{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:05:27Z","timestamp":1791975927644,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck and Medical University of Innsbruck"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-026-02327-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T01:10:40Z","timestamp":1779325840000},"page":"1231-1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recent Developments in the Drug Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5852-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Leiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Mahlknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4367-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner","family":"Poewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2327_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","volume":"23","author":"JD Steinmetz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:344\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","volume":"388","author":"D Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su D, Cui Y, He C, Yin P, Bai R, Zhu J, et al. Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. BMJ. 2025;388:e080952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2327_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, et al. Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2327_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23961","volume":"27","author":"C Hinnell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hinnell C, Hurt CS, Landau S, Brown RG, Samuel M. Nonmotor versus motor symptoms: how much do they matter to health status in Parkinson\u2019s disease? Mov Disord. 2012;27:236\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23961.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.3.308","volume":"69","author":"A Schrag","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schrag A. What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:308\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.69.3.308.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2327_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3654","volume":"311","author":"BS Connolly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Connolly BS, Lang AE. Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease. JAMA. 2014;311:1670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.3654.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2327_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27372","volume":"33","author":"SH Fox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim S, Barton B, de Bie RMA, Seppi K, et al. International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society evidence\u2010based medicine review: update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2018;33:1248\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27372.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","volume":"323","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease. JAMA. 2020;323:548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.22360.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2327_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01429-0","volume":"403","author":"T Foltynie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foltynie T, Bruno V, Fox S, K\u00fchn AA, Lindop F, Lees AJ. Medical, surgical, and physical treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet. 2024;403:305\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01429-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2327_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/1801200a0","volume":"180","author":"A Carlsson","year":"1957","unstructured":"Carlsson A, Lindqvist M, Magnusson T. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature. 1957;180:1200\u20131200.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2327_CR11","first-page":"787","volume":"73","author":"W Birkmayer","year":"1961","unstructured":"Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O. Der L-3,4-Dioxyphenylalanin (DOPA)-Effekt bei der Parkinson-Akinese. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1961;73:787\u20138.","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2327_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26122","volume":"30","author":"S Fahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fahn S, Poewe W. Levodopa: 50 years of a revolutionary drug for Parkinson disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26122.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00249-0","volume":"20","author":"O Rascol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rascol O, Fabbri M, Poewe W. Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease and other movement disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:1048\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00249-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30162","author":"RMA de Bie","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Bie RMA, Katzenschlager R, Swinnen BEKS, Peball M, Lim S, Mestre TA, et al. Update on treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease motor fluctuations\u2014an International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society evidence\u2010based medicine review. Mov Disord. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30162.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90295-X","volume":"301","author":"B Eckstein","year":"1973","unstructured":"Eckstein B, Shaw K, Stern G. Sustained-release levodopa in parkinsonism. Lancet. 1973;301:431\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90295-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2327_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92182-X","volume":"301","author":"G Curzon","year":"1973","unstructured":"Curzon G, Friedel J, Grier L, Marsden CD, Parkes JD, Shipley M, et al. Sustained-release levodopa in parkinsonism. Lancet. 1973;301:781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92182-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2327_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100041548","volume":"19","author":"S Gauthier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gauthier S, Amyot D. Sustained release antiparkinson agents: controlled release levodopa. Can J Neurol Sci. 1992;19:153\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0317167100041548.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2327_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70025-5","volume":"12","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, Espay AJ, Sethi K, Stacy M, et al. Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and motor fluctuations: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:346\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70025-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2023.100197","volume":"8","author":"P LeWitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"LeWitt P, Ellenbogen A, Burdick D, Gunzler S, Gil R, Dhall R, et al. Improving levodopa delivery: IPX203, a novel extended-release carbidopa-levodopa formulation. Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2023;8:100197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2023.100197.","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000354","volume":"42","author":"NB Modi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modi NB, Mittur A, Dinh P, Rubens R, Gupta S. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of IPX203 in Parkinson disease patients with motor fluctuations. