair L, Devers K, et al. Postmortem tissue distribution of acetyl fentanyl, fentanyl and their respective nor-metabolites analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;257:435\u201341.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"1154_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x","volume":"105","author":"EL Merrall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merrall EL, Kariminia A, Binswanger IA, Hobbs MS, Farrell M, Marsden J, et al. Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison. Addiction. 2010;105(9):1545\u201354.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"7129","key":"1154_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7129.426","volume":"316","author":"S Seaman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Seaman S, Brettle R, Gore S. Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: database linkage study. BMJ. 1998;316(7129):426\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1154_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-013-9803-1","volume":"90","author":"J Strang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strang J, Bird SM, Parmar MK. Take-home emergency naloxone to prevent heroin overdose deaths after prison release: rationale and practicalities for the N-ALIVE randomized trial. J Urban Health. 2013;90:983\u20136.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04066.x","volume":"108","author":"ELC Merrall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merrall ELC, Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ. A record-linkage study of drug-related death and suicide after hospital discharge among drug-treatment clients in Scotland, 1996\u20132006. Addiction. 2013;108(2):377\u201384.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.008","volume":"108","author":"E Ravndal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ravndal E, Amundsen EJ. Mortality among drug users after discharge from inpatient treatment: an 8-year prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;108(1):65\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"1154_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c5475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5475","volume":"341","author":"R Cornish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cornish R, Macleod J, Strang J, Vickerman P, Hickman M. Risk of death during and after opiate substitution treatment in primary care: prospective observational study in UK general practice research database. BMJ. 2010;341:c5475.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR52","first-page":"121","volume":"1983","author":"Garfield E The","year":"1982","unstructured":"The Garfield E. John Scott Award goes to Jack Fishman and Harold Blumberg for synthesis and investigation of naloxone. Essay Inf Sci. 1982;1983(6):121\u201330.","journal-title":"Essay Inf Sci"},{"key":"1154_CR53","unstructured":"Lewenstein MJ, Fishman J. Morphine derivative. US patent 3,254,088 (1966)."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00241a001","volume":"18","author":"JJ Kaufman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kaufman JJ, Semo NM, Koski WS. Microelectrometric titration measurement of the pKa\u2019s and partition and drug distribution coefficients of narcotics and narcotic antagonists and their pH and temperature dependence. J Med Chem. 1975;18(7):647\u201355.","journal-title":"J Med Chem."},{"key":"1154_CR55","unstructured":"WHO. 19th WHO model list of essential medicines. 2015. http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/publications\/essentialmedicines\/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf . Accessed 1 Apr 2017."},{"key":"1154_CR56","unstructured":"WHO. Comparative table of core and complementary medicines on the WHO essential medicines list from 1977\u20132011. 2011. http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/publications\/essentialmedicines\/EMLsChanges1977_2011.xls?ua=1 . Accessed 1 Apr 2017."},{"issue":"7044","key":"1154_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7044.1435","volume":"312","author":"J Strang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strang J, Darke S, Hall W, Farrell M, Ali R. Heroin overdose: the case for take-home naloxone. BMJ. 1996;312(7044):1435.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"8","key":"1154_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94811798.x","volume":"94","author":"GA Bennett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bennett GA, Higgins DS. Accidental overdose among injecting drug users in Dorset, UK. Addiction. 1999;94(8):1179\u201389.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(00)00070-0","volume":"11","author":"J Strang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Strang J, Best D, Man L-H, Noble A, Gossop M. Peer-initiated overdose resuscitation: fellow drug users could be mobilised to implement resuscitation. Int J Drug Policy. 2000;11(6):437\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01259.x","volume":"100","author":"CT Baca","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baca CT, Grant KJ. Take-home naloxone to reduce heroin death. Addiction. 2005;100(12):1823\u201331.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"7338","key":"1154_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7338.678","volume":"324","author":"D Bigg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bigg D. Data on take home naloxone are unclear but not condemnatory. BMJ. 2002;324(7338):678.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"7291","key":"1154_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.895","volume":"322","author":"K Dettmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dettmer K, Saunders B, Strang J. Take home naloxone and the prevention of deaths from opiate overdose: two pilot schemes. BMJ. 2001;322(7291):895\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1154_CR63","unstructured":"Giuliano R. Peer-intervention protocol among young injectors. In: Paper presented at preventing heroin overdose: pragmatic approaches, 13\u201314 January 2000, Seattle (WA)."},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1842","volume":"91","author":"KH Seal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Seal KH, Kral AH, Gee L, Moore LD, Bluthenthal RN, Lorvick J, et al. Predictors and prevention of nonfatal overdose among street-recruited injection heroin users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998\u20131999. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(11):1842\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200313","volume":"122","author":"DI Heller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heller DI, Stancliff S. Providing naloxone to substance users for secondary administration to reduce overdose mortality in New York City. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(3):393\u20137.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"1154_CR66","unstructured":"ForumDroghe. Preventing opioid overdose deaths: a research on the Italian naloxone distribution model. 2016. http:\/\/formazione.fuoriluogo.it\/ricerca\/naloxone\/naloxone-foreword\/ . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"issue":"7291","key":"1154_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.895","volume":"322","author":"F Schifano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schifano F. Take home naloxone: a contribution for ongoing debate. BMJ. 2001;322(7291):895\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"7318","key":"1154_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7318.934","volume":"323","author":"J Strang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Strang J. Take home naloxone for opiate addicts. BMJ. 2001;323(7318):934.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1154_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.895","volume":"322","author":"J Trujols","year":"2001","unstructured":"Trujols J. Take home naloxone: life-saving intervention, medico-legal concern and heroin users\u2019 competence. BMJ. 2001;322:895\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"18","key":"1154_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14205","volume":"308","author":"L Beletsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beletsky L, Rich JD, Walley AY. Prevention of fatal opioid overdose. JAMA. 2012;308(18):1863\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-008-9273-z","volume":"85","author":"D Kerr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kerr D, Dietze P, Kelly AM, Jolley D. Attitudes of Australian heroin users to peer distribution of naloxone for heroin overdose: perspectives on intranasal administration. J Urban Health. 2008;85(3):352\u201360.","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120903144866","volume":"13","author":"TM Robertson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M. Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13(4):512\u20135.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02707.x","volume":"5","author":"K Wanger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I, Goulding J, MacPhail I, Christenson JM. Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(4):293\u20139.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med."},{"key":"1154_CR74","unstructured":"Edwards ES, Kessler C, Kelley G, Gapasin A, Mardari G, Goldwater R. Pharmacokinetics of 2.0\u00a0mg intranasal and intramuscular naloxone HCl administration and the impact of vasoconstrictor use on the bioavailability of intranasal naloxone HCl. In: Poster presented at the 2016 AAPM annual meeting, 31 July\u20134 August 2016, Washington, DC. http:\/\/www.painmed.org\/2016posters\/posterlb002.pdf . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f174","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f174","volume":"346","author":"AY Walley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walley AY, Xuan Z, Hackman HH, Quinn E, Doe-Simkins M, Sorensen-Alawad A, et al. Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f174.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.146647","volume":"99","author":"M Doe-Simkins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doe-Simkins M, Walley AY, Epstein A, Moyer P. Saved by the nose: bystander-administered intranasal naloxone hydrochloride for opioid overdose. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(5):788\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"1154_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.013","volume":"173","author":"D Madah-Amiri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madah-Amiri D, Clausen T, Lobmaier P. Rapid widespread distribution of intranasal naloxone for overdose prevention. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;173:17\u201323.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14425","volume":"114","author":"D Madah-Amiri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Madah-Amiri D, Gjersing L, Clausen T. Naloxone distribution and possession following a large-scale naloxone programme. Addiction. 2019;114(1):92\u2013100.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13209","volume":"111","author":"J Strang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strang J, McDonald R, Tas B, Day E. Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: Imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures? Addiction. 2016;111(4):574\u201382.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13267","volume":"111","author":"O Dale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dale O. Ethical issues and stakeholders matter. Addiction. 2016;111(4):587\u20139.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13399","volume":"111","author":"M Doe-Simkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doe-Simkins M, Banta-Green C, Davis CS, Green TC, Walley AY. Comments on Strang et al. (2016):\u2018Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures?\u2019. Addiction. 2016;111(10):1879\u201380.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12571","volume":"37","author":"R McDonald","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDonald R, Glende \u00d8D, Dale O, Strang J. International patent applications for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal: exploratory search and retrieve analysis of the PatentScope database. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37(2):205\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.12571 .","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"1154_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1401","author":"PA Krieter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krieter PA, Chiang CN, Gyaw S, McCann DJ. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of naloxone following the use of FDA-approved intranasal and intramuscular devices versus a common improvised nasal naloxone device. J Clin Pharmacol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcph.1401 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"22","key":"1154_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780","volume":"370","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies: tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"1154_CR85","unstructured":"Hertz S. Naloxone for outpatient use: data required to support an NDA. Silver Spring, MD; 2012. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/NewsEvents\/UCM300874.pdf . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR86","unstructured":"Nadel J. Clinical and regulatory perspectives on naloxone products intended for use in the community. 2016. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/Drugs\/AnestheticAndAnalgesicDrugProductsAdvisoryCommittee\/UCM524332.pdf . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5414\/CP201646","volume":"50","author":"K Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith K, Hopp M, Mundin G, Bond S, Bailey P, Woodward J, et al. Low absolute bioavailability of oral naloxone in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;50(5):360\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"1154_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.042","volume":"163","author":"J Strang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strang J, McDonald R, Alqurshi A, Royall P, Taylor D, Forbes B. Naloxone without the needle: systematic review of candidate routes for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;163:16\u201323.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR89","first-page":"575","volume":"187","author":"J Fishman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fishman J, Roffwarg H, Hellman L. Disposition of naloxone-7,8,3H in normal and narcotic-dependent men. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973;187(3):575\u201380.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197605000-00008","volume":"44","author":"SH Ngai","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ngai SH, Berkowitz BA, Yang JC, Hempstead J, Spector S. Pharmacokinetics of naloxone in rats and in man: basis for its potency and short duration of action. Anesthesiology. 1976;44(5):398\u2013401.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197601030-00004","volume":"1","author":"BA Berkowitz","year":"1976","unstructured":"Berkowitz BA. The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity: morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1976;1(3):219\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14033","volume":"113","author":"R McDonald","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDonald R, Lorch U, Woodward J, Bosse B, Dooner H, Mundin G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of concentrated naloxone nasal spray for opioid overdose reversal: phase I healthy volunteer study. Addiction. 2018;113(3):484\u201393.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-016-2191-1","volume":"73","author":"I Tylleskar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tylleskar I, Skulberg AK, Nilsen T, Skarra S, Jansook P, Dale O. Pharmacokinetics of a new, nasal formulation of naloxone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(5):555\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"1154_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14552","author":"AK Skulberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skulberg AK, Asberg A, Khiabani HZ, Rostad H, Tylleskar I, Dale O. Pharmacokinetics of a novel, approved, 1.4-mg intranasal naloxone formulation for reversal of opioid overdose: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14552 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-018-2545-y","volume":"74","author":"I Tylleskar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tylleskar I, Skulberg AK, Skarra S, Nilsen T, Dale O. Pharmacodynamics and arteriovenous difference of intravenous naloxone in healthy volunteers exposed to remifentanil. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74(12):1547\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)82967-9","volume":"488","author":"H Albeck","year":"1989","unstructured":"Albeck H, Woodfield S, Kreek MJ. Quantitative and pharmacokinetic analysis of naloxone in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr. 1989;488(2):435\u201345.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr."},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746110-00004","volume":"46","author":"A Yassen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yassen A, Olofsen E, van Dorp E, Sarton E, Teppema L, Danhof M, et al. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(11):965\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-018-2443-3","volume":"74","author":"AK Skulberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skulberg AK, Tylleskar I, Nilsen T, Skarra S, Salvesen O, Sand T, et al. Pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of intramuscular and intranasal naloxone: an explorative study in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74(7):873\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2002.460702.x","volume":"46","author":"O Dale","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dale O, Hjortkjaer R, Kharasch ED. Nasal administration of opioids for pain management in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46(7):759\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand."},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.759","volume":"56","author":"P Krieter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krieter P, Chiang N, Gyaw S, Skolnick P, Crystal R, Keegan F, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties and human use characteristics of an FDA approved intranasal naloxone product for the treatment of opioid overdose. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(10):1243\u201353.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"1154_CR101","unstructured":"FDA. FDA moves quickly to approve easy-to-use nasal spray to treat opioid overdose. 2015. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/ucm473505.htm . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR102","unstructured":"Indivior. Indivior receives complete response letter from FDA not approving naloxone nasal spray new drug application for opioid overdose. 2015. http:\/\/www.indivior.com\/investor-news\/indivior-receives-complete-response-letter-from-fda-not-approving-naloxone-nasal-spray-new-drug-application-for-opioid-overdose\/ . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12473","volume":"10","author":"BT Gufford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gufford BT, Ainslie GR, White JR Jr, Layton ME, Padowski JM, Pollack GM, et al. Comparison of a new intranasal naloxone formulation to intramuscular naloxone: results from hypothesis-generating small clinical studies. Clin Transl Sci. 2017;10(5):380\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci."},{"key":"1154_CR104","unstructured":"Yaksh TL, Wallace MS. Opioids, analgesia and pain management. In: Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B, editors. Goodman & Gilman\u2019s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. 2011, McGraw-Hill Medical, New York, p. 483\u20134."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1154_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02872-8","volume":"459","author":"JK Melichar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Melichar JK, Nutt DJ, Malizia AL. Naloxone displacement at opioid receptor sites measured in vivo in the human brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;459(2\u20133):217\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"1154_CR106","first-page":"311","volume":"20","author":"H Blumberg","year":"1961","unstructured":"Blumberg H, Dayton HB, George M, Rapaport DN. N-allylnoroxymorphine: a potent narcotic antagonist. Fed Proc. 1961;20:311.","journal-title":"Fed Proc."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-123-31595","volume":"123","author":"H Blumberg","year":"1966","unstructured":"Blumberg H, Dayton HB, Wolf PS. Counteraction of narcotic antagonist analgesics by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966;123(3):755\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03005795","volume":"16","author":"FF Foldes","year":"1969","unstructured":"Foldes FF, Duncalf D, Kuwabara S. The respiratory, circulatory, and narcotic antagonistic effects of nalorphine, levallorphan, and naloxone in anaesthetized subjects. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1969;16(2):151\u201361.","journal-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1154_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.08.008","volume":"520","author":"JA Cassel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cassel JA, Daubert JD, DeHaven RN. [(3)H]Alvimopan binding to the micro opioid receptor: comparative binding kinetics of opioid antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;520(1\u20133):29\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200607000-00012","volume":"105","author":"E van Dorp","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Dorp E, Yassen A, Sarton E, Romberg R, Olofsen E, Teppema L, et al. Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(1):51\u20137.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR111","first-page":"159","volume":"240","author":"JC Scott","year":"1987","unstructured":"Scott JC, Stanski DR. Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age: a simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;240(1):159\u201366.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.707","volume":"31","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Ohmuro A, Miyata M, Furuishi T, Hidaka S, Kugawa F, et al. Involvement of an influx transporter in the blood\u2013brain barrier transport of naloxone. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2010;31(4):243\u201352.","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos."},{"key":"1154_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0368-x","author":"J Johansson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johansson J, Hirvonen J, Lovro Z, Ekblad L, Kaasinen V, Rajasilta O, et al. Intranasal naloxone rapidly occupies brain mu-opioid receptors in human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0368-x (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR114","first-page":"156","volume":"219","author":"RD Kaufman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kaufman RD, Gabathuler ML, Bellville JW. Potency, duration of action and pA2 in man of intravenous naloxone measured by reversal of morphine-depressed respiration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981;219(1):156\u201362.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"1154_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03424.x","volume":"106","author":"LS Middleton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Middleton LS, Nuzzo PA, Lofwall MR, Moody DE, Walsh SL. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine\/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Addiction. 2011;106(8):1460\u201373.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089409047912","volume":"29","author":"N Loimer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Loimer N, Hofmann P, Chaudhry HR. Nasal administration of naloxone is as effective as the intravenous route in opiate addicts. Int J Addict. 1994;29(6):819\u201327.","journal-title":"Int J Addict."},{"issue":"8255","key":"1154_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91308-8","volume":"2","author":"MR Cohen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cohen MR, Cohen RM, Pickar D, Weingartner H, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr. Behavioural effects after high dose naloxone administration to normal volunteers. Lancet. 1981;2(8255):1110.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0549-5","volume":"12","author":"MS Friedman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friedman MS, Manini AF. Validation of criteria to guide prehospital naloxone administration for drug-related altered mental status. J Med Toxicol. 2016;12(3):270\u20135.","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202561","volume":"367","author":"EW Boyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyer EW. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2):146\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1154_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809162577","volume":"36","author":"WA Watson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Watson WA, Steele MT, Muelleman RL, Rush MD. Opioid toxicity recurrence after an initial response to naloxone. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(1\u20132):11\u20137.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13034","volume":"24","author":"ME Sutter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sutter ME, Gerona RR, Davis MT, Roche BM, Colby DK, Chenoweth JA, et al. Fatal fentanyl: one pill can kill. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(1):106\u201313.