{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:28:56Z","timestamp":1784647736603,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-026-02314-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T10:39:35Z","timestamp":1775731175000},"page":"797-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Targeting Inflammation in Bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miche\u00e1l","family":"Mac Aog\u00e1in","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay H.","family":"Chotirmall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0042-3","volume":"4","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Chang AB, Chotirmall SH, Dhar R, McShane PJ. Bronchiectasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):45.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01033-2015","volume":"47","author":"JK Quint","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quint JK, Millett ER, Joshi M, Navaratnam V, Thomas SL, Hurst JR, et al. Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: a population-based cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2015;47(1):186\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2314_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.09.012","volume":"158","author":"N Snell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snell N, Gibson J, Jarrold I, Quint JK. Epidemiology of bronchiectasis in the UK: findings from the British lung foundation\u2019s \u2018Respiratory health of the nation\u2019project. Respir Med. 2019;158:21\u20133.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2314_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30557-9","volume":"9","author":"AJ Dicker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dicker AJ, Lonergan M, Keir HR, Smith AH, Pollock J, Finch S, et al. The sputum microbiome and clinical outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis: a prospective observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(8):885\u201396.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702444","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02444-2017","volume":"51","author":"SH Chotirmall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chotirmall SH, Chalmers JD. RESPIRE: breathing new life into bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1):1702444.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2314_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.17295.1","author":"M Metersky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Metersky M, Chalmers J. Bronchiectasis insanity: Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results? F1000. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.17295.1.","journal-title":"F1000"},{"issue":"10150","key":"2314_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31767-7","volume":"392","author":"PA Flume","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flume PA, Chalmers JD, Olivier KN. Advances in bronchiectasis: endotyping, genetics, microbiome, and disease heterogeneity. Lancet. 2018;392(10150):880\u201390.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2314_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30504-X","volume":"9","author":"HR Keir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keir HR, Shoemark A, Dicker AJ, Perea L, Pollock J, Giam YH, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps, disease severity, and antibiotic response in bronchiectasis: an international, observational, multicohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(8):873\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2314_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001702","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01702-2020","volume":"56","author":"A Gramegna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gramegna A, Aliberti S, Sibila O, Di Francesco C, Sotgiu G, Perea L, et al. Sputum neutrophil elastase in bronchiectasis: a Southern European cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2020;56:2001702.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900303","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00303-2019","volume":"53","author":"A Shoemark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shoemark A, Cant E, Carreto L, Smith A, Oriano M, Keir HR, et al. A point-of-care neutrophil elastase activity assay identifies bronchiectasis severity, airway infection and risk of exacerbation. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(6):1900303.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"22","key":"2314_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021713","volume":"383","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Haworth CS, Metersky ML, Loebinger MR, Blasi F, Sibila O, et al. Phase 2 trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(22):2127\u201337.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2314_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30053-5","volume":"6","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Chotirmall SH. Bronchiectasis: new therapies and new perspectives. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(9):715\u201326.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202403-0473PP","volume":"210","author":"SH Chotirmall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chotirmall SH, Chalmers JD. The Precision Medicine Era of Bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;210(1):24\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5663","key":"2314_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303(5663):1532\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2314_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1027OC","volume":"195","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Moffitt KL, Suarez-Cuartin G, Sibila O, Finch S, Furrie E, et al. Neutrophil elastase activity is associated with exacerbations and lung function decline in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(10):1384\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2.420","volume":"117","author":"KW Tsang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsang KW, Zheng L, Ho JC, Lam W-K, Chan K-N, Ho P-L, et al. Sputum elastase in steady-state bronchiectasis. Chest. 2000;117(2):420\u20136.