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2019;42:149\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000354.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2327_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000314","volume":"42","author":"NB Modi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modi NB, Mittur A, Rubens R, Khanna S, Gupta S. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IPX203 in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a comparison with immediate-release Carbidopa-Levodopa and with extended-release Carbidopa-Levodopa capsules. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2019;42:4\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000314.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2327_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2679","volume":"80","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Espay AJ, Ellenbogen AL, Fernandez HH, Isaacson SH, LeWitt PA, et al. IPX203 vs immediate-release Carbidopa-Levodopa for the treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80:1062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2679.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29685","volume":"39","author":"AJ Espay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Espay AJ, Hauser RA, Dhall R, Thakkar S, Cloud L, Zeitlin L, et al. Safety and efficacy of IPX203 in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the RISE-PD open-label extension study. Mov Disord. 2024;39:428\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29685.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29824","volume":"39","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olanow CW, McIntyre D, Matarazzo M, Leinonen M, McGarry A, Kamp C, et al. Continuous levodopa delivery with an intraoral micropump system: an open\u2010label pharmacokinetics and clinical study. Mov Disord. 2024;39:945\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29824.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR25","unstructured":"Berkovich E. CLE-600: treating nocturnal and early morning OFF symptomology in Parkinson\u2019s disease with the OLAR\u00ae platform [abstract]. Mov Disord 2021;36:(suppl 1). https:\/\/www.mdsabstracts.org\/abstract\/cle-600-treating-nocturnal-and-early-morning-off-symptomology-in-parkinsons-disease-with-the-olar-platform\/. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR26","unstructured":"Contera Pharma A\/S. Contera Pharma announces positive topline results in Phase 1b trial of CP-012, a novel therapy to treat nocturnal immobility and morning akinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease 2025. https:\/\/conterapharma.com\/contera-pharma-announces-positive-topline-results-in-phase-1b-trial-of-cp-012-a-novel-therapy-to-treat-nocturnal-immobility-and-morning-akinesia-in-parkinsons-disease\/. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.s6456","volume":"5","author":"W Poewe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poewe W, Antonini A, Zijlmans JC, Burkhard PR, Vingerhoets F. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: an old drug still going strong. Clin Interv Aging. 2010;5:229\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cia.s6456.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2327_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01073-4","volume":"38","author":"E Menozzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Menozzi E, Schapira AHV. The gut microbiota in Parkinson disease: interactions with drugs and potential for therapeutic applications. CNS Drugs. 2024;38:315\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01073-4.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2327_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15734","volume":"30","author":"V Leta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leta V, Klingelhoefer L, Longardner K, Campagnolo M, Levent H\u00c7, Aureli F, et al. Gastrointestinal barriers to levodopa transport and absorption in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2023;30:1465\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.15734.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70107","volume":"40","author":"G H\u00f6glinger","year":"2025","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger G, Lingor P, H\u00f6llerhage M, Trenkwalder C. Treatment options for motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2025;40:2848\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.70107.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01307-x","volume":"80","author":"J Paik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paik J. Levodopa inhalation powder: a review in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Drugs. 2020;80:821\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-020-01307-x.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2327_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30405-8","volume":"18","author":"PA LeWitt","year":"2019","unstructured":"LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, Pahwa R, Isaacson SH, Fernandez HH, Lew M, et al. Safety and efficacy of CVT-301 (levodopa inhalation powder) on motor function during off periods in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:145\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30405-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad8858","author":"MM Lipp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lipp MM, Batycky R, Moore J, Leinonen M, Freed MI. Preclinical and clinical assessment of inhaled levodopa for OFF episodes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad8858.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"2327_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26611","volume":"31","author":"PA LeWitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, Grosset DG, Stocchi F, Saint-Hilaire M, Ellenbogen A, et al. A randomized trial of inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) for motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31:1356\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26611.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.12.012","volume":"71","author":"DG Grosset","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grosset DG, Dhall R, Gurevich T, Kassubek J, Poewe WH, Rascol O, et al. Inhaled levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with OFF periods: a randomized 12-month pulmonary safety study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;71:4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.12.012.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.10.029","volume":"81","author":"ES Farbman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farbman ES, Waters CH, LeWitt PA, Rudzi\u0144ska M, Klingler M, Lee A, et al. A 12-month, dose-level blinded safety and efficacy study of levodopa inhalation powder (CVT-301, Inbrija) in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;81:144\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.10.029.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001143","volume":"12","author":"G Glenardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Glenardi G, Handayani T, Barus J, Mangkuliguna G. Inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurol Clin Pract. 2022;12:139\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001143.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract."},{"key":"2327_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.03.026","volume":"64","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Isaacson SH, Ellenbogen A, Safirstein BE, Truong DD, Komjathy SF, et al. Orally inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) for early morning OFF periods in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;64:175\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.03.026.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.10.003","volume":"97","author":"M Luinstra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luinstra M, Grasmeijer F, Hagedoorn P, Moes JR, Frijlink HW, de Boer AH. A levodopa dry powder inhaler for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in off periods. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;97:22\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.10.003.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2327_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.01.012","volume":"90","author":"M Hoppentocht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoppentocht M, Akkerman OW, Hagedoorn P, Frijlink HW, de Boer AH. The Cyclops for pulmonary delivery of aminoglycosides; a new member of the TwincerTM family. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;90:8\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.01.012.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2327_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319857617","author":"M Luinstra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luinstra M, Rutgers W, van Laar T, Grasmeijer F, Begeman A, Isufi V, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of inhaled levodopa from a new dry-powder inhaler in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2040622319857617.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241289207","author":"L de Jong","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Jong L, Luinstra M, Aalbers AF, Wijma-Vos AJ, D\u2019Angremont E, van der Meulen AAE, et al. Therapeutic effect of an inhaled levodopa dry powder formulation on off episodes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864241289207.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210464","author":"M Nomoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nomoto M, Yabe H, Ando R, Sumiyoshi Y, Akagi T, Ise R, et al. A proof-of-concept study of TR-012001, a nasal levodopa, in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with OFF episodes, without dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (P11-5.009). Neurology. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210464.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.2.487","volume":"107","author":"RJ Hardie","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hardie RJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM. ON-off fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain. 1984;107:487\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/107.2.487.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2327_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1131","volume":"34","author":"N Quinn","year":"1984","unstructured":"Quinn N, Parkes JD, Marsden CD. Control of on\/off phenomenon by continuous intravenous infusion of levodopa. Neurology. 1984;34:1131\u20131131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.34.9.1131.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410200213","volume":"20","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kurlan R, Rubin AJ, Miller C, Rivera-Calimlim L, Clarke A, Shoulson I. Duodenal delivery of levodopa for on-off fluctuations in parkinsonism: preliminary observations. Ann Neurol. 1986;20:262\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410200213.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70293-X","volume":"13","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Odin P, Espay AJ, Standaert DG, Fernandez HH, et al. Continuous intrajejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:141\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70293-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26123","volume":"30","author":"HH Fernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandez HH, Standaert DG, Hauser RA, Lang AE, Fung VSC, Klostermann F, et al. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: final 12-month, open-label results. Mov Disord. 2015;30:500\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26123.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.012","volume":"21","author":"A Antonini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antonini A, Yegin A, Preda C, Bergmann L, Poewe W. Global long-term study on motor and non-motor symptoms and safety of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in routine care of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease patients; 12-month interim outcomes. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:231\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.012.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28703","volume":"36","author":"E Freire\u2010Alvarez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freire\u2010Alvarez E, Kur\u010da E, Lopez Manzanares L, Pekkonen E, Spanaki C, Vanni P, et al. Levodopa\u2010Carbidopa intestinal gel reduces dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease in a randomized trial. Mov Disord. 2021;36:2615\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28703.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26855","volume":"32","author":"M Senek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Senek M, Nielsen EI, Nyholm D. Levodopa\u2010entacapone\u2010carbidopa intestinal gel in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized crossover study. Mov Disord. 2017;32:283\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26855.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16535","author":"D Santos\u2010Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santos\u2010Garc\u00eda D, L\u00f3pez\u2010Manzanares L, Muro I, Lorenzo\u2010Barreto P, Casas Pe\u00f1a E, Garc\u00eda\u2010Ramos R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of levodopa\u2013entacapone\u2013carbidopa infusion in Parkinson disease: a real\u2010world data study. Eur J Neurol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16535.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14240","volume":"11","author":"M \u00d6thman","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6thman M, Nyholm D. A 4\u2010year follow\u2010up of Levodopa\u2010Entacapone\u2010Carbidopa intestinal gel treatment in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11:1609\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.14240.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2327_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16582","author":"M \u00d6thman","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00d6thman M, Bergquist F, Odin P, Scharfenort M, Johansson A, Markaki I, et al. Levodopa\u2013entacapone\u2013carbidopa intestinal gel: data from the Swedish national registry for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16582.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70046","volume":"12","author":"D Weiss","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weiss D, Jost WH, Sz\u00e1sz JA, Pirto\u0161ek Z, Milanov I, Tomantschger V, et al. Levodopa\u2013entacapone\u2013carbidopa intrajejunal infusion in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014interim analysis of the ELEGANCE study. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025;12:1075\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70046.