{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:52:57Z","timestamp":1772725977024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"us veterans administration clinical services research & development program","award":["COVID-19-8900-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-19-8900-18"]}]},{"name":"us veterans administration clinical services research & development program","award":["COVID-19-8900-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-19-8900-18"]}]},{"name":"us veterans administration clinical services research & development program","award":["COVID-19-8900-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-19-8900-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01639-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T14:04:38Z","timestamp":1639663478000},"page":"43-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use Associated with Reduced Mortality and Other Disease Outcomes in US Veterans with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"John G.","family":"Rizk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cachet","family":"Wenziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elani","family":"Streja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2064-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrita","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1639_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","volume":"78","author":"M Nicola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185\u2013193.","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"1639_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016219","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016219","volume":"9","author":"J Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo J, Huang Z, Lin L, Lv J. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Cardiovascular Disease: a Viewpoint on the Potential Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors\/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Onset and Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e016219.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1639_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000124667.34652.1a","volume":"43","author":"Y Ishiyama","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ishiyama Y, Gallagher PE, Averill DB, Tallant EA, Brosnihan KB, Ferrario CM. Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors. Hypertension. 2004;43:970\u20136.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1639_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F398","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90488.2008","volume":"296","author":"MJ Soler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soler MJ, Ye M, Wysocki J, William J, Lloveras J, Batlle D. Localization of ACE2 in the renal vasculature: amplification by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade using telmisartan. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;296:F398-405.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"1639_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","volume":"111","author":"CM Ferrario","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111:2605\u201310.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1639_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0387-7","volume":"17","author":"CM Ferrario","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferrario CM, Ahmad S, Groban L. Mechanisms by which angiotensin-receptor blockers increase ACE2 levels. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"1639_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.11.017","volume":"66","author":"VB Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel VB, Clarke N, Wang Z, Fan D, Parajuli N, Basu R, et al. Angiotensin II induced proteolytic cleavage of myocardial ACE2 is mediated by TACE\/ADAM-17: a positive feedback mechanism in the RAS. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014;66:167\u201376.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"1639_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05302.x","volume":"37","author":"ML Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang ML, Li X, Meng Y, Xiao B, Ma Q, Ying SS, et al. Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 in hepatic fibrosis by ACE inhibitors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;37:e1-6.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"1639_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa332","volume":"222","author":"BGG Pinto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinto BGG, Oliveira AER, Singh Y, Jimenez L, Goncalves ANA, Ogava RLT, et al. ACE2 expression is increased in the lungs of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:556\u201363.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1639_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kr\u00fcger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271-280.e278.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1639_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1351","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01186.2004","volume":"289","author":"T Karram","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karram T, Abbasi A, Keidar S, Golomb E, Hochberg I, Winaver J, et al. Effects of spironolactone and eprosartan on cardiac remodeling and angiotensin-converting enzyme isoforms in rats with experimental heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:H1351-1358.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"1639_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2019.104350","volume":"113","author":"R Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye R, Liu Z. ACE2 exhibits protective effects against LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting the LPS-TLR4 pathway. Exp Mol Pathol. 2020;113:104350.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"1639_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198144","volume":"13","author":"J Ramchand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramchand J, Patel SK, Srivastava PM, Farouque O, Burrell LM. Elevated plasma angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity is an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0198144.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1639_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi114","volume":"26","author":"LM Burrell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Kubota E, Dean RG, MacDonald PS, Lu S, et al. Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:369\u201375 (discussion 322-364).","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1639_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050667","volume":"31","author":"J Wysocki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wysocki J, Lores E, Ye M, Soler MJ, Batlle D. Kidney and lung ACE2 expression after an ACE inhibitor or an Ang II receptor blocker: implications for COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:1941\u20133.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1639_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019669","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019669","volume":"10","author":"J An","year":"2020","unstructured":"An J, Wei R, Zhou H, Luong TQ, Gould MK, Mefford MT et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers use and COVID-19 infection among 824 650 patients with hypertension from a US integrated healthcare system. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;10:e019669.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1639_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002866","volume":"39","author":"G Tse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tse G, Zhou J, Lee S, Wong WT, Li X, Liu T, et al. Relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and COVID-19 incidence or severe disease. J Hypertens. 2021;39:1717\u201324.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1639_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14011","volume":"22","author":"JB Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen JB, Hanff TC, Corrales-Medina V, William P, Renna N, Rosado-Santander NR, et al. Randomized elimination and prolongation of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in coronavirus 2019 (REPLACE COVID) Trial Protocol. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2020;22:1780\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"1639_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.25864","volume":"325","author":"RD Lopes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopes RD, Macedo AVS, de Barros ESPGM, Moll-Bernardes RJ, Dos Santos TM, Mazza L, et al. Effect of discontinuing vs continuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on days alive and out of the hospital in patients admitted with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325:254\u201364.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1639_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134","volume":"126","author":"P Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin JJ, Xie J et al. Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020;126:1671\u20131681.","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"1639_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-00880-6","volume":"22","author":"R Baral","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baral R, White M, Vassiliou VS. Effect of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 28,872 Patients. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020;22:61.","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"1639_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13246","volume":"45","author":"J Barochiner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barochiner J, Mart\u00ednez R. Use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive patients and COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020;45:1244\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"1639_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23421","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Long C, Xiong Q, Chen C, Ma J, Su Y et al. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with risk of COVID-19, inflammation level, severity, and death in patients with COVID-19: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2020.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.23421.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol."},{"key":"1639_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","volume":"395","author":"R Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395:565\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1639_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2016","volume":"98","author":"RAS Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, et al. The ACE2\/Angiotensin-(1\u20137)\/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1\u20137). Physiol Rev. 2018;98:505\u201353.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1639_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328341164a","volume":"20","author":"C Tikellis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tikellis C, Bernardi S, Burns WC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a key modulator of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:62\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"1639_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27661-0_15","author":"A Dendorfer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dendorfer A, Dominiak P, Schunkert H. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Handb Exp Pharmacol.\u00a02005.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-27661-0_15.","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"1639_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-008-0668-3","volume":"97","author":"C Werner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Werner C, Baumhakel M, Teo KK, Schmieder R, Mann J, Unger T, et al. RAS blockade with ARB and ACE inhibitors: current perspective on rationale and patient selection. Clin Res Cardiol. 2008;97:418\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"1639_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.04.013","volume":"26","author":"B Bozkurt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Kovacs R, Harrington B. Joint HFSA\/ACC\/AHA statement addresses concerns Re: using RAAS antagonists in COVID-19. J Card Fail. 2020;26:370.","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"1639_CR30","unstructured":"COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. Updated 2021, Apr 21, vol. 2021. National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"1639_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373\u201383.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"1639_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa229","volume":"190","author":"F Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li F, Thomas LE, Li F. Re: \u201cAddressing Extreme Propensity Scores Via the Overlap Weights.\u201d Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190:189\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1639_CR33","first-page":"250","volume":"188","author":"F Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li F, Thomas LE, Li F. Addressing extreme propensity scores via the overlap weights. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188:250\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1639_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","volume":"382","author":"HR Reynolds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, Troxel AB, Iturrate E, Johnson SB, et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2441\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1639_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104927","volume":"158","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Yu J, Pan LY, Jiang HY. ACEI\/ARB use and risk of infection or severity or mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104927.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"1639_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.07.007","volume":"132","author":"DJ Bae","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bae DJ, Tehrani DM, Rabadia SV, Frost M, Parikh RV, Calfon-Press M, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker use among outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19. Am J Cardiol. 2020;132:150\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1639_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1624","volume":"5","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:825\u2013830.","journal-title":"China. JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"1639_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317393","volume":"106","author":"J Hippisley-Cox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hippisley-Cox J, Young D, Coupland C, Channon KM, Tan PS, Harrison DA, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people. Heart. 2020;106:1503\u201311.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"1639_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923","volume":"382","author":"G Mancia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mancia G, Rea F, Ludergnani M, Apolone G, Corrao G. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and the risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2431\u201340.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1639_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.09.010","volume":"95","author":"A Garg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garg A, Rout A, Sharma A, Fiorello B, Kostis JB. Association of renin-angiotensin system blockers with outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95:2559\u201361.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1639_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26625","volume":"93","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen B, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang S, et al. The use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors is associated with a lower risk of mortality in hypertensive COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93:1370\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1639_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia N, Zhang G, Sun X, Wang Y, Zhao S, Chi W et al. Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin receptor blockers on the risk of all-cause mortality and other clinical outcomes in patients with confirmed COVID-19: A systemic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021.","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14329"},{"key":"1639_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71697-4_17","volume":"1327","author":"A Vahedian-Azimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vahedian-Azimi A, Rahimibashar F, Najafi A, Kidde J, Shahriary A, Shojaei S, et al. Associastion of In-hospital Use of Statins, Aspirin, and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors with Mortality and ICU Admission Due to COVID-19. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1327:205\u201314.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1639_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.17.20104943","author":"R Khera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khera R, Clark C, Lu Y, Guo Y, Ren S, Truax B et al. Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers with the Risk of Hospitalization and Death in Hypertensive Patients with Coronavirus Disease-19. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.17.20104943.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"1639_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e901","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1592","volume":"72","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J, Teng Y, Shang L, Gu X, Fan G, Chen Y et al. The effect of prior ACEI\/ARB treatment on COVID-19 susceptibility and outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;72(11):e901\u2013e913.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"1639_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30893-X","volume":"395","author":"AV Dorn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dorn AV, Cooney RE, Sabin ML. COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. Lancet. 2020;395:1243\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1639_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00756-0","volume":"7","author":"CT Laurencin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laurencin CT, McClinton A. The COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020;7:398\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"1639_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.12.007","volume":"28","author":"CN Bell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell CN, Thorpe RJ, Bowie JV, LaVeist TA. Race disparities in cardiovascular disease risk factors within socioeconomic status strata. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28:147\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1639_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.200679","volume":"26","author":"ML Adams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adams ML, Katz DL, Grandpre J. Population-Based Estimates of Chronic Conditions Affecting Risk for Complications from Coronavirus Disease, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26(8):1831\u20131833.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2608.200679.","journal-title":"United States. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1639_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000534","volume":"136","author":"MR Carnethon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carnethon MR, Pu J, Howard G, Albert MA, Anderson CAM, Bertoni AG, et al. Cardiovascular health in African Americans: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2017;136:e393\u2013423.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1639_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1909PP","volume":"200","author":"CO Ejike","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ejike CO, Dransfield MT, Hansel NN, Putcha N, Raju S, Martinez CH, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in America\u2019s Black Population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200:423\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1639_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.06.021","volume":"72","author":"M Laster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laster M, Shen JI, Norris KC. Kidney disease among african americans: a population perspective. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72:S3\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1639_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.015124","volume":"132","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP, Norris KC, Boulware LE, Lu JL, Ma JZ, Streja E, et al. Association of race with mortality and cardiovascular events in a large cohort of US Veterans. Circulation. 2015;132:1538\u201348.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"70","key":"1639_CR54","first-page":"e79","volume":"119","author":"HB Bosworth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bosworth HB, Dudley T, Olsen MK, Voils CI, Powers B, Goldstein MK, et al. Racial differences in blood pressure control: potential explanatory factors. Am J Med. 2006;119(70):e79\u2013e15.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1639_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.6.825","volume":"160","author":"WC Cushman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cushman WC, Reda DJ, Perry HM, Williams D, Abdellatif M, Materson BJ. Regional and racial differences in response to antihypertensive medication use in a randomized controlled trial of men with hypertension in the United States. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:825\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1639_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2004.03446.x","volume":"6","author":"V Papademetriou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Papademetriou V, Narayan P, Kokkinos P. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in African-American patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004;6:310\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"1639_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.26.1.124","volume":"26","author":"MR Weir","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weir MR, Gray JM, Paster R, Saunders E. Differing mechanisms of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in black and white hypertensive patients. The Trandolapril Multicenter Study Group. Hypertension. 1995;26:124\u201330.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1639_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104357","volume":"127","author":"JA Siordia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siordia JA. Epidemiology and clinical features of COVID-19: a review of current literature. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104357.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"1639_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1639_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30526-2","volume":"395","author":"C Wenham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wenham C, Smith J, Morgan R, Group GaC-W. COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet. 2020;395:846\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1639_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laster Pirtle WN. Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States. Health Educ Behav 2020; p. 1090198120922942.","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198120922942"},{"key":"1639_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1329","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1329","volume":"369","author":"RY Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung RY, Dong D, Li MM. Socioeconomic gradient in health and the covid-19 outbreak. BMJ. 2020;369:m1329.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1639_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-020-01165-7","volume":"72","author":"NG de Groot","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. COVID-19 pandemic: is a gender-defined dosage effect responsible for the high mortality rate among males? Immunogenetics. 2020;72:275\u2013277.","journal-title":"Immunogenetics."},{"key":"1639_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15178","volume":"75","author":"J Sunden-Cullberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sunden-Cullberg J. Chronic use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers is high among intensive care unit patients with non-COVID-19 sepsis but carries a moderately increased risk of death. Hypertension. 2020;75:e15\u20136.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1639_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003475","volume":"47","author":"CC Lai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lai CC, Wang YH, Wang CY, Wang HC, Yu CJ, Chen L, et al. Risk of sepsis and mortality among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:e14\u201320.