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2314_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0213462","volume":"109","author":"AM Adkison","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adkison AM, Raptis SZ, Kelley DG, Pham CT. Dipeptidyl peptidase I activates neutrophil-derived serine proteases and regulates the development of acute experimental arthritis. J Clin Investig. 2002;109(3):363\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(02)00217-5","volume":"403","author":"TV Tran","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tran TV, Ellis KA, Kam C-M, Hudig D, Powers JC. Dipeptidyl peptidase I: importance of progranzyme activation sequences, other dipeptide sequences, and the N-terminal amino group of synthetic substrates for enzyme activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002;403(2):160\u201370.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"3","key":"2314_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500081","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00081-2025","volume":"66","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Mall MA, Nielsen KG, Chang AB, Aliberti S, Blasi F, et al. Neutrophil-derived biomarkers in bronchiectasis: identifying a common therapeutic target. Eur Respir J. 2025;66(3):2500081.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104760","volume":"299","author":"T Isono","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isono T, Hirayama S, Domon H, Maekawa T, Tamura H, Hiyoshi T, et al. Degradation of EGFR on lung epithelial cells by neutrophil elastase contributes to the aggravation of pneumococcal pneumonia. J Biol Chem. 2023;299(6):104760.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0449-x","volume":"17","author":"R Boxio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boxio R, Wartelle J, Nawrocki-Raby B, Lagrange B, Malleret L, Hirche T, et al. Neutrophil elastase cleaves epithelial cadherin in acutely injured lung epithelium. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):129.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0048-5","volume":"15","author":"JH Kristensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kristensen JH, Karsdal MA, Sand JM, Willumsen N, Diefenbach C, Svensson B, et al. Serological assessment of neutrophil elastase activity on elastin during lung ECM remodeling. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15(1):53.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301920","volume":"192","author":"CW van den Berg","year":"2014","unstructured":"van den Berg CW, Tambourgi DV, Clark HW, Hoong SJ, Spiller OB, McGreal EP. Mechanism of neutrophil dysfunction: neutrophil serine proteases cleave and inactivate the C5a receptor. J Immunol. 2014;192(4):1787\u201395.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.10.020","volume":"106","author":"P Kuna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuna P, Jenkins M, O\u2019Brien CD, Fahy WA. AZD9668, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, plus ongoing budesonide\/formoterol in patients with COPD. Respir Med. 2012;106(4):531\u20139.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2314_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2423OC","volume":"198","author":"P Bedi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bedi P, Davidson DJ, McHugh BJ, Rossi AG, Hill AT. Blood neutrophils are reprogrammed in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(7):880\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Abstracts","key":"2314_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A3117-A","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.2025.211.Abstracts.A3117","volume":"211","author":"M Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long M, Hull R, Gilmour A, Viligorska K, Richardson H, New B, et al. A bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting Psl and PcrV for chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with bronchiectasis: results from a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial (GREAT-2). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025;211(Abstracts):A3117-A.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2314_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.9606120","volume":"157","author":"M Mikami","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mikami M, Llewellyn-Jones CG, Bayley D, Hill SL, Stockley RA. The chemotactic activity of sputum from patients with bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(3):723\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2314_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0487OC","volume":"186","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Smith MP, McHugh BJ, Doherty C, Govan JR, Hill AT. Short-and long-term antibiotic treatment reduces airway and systemic inflammation in non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(7):657\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2314_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2105083","volume":"164","author":"J Angrill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Angrill J, Agusti C, De Celis R, Filella X, Ra\u00f1\u00f3 A, Elena M, et al. Bronchial inflammation and colonization in patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(9):1628\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.11.011","volume":"159","author":"L Perea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perea L, Cant\u00f3 E, Suarez-Cuartin G, Aliberti S, Chalmers JD, Sibila O, et al. A cluster analysis of bronchiectasis patients based on the airway immune profile. Chest. 2021;159(5):1758\u201367.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"suppl 68","key":"2314_CR31","first-page":"PA3323","volume":"64","author":"S Ramachandran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramachandran S, Selvam A, Sivagnaname Y. Role of Tumour necrosis factor alpha in assessment of severity of Bronchiectasis. Eur Respira Soc. 2024;64(suppl 68):PA3323.","journal-title":"Eur Respira Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2314_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC","volume":"205","author":"A Shoemark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shoemark A, Shteinberg M, De Soyza A, Haworth CS, Richardson H, Gao Y, et al. Characterization of eosinophilic bronchiectasis: a European multicohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(8):894\u2013902.