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"2327_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2025.2577710","author":"L Rigon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rigon L, Fogliano C, Odin P, Antonini A. Infusion therapies for Parkinson\u2019s disease: where are we in 2025? Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17425247.2025.2577710.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2327_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91660-6","volume":"329","author":"C Stibe","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stibe C, Lees A, Stern G. Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinsonian on-off oscillations. Lancet. 1987;329:871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91660-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2327_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.5.709","volume":"65","author":"K Pietz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pietz K, Hagell P, Odin P. Subcutaneous apomorphine in late stage Parkinson\u2019s disease: a long term follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:709\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.65.5.709.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2327_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22063","volume":"23","author":"PJ Garc\u00eda Ruiz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Ruiz PJ, Sesar Ignacio \u00c1, Ares Pensado B, Castro Garc\u00eda A, Alonso Frech F, \u00c1lvarez L\u00f3pez M, et al. Efficacy of long\u2010term continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor fluctuations: a multicenter study. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1130\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22063.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.013","volume":"23","author":"RWK Borgemeester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borgemeester RWK, Drent M, van Laar T. Motor and non-motor outcomes of continuous apomorphine infusion in 125 Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;23:17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.013.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8477-0","volume":"264","author":"\u00c1 Sesar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sesar \u00c1, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pajar\u00edn G, Ares B, Rivas MT, Castro A. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: 10-year experience with 230 patients. J Neurol. 2017;264:946\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8477-0.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.09.025","volume":"45","author":"RWK Borgemeester","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borgemeester RWK, van Laar T. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with cognitive dysfunction: a retrospective long-term follow-up study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;45:33\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.09.025.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8106-3","volume":"263","author":"S Drapier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drapier S, Eusebio A, Degos B, V\u00e9rin M, Durif F, Azulay JP, et al. Quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease improved by apomorphine pump: the OPTIPUMP cohort study. J Neurol. 2016;263:1111\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-016-8106-3.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X241310727","volume":"15","author":"SH Isaacson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Isaacson SH, Espay AJ, Pahwa R, Agarwal P, Shill HA, Hui J, et al. Continuous, subcutaneous apomorphine infusion for Parkinson disease motor fluctuations: results from the phase 3, long-term, open-label United States InfusON study. J Parkinsons Dis. 2025;15:361\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1877718X241310727.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.12.024","volume":"83","author":"R Katzenschlager","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katzenschlager R, Poewe W, Rascol O, Trenkwalder C, Deuschl G, Chaudhuri KR, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of apomorphine infusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with persistent motor fluctuations: results of the open-label phase of the TOLEDO study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;83:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.12.024.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30239-4","volume":"17","author":"R Katzenschlager","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katzenschlager R, Poewe W, Rascol O, Trenkwalder C, Deuschl G, Chaudhuri KR, et al. Apomorphine subcutaneous infusion in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with persistent motor fluctuations (TOLEDO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:749\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30239-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107905","author":"R Katzenschlager","year":"2025","unstructured":"Katzenschlager R, Bergquist F. Continuous subcutaneous infusion therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence of efficacy and safety. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107905.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26073","volume":"90","author":"M Rosebraugh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosebraugh M, Voight EA, Moussa EM, Jameel F, Lou X, Zhang GGZ, et al. Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa: a new subcutaneous treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol. 2021;90:52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26073.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212813","volume":"11","author":"M Rosebraugh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosebraugh M, Liu W, Neenan M, Facheris MF. Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa is well tolerated and maintains stable Levodopa and Carbidopa exposure following subcutaneous infusion. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11:1695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-212813.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00400-8","volume":"21","author":"MJ Soileau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soileau MJ, Aldred J, Budur K, Fisseha N, Fung VS, Jeong A, et al. Safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous Foslevodopa-Foscarbidopa in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:1099\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00400-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00533-1","volume":"12","author":"J Aldred","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aldred J, Freire-Alvarez E, Amelin AV, Antonini A, Bergmans B, Bergquist F, et al. Continuous subcutaneous Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: safety and efficacy results from a 12-month, single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12:1937\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-023-00533-1.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2327_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01179-3","volume":"39","author":"HA Blair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blair HA. Foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa: a review in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. CNS Drugs. 2025;39:621\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-025-01179-3.