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1639_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12419","volume":"78","author":"S Dial","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dial S, Nessim SJ, Kezouh A, Benisty J, Suissa S. Antihypertensive agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system and the risk of sepsis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78:1151\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1639_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.09.005","volume":"166","author":"JC Zhong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhong JC, Ye JY, Jin HY, Yu X, Yu HM, Zhu DL, et al. Telmisartan attenuates aortic hypertrophy in hypertensive rats by the modulation of ACE2 and profilin-1 expression. Regul Pept. 2011;166:90\u20137.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"1639_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12159","volume":"169","author":"AC Simoes e Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simoes e Silva AC, Silveira KD, Ferreira AJ, Teixeira MM. ACE2, angiotensin-(1\u20137) and Mas receptor axis in inflammation and fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;169:477\u201392.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1639_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.011","volume":"236","author":"P Clancy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clancy P, Koblar SA, Golledge J. Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade reduces secretion of inflammation associated cytokines from cultured human carotid atheroma and vascular cells in association with reduced extracellular signal regulated kinase expression and activation. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236:108\u201315.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1639_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00398","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160344","volume":"36","author":"GE Callera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callera GE, Antunes TT, Correa JW, Moorman D, Gutsol A, He Y et al. Differential renal effects of candesartan at high and ultra-high doses in diabetic mice-potential role of the ACE2\/AT2R\/Mas axis. Biosci Rep.\u00a02016;36(5):e00398.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20160344.","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"1639_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(00)00274-0","volume":"13","author":"HM Siragy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Siragy HM. The role of the AT2 receptor in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:62S-67S.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"1639_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002101","volume":"21","author":"P Dandona","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Ghanim H, Chaudhuri A. Angiotensin II and inflammation: the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"1639_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","volume":"11","author":"K Kuba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11:875\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1639_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177420982049","volume":"22","author":"A Fares","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fares A, Borrmann D, Ivester JR. Are statins beneficial for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection? J Infect Prev. 2021;22:177\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"1639_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.94503","volume":"16","author":"N Katsiki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katsiki N, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP. Lipid-lowering therapy and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Med Sci. 2020;16:485\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"1639_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-021-00490-w","author":"CS Kow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kow CS, Hasan SS. The association between the use of statins and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40256-021-00490-w.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs"},{"key":"1639_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.06.009","volume":"31","author":"JR Tandaju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tandaju JR, Ii W, Barati-Boldaji R, Raeisi-Dehkordi H. Meta-analysis of statin and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): reconsideration is needed. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31:2737\u20139.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1639_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01367-z","volume":"80","author":"JG Rizk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rizk JG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehra MR, Lavie CJ, Rizk Y, Forthal DN. Pharmaco-immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19. Drugs. 2020;80:1267\u201392.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1639_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.03.026","volume":"95","author":"F Sanchis-Gomar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchis-Gomar F, Lavie CJ, Perez-Quilis C, Henry BM, Lippi G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and antihypertensives (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) in Coronavirus disease 2019. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95:1222\u201330.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"}],"container-title":["Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-021-01639-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40265-021-01639-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-021-01639-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1674077742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40265-021-01639-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-021-01639-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6667","1179-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6667","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1950","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was supported by the COVID Rapid Response award COVID-19-8900-18 from the US Veterans Administration Clinical Services Research & Development Program (to ES, HM, and AA). The data reported here have been supplied by the US Veterans Administration. Opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not represent the official opinion of the US Department of Veterans Affairs or the US Government. ES is supported by a career development award from the Office of Research and Development of the Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2- CX 001266-01). HM is supported by a career development award from the Office of Research and Development of the Department of Veterans Affairs (1IK- CX 001043-01A2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Source of Funding"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the VA Long Beach Healthcare System\u2019s Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and deemed exempt from the written consent requirement since all analyses were conducted using preexisting, de-identified data. This investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Restrictions apply to the availability of data generated or analyzed during this study. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) places legal restrictions on access to veteran\u2019s health care data, which includes both identifying data and sensitive patient information. The corresponding author will on request detail the restrictions and any conditions under which access to some data may be provided.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"HM has received research funding from Novartis and Amgen. ES has received support from Astra Zeneca and Edwards Lifesciences.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}},{"value":"Study concept and design: AA, ES, HM. Acquisition of data: CW, AA, ES, HM. Analysis and interpretation of data: CW, AA, ES, HM, JGR, LH. Statistical analysis: CW, AA, ES, HM .Drafting of the manuscript: CW, AA, ES, HM, JGR, LH .Critical revision of the revised manuscript: CW, DT, AA, ES, HM, JGR, LH.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}