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.06.027","volume":"82","author":"SS Rudolph","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rudolph SS, Jehu G, Nielsen SL, Nielsen K, Siersma V, Rasmussen LS. Prehospital treatment of opioid overdose in Copenhagen: is it safe to discharge on-scene? Resuscitation. 2011;82(11):1414\u20138.","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2016.1142626","volume":"20","author":"M Levine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levine M, Sanko S, Eckstein M. Assessing the risk of prehospital administration of naloxone with subsequent refusal of care. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(5):566\u20139.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care."},{"issue":"9","key":"1154_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.009613","volume":"22","author":"SF Clarke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clarke SF, Dargan PI, Jones AL. Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(9):612\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200402000-00004","volume":"11","author":"I Buajordet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buajordet I, N\u00e6ss AC, Jacobsen D, Br\u00f8rs O. Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. Eur J Emerg Med. 2004;11(1):19\u201323.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1315203","volume":"21","author":"M Faul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faul M, Lurie P, Kinsman JM, Dailey MW, Crabaugh C, Sasser SM. Multiple naloxone administrations among emergency medical service providers is increasing. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(4):411\u20139.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care."},{"key":"1154_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053","author":"A Bell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell A, Bennett AS, Jones TS, Doe-Simkins M, Williams LD. Amount of naloxone used to reverse opioid overdoses outside of medical practice in a city with increasing illicitly manufactured fentanyl in illicit drug supply. Subst Abus. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02724.x","volume":"104","author":"D Kerr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kerr D, Kelly AM, Dietze P, Jolley D, Barger B. Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose. Addiction. 2009;104(12):2067\u201374.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06550.x","volume":"182","author":"AM Kelly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P, Patrick I, Walker T, Koutsogiannis Z. Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust. 2005;182(1):24\u20137.","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1282562","volume":"21","author":"SG Weiner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiner SG, Mitchell PM, Temin ES, Langlois BK, Dyer KS. Use of intranasal naloxone by basic life support providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(3):322\u20136.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care."},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1335818","volume":"21","author":"R Klebacher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klebacher R, Harris MI, Ariyaprakai N, Tagore A, Robbins V, Dudley LS, et al. Incidence of naloxone redosing in the age of the new opioid epidemic. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(6):682\u20137.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care."},{"key":"1154_CR132","unstructured":"Hertz S. Naloxone for outpatient use: data required to support an NDA. Silver Spring, MD, 2012. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/NewsEvents\/UCM300874.pdf . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR133","unstructured":"FDA. Joint meeting of the Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Meeting Announcement. 5 October 2016. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AdvisoryCommittees\/Calendar\/ucm516000.htm . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13027","volume":"110","author":"J Neale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neale J, Strang J. Naloxone: does over-antagonism matter? Evidence of iatrogenic harm after emergency treatment of heroin\/opioid overdose. Addiction. 2015;110(10):1644\u201352.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"1154_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14608","author":"L Elliott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elliott L, Bennett AS, Wolfson-Stofko B. Life after opioid-involved overdose: survivor narratives and their implications for ER\/ED interventions. Addiction. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14608 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14080","volume":"113","author":"J Strang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strang J, Neale J, McDonald R, Kalk N. Toxicity: exploring and expanding the concept. Addiction. 2018;113(4):592\u20134.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1334637","volume":"34","author":"GK Avetian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avetian GK, Fiuty P, Mazzella S, Koppa D, Heye V, Hebbar P. Use of naloxone nasal spray 4\u00a0mg in the community setting: a survey of use by community organizations. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(4):573\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-015-0041-8","volume":"2","author":"RE Giglio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giglio RE, Li G, DiMaggio CJ. Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis. Inj Epidemiol. 2015;2(1):10.","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13326","volume":"111","author":"R McDonald","year":"2016","unstructured":"McDonald R, Strang J. Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction. 2016;111(7):1177\u201387.","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR140","first-page":"295","volume":"58","author":"AB Hill","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58(5):295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12523","volume":"37","author":"A Olsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olsen A, McDonald D, Lenton S, Dietze PM. Assessing causality in drug policy analyses: how useful are the Bradford Hill criteria in analysing take-home naloxone programs? Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37(4):499\u2013501.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"1154_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.013","volume":"157","author":"CS Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis CS, Carr D. Legal changes to increase access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;157:112\u201320.