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2327_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70317","author":"G Baille","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baille G, Patte-Karsenti N, Salardaine Q, de Saint-Vaulry H, Brandel J, Desjardins C. Switching from levodopa\/carbidopa intestinal gel to continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa\/carbidopa infusion in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case series. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70317.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"2327_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70254","author":"C Desjardins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Desjardins C, Salardaine Q, Brandel J, Baille G. Clinical impact of switching from subcutaneous apomorphine to foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a real\u2010world observational study (FOSAPO). Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70254.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2327_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1619850","author":"A Jander","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jander A, Bergner S, Sch\u00f6nwald B, P\u00f6tter-Nerger M, Buhmann C, Hidding U. Subcutaneous foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa initiation in a Parkinson\u2019s day-clinic\u2014a suitable setting to ensure treatment efficacy, tolerability and psychosocial adaption. Front Aging Neurosci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1619850.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2327_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70249","author":"K Rukavina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rukavina K, Ebersbach G, Gruber D. Foslevodopa\/Foscarbidopa continuous subcutaneous infusion in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: real\u2010world short\u2010term data on tolerability, infusion rate adjustments and concomitant medication. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70249.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2327_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00330-6","volume":"21","author":"D Weintraub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Chaudhuri KR, Dobkin RD, Leentjens AF, Rodriguez-Violante M, et al. The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson\u2019s disease: advances and challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:89\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00330-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2024.100239","volume":"10","author":"VSC Fung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fung VSC, Aldred J, Arroyo MP, Bergquist F, Boon AJW, Bouchard M, et al. Continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa\/foscarbidopa infusion for the treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: considerations for initiation and maintenance. Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2024;10:100239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2024.100239.","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00782-w","volume":"35","author":"S Thakkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thakkar S, Fung VSC, Merola A, Rollins M, Soileau MJ, Kov\u00e1cs N. 24-Hour Levodopa-Carbidopa intestinal gel: clinical experience and practical recommendations. CNS Drugs. 2021;35:137\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-020-00782-w.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2327_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1036068","author":"PA LeWitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"LeWitt PA, Stocchi F, Arkadir D, Caraco Y, Adar L, Perlstein I, et al. The pharmacokinetics of continuous subcutaneous levodopa\/carbidopa infusion: findings from the ND0612 clinical development program. Front Neurol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1036068.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.09.024","volume":"91","author":"N Giladi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giladi N, Gurevich T, Djaldetti R, Adar L, Case R, Leibman-Barak S, et al. ND0612 (levodopa\/carbidopa for subcutaneous infusion) in patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and motor response fluctuations: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;91:139\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.09.024.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202285","volume":"11","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Espay AJ, Stocchi F, Ellenbogen AL, Leinonen M, Adar L, et al. Continuous subcutaneous Levodopa delivery for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: a randomized study. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11:177\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-202285.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28758","volume":"36","author":"W Poewe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poewe W, Stocchi F, Arkadir D, Ebersbach G, Ellenbogen AL, Giladi N, et al. Subcutaneous levodopa infusion for parkinson\u2019s disease: 1-year data from the open-label BeyoND study. Mov Disord. 2021;36:2687\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28758.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00052-8","volume":"23","author":"AJ Espay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Espay AJ, Stocchi F, Pahwa R, Albanese A, Ellenbogen A, Ferreira JJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous levodopa\u2013carbidopa infusion (ND0612) for Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor fluctuations (BouNDless): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:465\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00052-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107293","volume":"132","author":"AL Ellenbogen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ellenbogen AL, Poewe W, Espay AJ, Simuni T, Gurevich T, Yardeni T, et al. Long-term, continuous, subcutaneous levodopa\/carbidopa infusion with ND0612 in Parkinson\u2019s disease: 3-year outcomes from the open-label BeyoND study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2025;132:107293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107293.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR86","unstructured":"EMA. Onerji. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/onerji. Accessed 29 Mar 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14138","volume":"11","author":"F Bergquist","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bergquist F, Ehrnebo M, Nyholm D, Johansson A, Lundin F, Odin P, et al. Motor efficacy of subcutaneous DIZ102, intravenous DIZ101 or intestinal levodopa\/carbidopa infusion. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11:1095\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.14138.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2327_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E965","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200804","volume":"99","author":"F Bergquist","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bergquist F, Ehrnebo M, Nyholm D, Johansson A, Lundin F, Odin P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously (DIZ101), subcutaneously (DIZ102), and intestinally (LCIG) infused levodopa in advanced Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2022;99:E965\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200804.