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2314_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0499OC","volume":"208","author":"H Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi H, Ryu S, Keir HR, Giam YH, Dicker AJ, Perea L, et al. Inflammatory molecular endotypes in bronchiectasis: a European multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208(11):1166\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00719-2025","author":"MB Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long MB, New JM, Stobo J, Band M, McLaren-Neil F, Hull R, et al. Design and rationale of the AIR-NET trial: a randomised, open-label, multifactorial, multicentre, adaptive platform trial using a range of repurposed anti-inflammatory treatments to improve outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis within the EMBARC clinical research network. ERJ Open Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00719-2025.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.016","volume":"156","author":"MB Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long MB, Gilmour A, Hull RC, Giam YH, Richardson H, Hughes C, et al. Investigating the impact of dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibition in humans using multi-omics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;156(5):1356\u201367.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2314_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00176-0","volume":"12","author":"MB Long","year":"2024","unstructured":"Long MB, Chotirmall SH, Shteinberg M, Chalmers JD. Rethinking bronchiectasis as an inflammatory disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2024;12(11):901\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202112-2704PP","volume":"206","author":"SH Chotirmall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chotirmall SH, Bogaert D, Chalmers JD, Cox MJ, Hansbro PM, Huang YJ, et al. Therapeutic targeting of the respiratory microbiome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206(5):535\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2314_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202506-1388ED","volume":"211","author":"M Mac Aog\u00e1in","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mac Aog\u00e1in M. Beyond ORBIT: mapping the constellation of Pseudomonas endotypes in bronchiectasis clinical trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025;211(8):1321\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02287-16","author":"RP Dickson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Freeman CM, McCloskey L, Falkowski NR, Huffnagle GB, et al. Bacterial topography of the healthy human lower respiratory tract. MBio. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02287-16.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201501-029OC","volume":"12","author":"RP Dickson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Freeman CM, McCloskey L, Beck JM, Huffnagle GB, et al. Spatial variation in the healthy human lung microbiome and the adapted island model of lung biogeography. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(6):821\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2314_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.31","volume":"1","author":"LN Segal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Segal LN, Clemente JC, Tsay JC, Koralov SB, Keller BC, Wu BG, et al. Enrichment of the lung microbiome with oral taxa is associated with lung inflammation of a Th17 phenotype. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1:16031.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2314_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6802637","volume":"2018","author":"PT King","year":"2018","unstructured":"King PT. The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:6802637.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"2314_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04144-23","volume":"12","author":"A Konovalovas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Konovalovas A, Armalyt\u0117 J, Klimkait\u0117 L, Liveikis T, Jonaityt\u0117 B, Danila E, et al. Insights into respiratory microbiome composition and systemic inflammatory biomarkers of bronchiectasis patients. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(12):e0414423.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00069007","volume":"31","author":"S Fuschillo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fuschillo S, De Felice A, Balzano G. Mucosal inflammation in idiopathic bronchiectasis: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(2):396\u2013406.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001131","volume":"31","author":"JK Narayana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Narayana JK, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Hansbro PM, Chotirmall SH. The bronchiectasis microbiome: current understanding and treatment implications. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2025;31(2):135\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2314_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.010","volume":"26","author":"YH Chai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai YH, Xu JF. How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa affect the progression of bronchiectasis? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(3):313\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1906225","volume":"15","author":"C Vidaillac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vidaillac C, Chotirmall SH. In bronchiectasis: infection, inflammation, and therapies. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021;15(5):649\u201362.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2314_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0179-2024","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Metersky M, Aliberti S, Morgan L, Fucile S, Lauterio M, et al. Neutrophilic inflammation in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0179-2024.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2314_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060675","author":"OW Meldrum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meldrum OW, Chotirmall SH. Mucus, microbiomes and pulmonary disease. Biomedicines. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9060675.