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR143","first-page":"310","volume":"24","author":"AM Peckham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peckham AM, Niculete ME, Steinberg H, Boggs DL. A survey of prescribers\u2019 attitudes, knowledge, comfort, and fear of consequences related to an opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution program. J Public Health Manage. 2018;24(4):310\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health Manage."},{"issue":"Suppl. C","key":"1154_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.02.006","volume":"32","author":"S Nielsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nielsen S, Van Hout MC. What is known about community pharmacy supply of naloxone? A scoping review. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;32(Suppl. C):24\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v25n03_11","volume":"25","author":"S Maxwell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maxwell S, Bigg D, Stanczykiewicz K, Carlberg-Racich S. Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(3):89\u201396.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.02.003","volume":"25","author":"K Lancaster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lancaster K, Ritter A. Making change happen: a case study of the successful establishment of a peer-administered naloxone program in one Australian jurisdiction. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(5):985\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR147","first-page":"101","volume":"61","author":"E Wheeler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wheeler E, Davidson PJ, Jones TS, Irwin KS. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone: United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(6):101\u20135.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x","volume":"82","author":"T Greenhalgh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004;82(4):581\u2013629.","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"issue":"24","key":"1154_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp130798","volume":"71","author":"A Robinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robinson A, Wermeling DP. Intranasal naloxone administration for treatment of opioid overdose. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(24):2129\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/24734306.2018.1458464","volume":"2","author":"J Morgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan J, Jones AL. The role of naloxone in the opioid crisis. Toxicol Commun. 2018;2(1):15\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicol Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.5694\/mja15.01181","volume":"204","author":"SR Lenton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lenton SR, Dietze PM, Jauncey M. Australia reschedules naloxone for opioid overdose. Med J Aust. 2016;204(4):146\u20137.","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2268-z","volume":"9","author":"ML Drainoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drainoni ML, Koppelman EA, Feldman JA, Walley AY, Mitchell PM, Ellison J, et al. Why is it so hard to implement change? A qualitative examination of barriers and facilitators to distribution of naloxone for overdose prevention in a safety net environment. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):465.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12547","volume":"37","author":"A Pricolo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pricolo A, Nielsen S. Naloxone rescheduling in Australia: Processes, implementation and challenges with supply of naloxone as a \u2018pharmacist only\u2019 over-the-counter medicine. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37(4):450\u20133.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12838","volume":"23","author":"KL Hawley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hawley KL, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Zocchi MS, Fox ER, Pines JM. Longitudinal trends in US drug shortages for medications used in emergency departments (2001\u20132014). Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(1):63\u20139.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med."},{"key":"1154_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.09.015","volume":"51","author":"SC Heavey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heavey SC, Chang Y-P, Vest BM, Collins RL, Wieczorek W, Homish GG. Naloxone access and changes in opioid use behaviours. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;51:27\u201335.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"1154_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doleac JL, Mukherjee A. The Moral Hazard of Lifesaving Innovations: Naloxone Access, Opioid Abuse, and Crime (version March 31, 2019). Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3135264 or https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3135264","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3135264"},{"issue":"7459","key":"1154_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7459.182","volume":"329","author":"RR Fenichel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fenichel RR. Which drugs should be available over the counter? The criteria are clear and include safety, timeliness, and opportunity cost. BMJ. 2004;329(7459):182\u20133.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.787099","volume":"48","author":"TC Green","year":"2013","unstructured":"Green TC, Bowman SE, Zaller ND, Ray M, Case P, Heimer R. Barriers to medical provider support for prescription naloxone as overdose antidote for lay responders. Subst Use Misuse. 2013;48(7):558\u201367.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse."},{"key":"1154_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.03.008","volume":"71","author":"JD Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones JD, Campbell A, Metz VE, Comer SD. No evidence of compensatory drug use risk behavior among heroin users after receiving take-home naloxone. Addict Behav. 2017;71:104\u20136.","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"1154_CR160","unstructured":"Frank R, Humphreys K, Pollack HA. Does naloxone availability increase opioid abuse? The case for skepticism. 