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00789-9","volume":"14","author":"M V\u00e9rin","year":"2025","unstructured":"V\u00e9rin M, Sesar \u00c1, Amlani B, Smith N, Kipentzoglou K, Montgomery S, et al. Licensed subcutaneous infusion therapies in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: an indirect treatment comparison and cost-minimisation analysis. Neurol Ther. 2025;14:1919\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-025-00789-9.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"2327_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e189","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005816","volume":"91","author":"J-C Corvol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corvol J-C, Artaud F, Cormier-Dequaire F, Rascol O, Durif F, Derkinderen P, et al. Longitudinal analysis of impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2018;91:e189-201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005816.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.65","author":"D Weintraub","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, Siderowf AD, Stacy M, Voon V, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2010.65.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199906)45:6<736::AID-ANA7>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"45","author":"O Rascol","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rascol O, Blin O, Thalamas C, Descombes S, Soubrouillard C, Azulay P, et al. ABT-431, a D1 receptor agonist prodrug, has efficacy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:736\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8249(199906)45:6%3c736::AID-ANA7%3e3.0.CO;2-F.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527322666230331121028","volume":"23","author":"E Bezard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bezard E, Gray D, Kozak R, Leoni M, Combs C, Duvvuri S. Rationale and development of Tavapadon, a D1\/D5-selective partial dopamine agonist for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2024;23:476\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871527322666230331121028.","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2327_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2025 Late-breaking science abstracts. Neurology. 2025;105:e213885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213885","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213885"},{"key":"2327_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0590","author":"R Pahwa","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Moro E, Espay AJ, Evans A, Saint-Hilaire M, Torres-Russotto D, et al. Fixed-Dose Tavapadon for Early Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0590.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0577","author":"HH Fernandez","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fernandez HH, Isaacson SH, Hauser RA, Agarwal P, Ondo W, Park A, et al. Tavapadon as adjunctive treatment for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0577.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR97","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Dhall R, Mari Z, Tarakad A, Oehlwein C, Sanchez R, et al. LBA-17: TEMPO-4: A Phase 3 Open-Label Trial to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Long-term Administration of Tavapadon in People With Parkinson\u2019s Disease [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2025. https:\/\/www.mdscongress.org\/IC25_LBAs.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR98","unstructured":"Biagioni MC, Qamar M, Yamamoto T, Benoit A, Clarke B, Lelij G, et al. LBA-12: Safety and tolerability of UCB0022, a dopamine 1 (D1) receptor modulator in people with Parkinson\u2019s (PwP) and healthy participants: first results of a Phase 1 study. [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2023. https:\/\/www.mdscongress.org\/IC23-Late-BreakingAbstractBooklet.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR99","unstructured":"Biagioni M, Nicholl R, Bornemann T, Legendre C, Leach S, Naik H, et al. LBA-20: glovadalen, a D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator for people with parkinson\u2019s who experience significant daily motor fluctuations: a Phase II, double-blind, randomized trial [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2025. https:\/\/www.mdscongress.org\/IC25_LBAs.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003","volume":"33","author":"P Jenner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jenner P, Katzenschlager R. Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;33:S13-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.039867","volume":"303","author":"MJ Millan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin J-A, Newman-Tancredi A. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;303:791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.102.039867.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2327_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.06.012","volume":"21","author":"C Trenkwalder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trenkwalder C, Chaudhuri KR, Garc\u00eda Ruiz PJ, LeWitt P, Katzenschlager R, Sixel-D\u00f6ring F, et al. Expert consensus group report on the use of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014clinical practice recommendations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:1023\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.06.012.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.1004","volume":"53","author":"PA Kempster","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kempster PA, Frankel JP, Stern GM, Lees AJ. Comparison of motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:1004\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.53.11.1004.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2327_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00661-z","volume":"33","author":"F Carbone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carbone F, Djamshidian A, Seppi K, Poewe W. Apomorphine for Parkinson\u2019s disease: efficacy and safety of current and new formulations. CNS Drugs. 2019;33:905\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-019-00661-z.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2327_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060304","volume":"6","author":"ST Gancher","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gancher ST, Nutt JG, Woodward WR. Absorption of apomorphine by various routes in parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 1991;6:212\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870060304.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130505","volume":"13","author":"RB Dewey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dewey RB, Maraganore DM, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY. A double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled study of intranasal apomorphine spray as a rescue agent for off\u2010states in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 1998;13:782\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870130505.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20054","volume":"19","author":"L Priano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Priano L, Albani G, Brioschi A, Calderoni S, Lopiano L, Rizzone M, et al. Transdermal apomorphine permeation from microemulsions: a new treatment in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2004;19:937\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20054.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100405","volume":"10","author":"T van Laar","year":"1995","unstructured":"van Laar T, Jansen ENH, Neef C, Danhof M, Roos RAC. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of rectal apomorphine in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a study of five different suppositories. Mov Disord. 1995;10:433\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870100405.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-120142","volume":"3","author":"KA Grosset","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grosset KA, Malek N, Morgan F, Grosset DG. Inhaled apomorphine in patients with \u201con-off\u201d fluctuations: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinic and home based, parallel-group study. J Parkinsons Dis. 2013;3:31\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-120142.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30396-5","volume":"19","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Factor SA, Espay AJ, Hauser RA, Shill HA, Isaacson S, et al. Apomorphine sublingual film for off episodes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:135\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30396-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12323-2","volume":"271","author":"J Kassubek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kassubek J, Factor SA, Balaguer E, Schwarz J, Chaudhuri KR, Isaacson SH, et al. Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of apomorphine sublingual film in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease complicated by OFF episodes: a phase 3, open-label study. J Neurol. 2024;271:3554\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12323-2.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231209240","author":"J Kassubek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kassubek J, Stocchi F, Martinez EB, Pahwa R, Ondo W, Zhang Y, et al. Feasibility of home dose optimization of apomorphine sublingual film in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with OFF episodes: results from the dose-optimization phase of an open-label, randomized crossover study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864231209240.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.10.025","volume":"93","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Stocchi F, Peckham EL, De Pandis MF, Sciarappa K, Navia B. Dose optimization of apomorphine sublingual film for treating \u201cOFF\u201d episodes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;93:27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.10.025.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02097-2","volume":"39","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Giladi N, Poewe W, Brotchie J, Friedman H, Oren S, et al. P2B001 (extended release Pramipexole and Rasagiline): a new treatment option in development for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Adv Ther. 2022;39:1881\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-022-02097-2.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2327_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26941","volume":"32","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Leinonen M, Elmer L, Giladi N, Hauser RA, et al. A randomized trial of a low\u2010dose rasagiline and pramipexole combination (P2B001) in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2017;32:783\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26941.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29642","volume":"39","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olanow CW, Hauser RA, Burdick DJ, Dhall R, de Marcaida JA, Gil RA, et al. A randomized phase 3 study comparing P2B001 to its components (low\u2010dose extended\u2010release rasagiline and pramipexole) and to optimized doses of marketed extended\u2010release Pramipexole in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2024;39:350\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29642.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15991","volume":"90","author":"H Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun H, Dong C, Wu M, Li X, Song H, Zhang Y, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of rotigotine extended-release microspheres for intramuscular injection in patients with early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2024;90:1094\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.15991.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2327_CR118","unstructured":"Sun H, Dan X, Chen H, Feng J, Wang W, Ye Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of Rotigotine Extended-Release Microspheres in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease [abstract]. Mov Disord 2025:40 (suppl 1). https:\/\/www.mdsabstracts.org\/abstract\/efficacy-and-safety-of-rotigotine-extended-release-microspheres-in-early-parkinsons-disease\/. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.264226","volume":"374","author":"S Waters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waters S, Sonesson C, Svensson P, Tedroff J, Carta M, Ljung E, et al. Preclinical pharmacology of [2-(3-Fluoro-5-Methanesulfonyl-phenoxy)Ethyl](Propyl)amine (IRL790), a novel dopamine transmission modulator for the treatment of motor and psychiatric complications in Parkinson disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2020;374:113\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.119.264226.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2327_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70004","volume":"12","author":"A Antonini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Antonini A, O\u2019Suilleabhain P, Stocchi F, Landstr\u00f6m J, Waters S, Sonesson C, et al. Mesdopetam for the treatment of levodopa induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized phase 2b trial. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2025;12:796\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70004.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"2327_CR121","unstructured":"IRLAB receives positive feedback from EMA confirming alignment with FDA on Phase III program for Mesdopetam. IRLAB Therapeutics 2025. https:\/\/irlab.se\/mfn_news\/irlab-receives-positive-feedback-from-ema-confirming-alignment-with-fda-on-phase-iii-program-for-mesdopetam\/. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00336-1","volume":"15","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Rocha J-F, Poewe W, Rascol O, Soares-da-Silva P. Opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and end-of-dose motor fluctuations: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:154\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00336-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4703","volume":"74","author":"AJ Lees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lees AJ, Ferreira J, Rascol O, Poewe W, Rocha J-F, McCrory M, et al. Opicapone as adjunct to Levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4703.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.754016","author":"J-F Rocha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocha J-F, Ebersbach G, Lees A, Tolosa E, Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, et al. The added benefit of Opicapone when used early in Parkinson\u2019s Disease patients with Levodopa-Induced motor fluctuations: a post-hoc analysis of BIPARK-I and -II. Front Neurol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.754016.