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00163208","volume":"34","author":"MP Murray","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murray MP, Pentland JL, Turnbull K, MacQuarrie S, Hill AT. Sputum colour: a useful clinical tool in Non-Cystic Fibrosis bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(2):361\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2314_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hull RC, Stobo J, Abo-Leyah H, Richardson H, Headley DAdL, Long MB, et al. Endotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in bronchiectasis are associated with inhaled antibiotic response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 (in press).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5044999"},{"issue":"7","key":"2314_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1355OC","volume":"199","author":"M Mac Aog\u00e1in","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Tiew PY, Lim AYH, Low TB, Tan GL, Hassan T, et al. Distinct \u201cImmunoallertypes\u201d of disease and high frequencies of sensitization in Non-Cystic Fibrosis bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(7):842\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2314_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0273TR","volume":"62","author":"SM Carney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carney SM, Clemente JC, Cox MJ, Dickson RP, Huang YJ, Kitsios GD, et al. Methods in lung microbiome research. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2020;62(3):283\u201399.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2314_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1059OC","author":"M Mac Aog\u00e1in","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Xaverius Ivan F, Jaggi TK, Richardson H, Shoemark A, Narayana JK, et al. Airway \u201cresistotypes\u201d and clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202306-1059OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.11.029","volume":"19","author":"JK Narayana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narayana JK, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Goh WWB, Xia K, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Chotirmall SH. Mathematical-based microbiome analytics for clinical translation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19:6272\u201381.","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2314_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0038-2024","author":"M Mac Aog\u00e1in","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Dicker AJ, Mertsch P, Chotirmall SH. Infection and the microbiome in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0038-2024.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000769","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00769-2020","volume":"56","author":"M Oriano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oriano M, Gramegna A, Terranova L, Sotgiu G, Sulaiman I, Ruggiero L, et al. Sputum neutrophil elastase associates with microbiota and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(4):2000769.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00063-14","volume":"21","author":"J Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi J, Cox AD, Li J, McCready W, Ulanova M. Activation of innate immune responses by Haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccharide. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21(5):769\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1461OC","volume":"174","author":"CS Berenson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berenson CS, Wrona CT, Grove LJ, Maloney J, Garlipp MA, Wallace PK, et al. Impaired alveolar macrophage response to Haemophilus antigens in chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(1):31\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"2314_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13758","volume":"594","author":"K Riesbeck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riesbeck K. Complement evasion by the human respiratory tract pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. FEBS Lett. 2020;594(16):2586\u201397.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01710","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01710-14","volume":"5","author":"MA Bewley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bewley MA, Naughton M, Preston J, Mitchell A, Holmes A, Marriott HM, et al. Pneumolysin activates macrophage lysosomal membrane permeabilization and executes apoptosis by distinct mechanisms without membrane pore formation. MBio. 2014;5(5):e01710-e1714.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy043","volume":"43","author":"JA Bengoechea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bengoechea JA, Sa Pessoa J. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection biology: living to counteract host defences. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2019;43(2):123\u201344.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2314_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00059-21","author":"M Pivard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pivard M, Moreau K, Vandenesch F. Staphylococcus aureus arsenal to conquer the lower respiratory tract. mSphere. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00059-21.","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"9","key":"2314_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1596OC","volume":"203","author":"BG Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu BG, Sulaiman I, Tsay JJ, Perez L, Franca B, Li Y, et al. Episodic aspiration with oral commensals induces a MyD88-dependent, pulmonary T-helper cell type 17 response that mitigates susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(9):1099\u2013111.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-335OC","volume":"11","author":"GB Rogers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rogers GB, Zain NM, Bruce KD, Burr LD, Chen AC, Rivett DW, et al. A novel microbiota stratification system predicts future exacerbations in bronchiectasis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(4):496\u2013503.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2314_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.08.005","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li L, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Xu T, Jaggi TK, Chan LLY, Qu J, et al. Neisseria species as pathobionts in bronchiectasis. Cell Host Microbe. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2022.08.005.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"7","key":"2314_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02424-2","volume":"29","author":"L Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin L, Yi X, Liu H, Meng R, Li S, Liu X, et al. The airway microbiome mediates the interaction between environmental exposure and respiratory health in humans. Nat Med. 2023;29(7):1750\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02198-23","volume":"11","author":"JJ Baty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baty JJ, Stoner SN, McDaniel MS, Huffines JT, Edmonds SE, Evans NJ, et al. An oral commensal attenuates. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(6):e0219823.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02983-z","volume":"25","author":"E Goeteyn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goeteyn E, Taylor SL, Dicker A, Boll\u00e9 L, Wauters M, Joossens M, et al. Aggregatibacter is inversely associated with inflammatory mediators in sputa of patients with chronic airway diseases and reduces inflammation in vitro. Respir Res. 2024;25(1):368.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101293","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01293-2021","volume":"59","author":"C Rigauts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rigauts C, Aizawa J, Taylor SL, Rogers GB, Govaerts M, Cos P, et al. Rothia mucilaginosa is an anti-inflammatory bacterium in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2022;59(5):2101293.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334588","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2024.2334588","volume":"16","author":"N Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng N, Han X, Peng D, Geng F, Li Q, Pan C, et al. alters lung microbiota and aggravates disease severity of COPD rats by up-regulating Hsp90\u03b1\/MLKL. J Oral Microbiol. 2024;16(1):2334588.","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01289-7","volume":"27","author":"M Mac Aog\u00e1in","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Narayana JK, Tiew PY, Ali NABM, Yong VFL, Jaggi TK, et al. Integrative microbiomics in bronchiectasis exacerbations. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):688\u201399.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2314_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0893OC","volume":"207","author":"JK Narayana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Narayana JK, Aliberti S, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Jaggi TK, Ali NABM, Ivan FX, et al. Microbial dysregulation of the gut-lung axis in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207(7):908\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00766-2018","author":"M Mac Aogain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mac Aogain M, Chandrasekaran R, Lim AYH, Low TB, Tan GL, Hassan T, et al. Immunological corollary of the pulmonary mycobiome in bronchiectasis: the CAMEB study. Eur Respir J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00766-2018.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1961","volume":"147","author":"Y-H Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao Y-H, Guan W-J, Xu G, Lin Z-Y, Tang Y, Lin Z-M, et al. The role of viral infection in pulmonary exacerbations of bronchiectasis in adults a prospective study. Chest. 2015;147(6):1635\u201343.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0638-0","volume":"18","author":"R Chandrasekaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran R, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Chalmers JD, Elborn SJ, Chotirmall SH. Geographic variation in the aetiology, epidemiology and microbiology of bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18(1):83.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2314_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305147","volume":"99","author":"N Kapur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kapur N, Mackay IM, Sloots TP, Masters IB, Chang AB. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99(8):749\u201353.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.044","volume":"129","author":"A Sykes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sykes A, Edwards MR, Macintyre J, del Rosario A, Bakhsoliani E, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, et al. Rhinovirus 16-induced IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 are deficient in bronchoalveolar lavage cells in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(6):1506-14.e6.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2314_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-136OC","volume":"178","author":"U Sajjan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sajjan U, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Gruenert DC, Hershenson MB. Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(12):1271\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2314_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0341OC","volume":"188","author":"PL Molyneaux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Molyneaux PL, Mallia P, Cox MJ, Footitt J, Willis-Owen SA, Homola D, et al. Outgrowth of the bacterial airway microbiome after rhinovirus exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(10):1224\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.06.005","volume":"16","author":"SJ Siegel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siegel SJ, Roche AM, Weiser JN. Influenza promotes pneumococcal growth during coinfection by providing host sialylated substrates as a nutrient source. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;16(1):55\u201367.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","volume":"15","author":"KF Budden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DL, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, et al. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(1):55\u201363.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.041","volume":"176","author":"P Bacher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bacher P, Hohnstein T, Beerbaum E, R\u00f6cker M, Blango MG, Kaufmann S, et al. Human anti-fungal Th17 immunity and pathology rely on cross-reactivity against Candida albicans. Cell. 2019;176(6):1340-55.e15.