2018. Health Affairs, March 2018, at https:\/\/www.healthaffairs.org\/do\/10.1377\/hblog20180316.599095\/full\/#.Wq_oPlJaD2c.twitter"},{"key":"1154_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14637","author":"B Tas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tas B, Humphrey K, McDonald R, Strang J. Does take-home naloxone availability increase opioid use? Addiction. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14637 (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR162","first-page":"273","volume":"1","author":"S Burris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burris S, Beletsky L, Castagna CA, Coyle C, Crowe C, McLaughlin JM. Stopping an invisible epidemic: legal issues in the provision of naloxone to prevent opioid overdose. Drexel Law Rev. 2009;1(2):273\u2013339.","journal-title":"Drexel Law Rev."},{"key":"1154_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12035","volume":"41","author":"C Davis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davis C, Webb D, Burris S. Changing law from barrier to facilitator of opioid overdose prevention. J Law Med Ethics. 2013;41:33\u20136.","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics."},{"key":"1154_CR164","unstructured":"Legal Science. Naloxone overdose prevention laws. 2017. http:\/\/pdaps.org\/datasets\/laws-regulating-administration-of-naloxone-1501695139"},{"key":"1154_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees DI, Sabia JJ, Argys LM, Latshaw J, Dave D. With a little help from my friends: the effects of naloxone access and good samaritan laws on opioid-related deaths. NBER Working Paper Series No. 23171. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2017.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23171"},{"issue":"Suppl. C","key":"1154_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.008","volume":"48","author":"S Koester","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koester S, Mueller SR, Raville L, Langegger S, Binswanger IA. Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call emergency medical services in the event of overdose? Int J Drug Policy. 2017;48(Suppl. C):115\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1154_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014","volume":"88","author":"J Ahern","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S. Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2\u20133):188\u201396.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400140","volume":"65","author":"CL Barry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barry CL, McGinty EE, Pescosolido BA, Goldman HH. Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(10):1269\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1188951","volume":"51","author":"E Cama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cama E, Brener L, Wilson H, von Hippel C. Internalized stigma among people who inject drugs. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(12):1664\u20138.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse."},{"key":"1154_CR170","unstructured":"UNODC. Informal scientific network statement: United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs (UNGASS 2016). 2016. http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/ungass2016\/\/Contributions\/Civil\/Informal_Scientific_Network_Statement\/POST_SN_meeting_draft_FINAL.pdf . Accessed 17 June 2019."},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2771","volume":"165","author":"PO Coffin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coffin PO, Behar E, Rowe C, Santos G-M, Coffa D, Bald M, et al. Non-randomized intervention study of naloxone co-prescription for primary care patients on long-term opioid therapy for pain. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(4):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1132294","volume":"37","author":"EL Winstanley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winstanley EL, Clark A, Feinberg J, Wilder CM. Barriers to implementation of opioid overdose prevention programs in Ohio. Subst Abuse. 2016;37(1):42\u20136.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse."},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx021","volume":"19","author":"S Nielsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen S, Peacock A, Lintzeris N, Bruno R, Larance B, Degenhardt L. Knowledge of opioid overdose and attitudes to supply of take-home naloxone among people with chronic noncancer pain prescribed opioids. Pain Med. 2018;19(3):533\u201340.","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"1154_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010400","author":"R Buechter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buechter R, Pieper D, Ueffing E, Zschorlich B. Interventions to reduce experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with mental illness and their caregivers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010400 .","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100529","volume":"63","author":"PW Corrigan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, R\u00fcsch N. Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(10):963\u201373.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"1154_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","volume":"27","author":"BG Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link BG, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing stigma. Ann Rev Sociol. 2001;27:363\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol."},{"key":"1154_CR177","volume-title":"Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strang J, McDonald R, editors. Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2016."},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3394-3","volume":"30","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Binswanger IA, Koester S, Mueller SR, Gardner EM, Goddard K, Glanz JM. Overdose education and naloxone for patients prescribed opioids in primary care: a qualitative study of primary care staff. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(12):1837\u201344.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0206-6","volume":"14","author":"J Goldman-Hasbun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldman-Hasbun J, DeBeck K, Buxton JA, Nosova E, Wood E, Kerr T. Knowledge and possession of take-home naloxone kits among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: a cohort study. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):79.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1189999","volume":"28","author":"A Ubrihien","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ubrihien A, Davies SC, Driscoll T. Is cost a structural barrier preventing men who have sex with men accessing condoms? A systematic review. AIDS Care. 2016;28(11):1473\u201380.","journal-title":"A systematic review. AIDS Care."