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.12.810","volume":"151","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Teo SM, M\u00e9ric G, Tang HHF, Zhu Q, Sanders JG, et al. The gut microbiome is a significant risk factor for future chronic lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;151(4):943\u201352.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2314_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8015","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05933-11","volume":"77","author":"G Duytschaever","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duytschaever G, Huys G, Bekaert M, Boulanger L, De Boeck K, Vandamme P. Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of the predominant fecal microbiota compositions of a group of pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis and their healthy siblings. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(22):8015\u201324.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2314_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70165-1","volume":"2","author":"AF Barker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barker AF, O\u2019Donnell AE, Flume P, Thompson PJ, Ruzi JD, de Gracia J, et al. Aztreonam for inhalation solution in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (AIR-BX1 and AIR-BX2): two randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(9):738\u201349.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2314_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02052-2017","author":"A De Soyza","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Soyza A, Aksamit T, Bandel TJ, Criollo M, Elborn JS, Operschall E, et al. RESPIRE 1: a phase III placebo-controlled randomised trial of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02052-2017.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2314_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02053-2017","author":"T Aksamit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aksamit T, De Soyza A, Bandel TJ, Criollo M, Elborn JS, Operschall E, et al. RESPIRE 2: a phase III placebo-controlled randomised trial of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02053-2017.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2314_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30427-2","volume":"7","author":"CS Haworth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haworth CS, Bilton D, Chalmers JD, Davis AM, Froehlich J, Gonda I, et al. Inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ORBIT-3 and ORBIT-4): two phase 3, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(3):213\u201326.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2314_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2290","volume":"309","author":"DJ Serisier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Serisier DJ, Martin ML, McGuckin MA, Lourie R, Chen AC, Brain B, et al. Effect of long-term, low-dose erythromycin on pulmonary exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BLESS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013;309(12):1260\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9842","key":"2314_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60953-2","volume":"380","author":"C Wong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong C, Jayaram L, Karalus N, Eaton T, Tong C, Hockey H, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):660\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2314_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00894-2025","author":"JK Narayana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Narayana JK, Koo Wei Ling Y, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Chotirmall SH. Characterizing research trends in bronchiectasis through AI-powered analytics. Eur Respir J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00894-2025.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02444-z","volume":"24","author":"D Cipolla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cipolla D, Zhang J, Korkmaz B, Chalmers JD, Basso J, Lasala D, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibition with brensocatib reduces the activity of all major neutrophil serine proteases in patients with bronchiectasis: results from the WILLOW trial. Respir Res. 2023;24(1):133.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202408-1545OC","volume":"211","author":"ED Johnson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johnson ED, Long MB, Perea L, Shih VH, Fernandez C, Teper A, et al. Broad immunomodulatory effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis: data from the phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled WILLOW trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025;211(5):770\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"2314_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411664","volume":"392","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Burgel P-R, Daley CL, De Soyza A, Haworth CS, Mauger D, et al. Phase 3 trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(16):1569\u201381.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2314_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01551-2024","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Shteinberg M, Mall MA, O\u2019Donnell AE, Watz H, Gupta A, et al. Cathepsin C (Dipeptidyl Peptidase 1) inhibition in adults with bronchiectasis: AIRLEAF, a phase II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study. Eur Respir J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01551-2024.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"Abstracts","key":"2314_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1964-A","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.2025.211.Abstracts.A1964","volume":"211","author":"J Chalmers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chalmers J, Shteinberg M, Chotirmall S, Sauter W, Flume P, Jain R, et al. Study design of a phase III study (AIRTIVITY\u00ae) of the novel cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase 1) inhibitor BI 1291583 in people with bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025;211(Abstracts):A1964-A.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2314_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00019-0","volume":"13","author":"N-S Zhong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhong N-S, Qiu R, Cao J, Huang Y-M, Zhou H, Xu X-X, et al. Effects of the DPP-1 inhibitor HSK31858 in adults with bronchiectasis in China (SAVE-BE): a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(5):414\u201324.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.12.009","volume":"107","author":"R Stockley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stockley R, De Soyza A, Gunawardena K, Perrett J, Forsman-Semb K, Entwistle N, et al. Phase II study of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (AZD9668) in patients with bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2013;107(4):524\u201333.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00148-2015","volume":"46","author":"A De Soyza","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Soyza A, Pavord I, Elborn JS, Smith D, Wray H, Puu M, et al. A randomised, placebo-controlled study of the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(4):1021\u201332.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2314_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01333-2019","author":"J Rademacher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rademacher J, Konwert S, Fuge J, Dettmer S, Welte T, Ringshausen FC. Anti-IL5 and anti-IL5R\u03b1 therapy for clinically significant bronchiectasis with eosinophilic endotype: a case series. Eur Respir J. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01333-2019.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2314_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123953","volume":"12","author":"R Campisi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Campisi R, Nolasco S, Pelaia C, Impellizzeri P, D\u2019Amato M, Portacci A, et al. Benralizumab effectiveness in severe eosinophilic asthma with co-presence of bronchiectasis: a real-world multicentre observational study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(12):3953.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2314_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000453","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00453-2020","volume":"56","author":"S Aliberti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aliberti S, Sotgiu G, Blasi F, Saderi L, Posadas T, Garcia MAM. Blood eosinophils predict inhaled fluticasone response in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2020;56:2000453.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-221825","volume":"80","author":"J Pollock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pollock J, Polverino E, Dhar R, Dimakou K, Traversi L, Bossios A, et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids in bronchiectasis: data from the European Bronchiectasis Registry (EMBARC). Thorax. 2025;80(6):358\u201368.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202308-1403OC","volume":"210","author":"MB Long","year":"2024","unstructured":"Long MB, Gilmour A, Kehl M, Tabor DE, Keller AE, Warrener P, et al. A bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting Psl and PcrV enhances neutrophil-mediated killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;210(1):35\u201346.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4245","volume":"363","author":"DM Kent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kent DM, Steyerberg E, van Klaveren D. Personalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects. BMJ. 2018;363:k4245.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2314_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00713-2023","author":"C Chessari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chessari C, Simonetta E, Amati F, Nigro M, Stainer A, Sotgiu G, et al. Diagnostic delay in bronchiectasis: an Italian perspective. ERJ Open Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00713-2023.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"173","key":"2314_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0234-2023","volume":"33","author":"E Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson E, Long MB, Chalmers JD. Biomarkers in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev. 2024;33(173):230234.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200120","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00120-2022","volume":"61","author":"K Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu K, Diaz AA, Duan F, Lee M, Xiao X, Liu H, et al. Bronchial gene expression alterations associated with radiological bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(1):2200120.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2314_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2023.03.004","volume":"29","author":"M Martins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martins M, Keir HR, Chalmers JD. Endotypes in bronchiectasis: moving towards precision medicine. A narrative review. Pulmonology. 2023;29(6):505\u201317.","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202310-1729OC","volume":"210","author":"Y Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao Y, Richardson H, Dicker AJ, Barton A, Kuzmanova E, Shteinberg M, et al. Endotypes of exacerbation in bronchiectasis: an observational cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;210(1):77\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00093-0","volume":"11","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Polverino E, Crichton ML, Ringshausen FC, De Soyza A, Vendrell M, et al. Bronchiectasis in Europe: data on disease characteristics from the European Bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC). Lancet Respir Med. 2023;11:637\u201349.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202307-1165OC","volume":"210","author":"TR Aksamit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aksamit TR, Locantore N, Addrizzo-Harris D, Ali J, Barker A, Basavaraj A, et al. Five-year outcomes among U.S. bronchiectasis and NTM research registry patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;210(1):108\u201318.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2314_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034090","volume":"10","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, Choi H, Sim YS, Park S, Kim WJ, Yoo KH, et al. KMBARC registry: protocol for a multicentre observational cohort study on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in Korea. BMJ Open. 2020;10(1):e034090.