},{"key":"1154_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1751","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1751","volume":"357","author":"G Iacobucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iacobucci G. Free condoms should be targeted at people with high STI risk, says NICE. BMJ. 2017;357:j1751.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1154_CR182","unstructured":"NICE. NICE guideline [NG68]: sexually transmitted infections: condom distribution schemes.\u00a02017. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng68\/chapter\/Recommendations . Accessed 17 June 2019."}],"container-title":["Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-019-01154-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40265-019-01154-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-019-01154-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T12:04:57Z","timestamp":1721563497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40265-019-01154-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-019-01154-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6667","1179-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6667","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1950","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 July 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"No sources of funding were received for the preparation of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"John Strang, through his university, is working with the pharmaceutical industry to identify new or improved treatments and his employer (King\u2019s College London) has received grants, travel costs and\/or consultancy payments; this includes investigation of new naloxone formulations and has included work with in the past 3\u00a0years, Martindale, Indivior and Mundipharma (all of whom have naloxone products). His employer (King\u2019s College London) has also registered intellectual property on a novel buccal naloxone formulation, naming John Strang et al., and he was earlier named in a patent registration by a pharmaceutical company regarding a concentrated nasal naloxone spray. John Strang et al. have worked as consultants for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, supporting them with a project introducing take-home naloxone to four central and western Asian countries as well as contributing to local take-home naloxone schemes. For a fuller account, see John Strang\u2019s web-page at. Rebecca McDonald has undertaken an unpaid student industry placement with Mundipharma Research Ltd. and has received conference-related travel funding and an honorarium from IOTOD (Improving Opioid Outcomes in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence). Rebecca McDonald has been involved in the development of a tablet formulation on which the university (King\u2019s College London) has registered intellectual property. Rebecca McDonald has worked as a consultant for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Gabrielle Campbell is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council fellowship (No. 1119992). The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre at the University of New South Wales is supported by funding from the Australian Government under the Substance Misuse Prevention and Service Improvements Grant Fund. Gabrielle Campbell has received investigator\u2010initiated untied educational grants from Reckitt Benckiser\/Indivior for a study of opioid substitution therapy uptake among patients with chronic non-cancer pain. None of these are directly relevant to the current article. Louisa Degenhardt is supported by National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre research fellowships (No. 1109366 and No. 1041472\/No. 1\u2009135\u2009991) and by the National Institutes of Health grant NIDA R01DA1104470. The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre at the University of New South Wales is supported by funding from the Australian Government under the Drug and Alcohol Program. Louisa Degenhardt has received investigator-initiated untied educational grants from Reckitt Benckiser\/Indivior for studies of buprenorphine\u2010naloxone, buprenorphine depot, naloxone, the development of an opioid\u2010related behaviour scale and a study of opioid substitution therapy uptake among patients with chronic non\u2010cancer pain. Louisa Degenhardt has received an untied educational grant from Seqirus for a post\u2010marketing study of tapentadol and an untied educational grant from Mundipharma for a post\u2010marketing study of oxycodone. These bodies had no involvement in or knowledge of the current article. Suzanne Nielsen has been a named investigator on untied educational grants from Indivior and Seqirus and has delivered training on opioid dependence for Indivior for which honoraria were paid to her institution. Suzanne Nielsen has participated in an advisory board meeting by Mundipharma relating to naloxone for which she declined a sitting fee. Suzanne Nielsen is a current recipient of a National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowship (No. 1163961). Alison Ritter is funded through a National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowship (GNT1136944). She has received no funding or untied educational grants from any pharmaceutical company in the last 15\u00a0years. This article covers (among others) a naloxone formulation that has been approved by 12 European countries from 16 June, 2018 under the name of Ventizolve<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (Respinal<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> in Sweden), produced by Sanivo Pharma AS. The sponsor of this trial was AS Den Norske Eterfabrikk. Ola Dale was engaged by AS Den Norske Eterfabrikk as the principal investigator in this study, for which Ola Dale receives no personal honorarium. Ola Dale\u2019s employer, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and its subsidiary Technical Transfer Office have signed cooperation and licensing contracts with DNE PHARMA to seek commercialisation of this nasal naloxone formulation. This regulates potential royalties for Ola Dale through the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. DNE Pharma AS has compensated Ola Dale for business travel from Trondheim to Oslo.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}