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"2314_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30327-4","volume":"7","author":"R Dhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhar R, Singh S, Talwar D, Mohan M, Tripathi SK, Swarnakar R, et al. Bronchiectasis in India: results from the European Multicentre Bronchiectasis Audit and Research Collaboration (EMBARC) and Respiratory Research Network of India Registry. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(9):e1269\u201379.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2314_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00364-3","volume":"13","author":"JF Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu JF, Zheng HZ, Lu HW, Wang LW, Wu B, Lv XD, et al. Baseline characteristics of patients in the Chinese Bronchiectasis Registry (BE-China): a multicentre prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(2):166\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2314_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00054-2025","author":"KX Thng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thng KX, Tiew PY, Mac Aog\u00e1in M, Narayana JK, Jaggi TK, Ivan FX, et al. Sputum metagenomics in bronchiectasis reveals pan-European variation: an EMBARC-BRIDGE study. Eur Respir J. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00054-2025. (in press).","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2314_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1937","volume":"309","author":"J Altenburg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, Stienstra Y, Sloos JH, van Haren EH, Koppers RJ, et al. Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013;309(12):1251\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2314_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-0944OC","volume":"208","author":"A Anzueto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anzueto A, Barjaktarevic IZ, Siler TM, Rheault T, Bengtsson T, Rickard K, et al. Ensifentrine, a novel phosphodiesterase 3 and 4 inhibitor for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trials (the ENHANCE Trials). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208(4):406\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2314_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00718-2023","author":"KF Rabe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Bhatt SP, Kawayama T, Cosio BG, Mroz RM, et al. AERIFY-1\/2: two phase 3, randomised, controlled trials of itepekimab in former smokers with moderate-to-severe COPD. ERJ Open Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00718-2023.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"822","key":"2314_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadu3759","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adu3759","volume":"17","author":"S Asrat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asrat S, Lim WK, Srivatsan S, Harel S, Gayvert K, Birchard D, et al. The IL-33 and IL-4R\u03b1 blocking antibodies itepekimab and dupilumab modulate both distinct and common inflammatory mediators in asthma. Sci Transl Med. 2025;17(822):eadu3759.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2314_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.05.041","volume":"11","author":"SA Bendien","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bendien SA, Kroes JA, van Hal LHG, Braunstahl GJ, Broeders MEAC, Oud KTM, et al. Real-world effectiveness of IL-5\/5Ra targeted biologics in severe eosinophilic asthma with comorbid bronchiectasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(9):2724-31.e2.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2314_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114817","volume":"215","author":"G Pichon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pichon G, Parent C, Graeter S, Schaub A, Schnell A, S\u00e9cher T, et al. Exploring airway biological barriers: implications for IgG-based therapeutics in respiratory infections. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2025;215:114817.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"issue":"176","key":"2314_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0257-2024","volume":"34","author":"E Johnson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johnson E, Gilmour A, Chalmers JD. Dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibitors in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir Rev. 2025;34(176):240257.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"suppl 69","key":"2314_CR125","volume":"66","author":"MB Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long MB, Hull RC, Gilmour A, Viligorska K, Richardson H, New JM, et al. A bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchiectasis: results from the GREAT-2 trial. Eur Respir J. 2025;66(suppl 69):OA2312.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02314-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02314-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02314-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1778861041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02314-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02314-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6667","1179-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6667","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1950","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"J.D.C reports grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, Insmed, Novartis and Trudell Medical Group; consulting fees from Antabio, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Farmaceutici, GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols, Insmed, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Trudell Medical Group and Zambon. S.H.C has served on advisory boards for CSL Behring, Pneumagen Ltd., Zaccha Pte Ltd, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GSK, Chiesi Farmaceutici and Sanofi, on DSMBs for Inovio Pharmaceuticals and Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University and has received personal fees from Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, CSL Behring and Chiesi Farmaceutici, all unrelated to this work. All other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"M.M.A., A.G., J.D.C. and S.H.C. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript and approved the final version.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}}]}}