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29193","volume":"37","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Moreira J, et al. Effect of opicapone on levodopa pharmacokinetics in patients with fluctuating Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2022;37:2272\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29193.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14030","volume":"11","author":"J Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee J, Ma H, Ferreira JJ, Rocha J, Sung YH, Song I, et al. Opicapone to treat early wearing-off in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: the Korean ADOPTION trial. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11:655\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.14030.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract."},{"key":"2327_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8","volume":"271","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Lee J-Y, Ma H, Jeon B, Poewe W, Antonini A, et al. Opicapone for the treatment of early wearing-off in Levodopa-treated Parkinson\u2019s disease: pooled analysis of patient level data from two randomized open-label studies. J Neurol. 2024;271:6729\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12614-8.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1715748","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Rascol O, Ebersbach G, Kulisevsky J, et al. Early start of opicapone in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from a pooled analysis of phase 3 trials for sustained benefit in patients with recent onset of motor fluctuations. Front Neurol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1715748.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22060","volume":"68","author":"F Stocchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stocchi F, Rascol O, Kieburtz K, Poewe W, Jankovic J, Tolosa E, et al. Initiating levodopa\/carbidopa therapy with and without entacapone in early Parkinson disease: the STRIDE\u2010PD study. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.22060.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16420","author":"JJ Ferreira","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ferreira JJ, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Moreira J, Castilla\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez G, et al. Opicapone as adjunct to Levodopa in treated Parkinson\u2019s Disease without motor complications: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Neurol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16420.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26102","volume":"30","author":"S Fahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fahn S. The medical treatment of Parkinson disease from James Parkinson to George Cotzias. Mov Disord. 2015;30:4\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26102.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03160070046011","volume":"208","author":"RS Schwab","year":"1969","unstructured":"Schwab RS. Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. JAMA. 1969;208:1168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1969.03160070046011.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2327_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0943","volume":"74","author":"R Pahwa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, Isaacson SH, Nausieda PA, Truong DD, et al. ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease (EASE LID Study). JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0943.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27131","volume":"32","author":"W Oertel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oertel W, Eggert K, Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, Trenkwalder C, et al. Randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trial of ADS\u20105102 (amantadine) extended\u2010release capsules for levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease (EASE LID 3). Mov Disord. 2017;32:1701\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27131.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70120","author":"O Rascol","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rascol O, Ory\u2010Magne F, Meissner WG, Malt\u00eate D, Defebvre L, Azulay J, et al. Effect on dyskinesia of the early combination of amantadine to levodopa\u2010therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, placebo\u2010controlled study (PREMANDYSK). Mov Disord. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.70120.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.04.021","volume":"14","author":"M Carta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carta M, Carlsson T, Mu\u00f1oz A, Kirik D, Bj\u00f6rklund A. Involvement of the serotonin system in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14:S154\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.04.021.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21226","volume":"22","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Damier P, Hicking C, Laska E, M\u00fcller T, Olanow CW, et al. Sarizotan as a treatment for dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2007;22:179\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21226.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.05.021","volume":"271","author":"H Iderberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iderberg H, McCreary AC, Varney MA, Kleven MS, Koek W, Bardin L, et al. NLX-112, a novel 5-HT 1A receptor agonist for the treatment of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: behavioral and neurochemical profile in rat. Exp Neurol. 2015;271:335\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.05.021.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30175","volume":"40","author":"P Svenningsson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Svenningsson P, Odin P, Bergquist F, Wirdefeldt K, Nyholm D, Andr\u00e9asson M, et al. NLX\u2010112 randomized phase 2A trial: safety, tolerability, anti\u2010dyskinetic, and anti\u2010parkinsonian efficacy. Mov Disord. 2025;40:1134\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30175.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.05.043","volume":"155","author":"R Moszczy\u0144ski-P\u0119tkowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moszczy\u0144ski-P\u0119tkowski R, Majer J, Borkowska M, Bojarski \u0141, Janowska S, Mat\u0142oka M, et al. Synthesis and characterization of novel classes of PDE10A inhibitors - 1H-1,3-benzodiazoles and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;155:96\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.05.043.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2327_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174460","volume":"910","author":"T Lenda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lenda T, Ossowska K, Berghauzen-Maciejewska K, Mat\u0142oka M, Pieczykolan J, Wieczorek M, et al. Antiparkinsonian-like effects of CPL500036, a novel selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 10A, in the unilateral rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;910:174460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174460.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2327_CR142","unstructured":"Celon Pharma. Strong proof-of-concept data from phase 2 trial of PDE10A inhibitor (CPL\u201936), a novel once-daily treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. 2025. https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2025\/03\/04\/3036951\/0\/en\/Strong-Proof-of-Concept-Data-from-Phase-2-Trial-of-PDE10A-Inhibitor-CPL-36-a-Novel-Once-Daily-Treatment-of-Levodopa-Induced-Dyskinesia-in-Parkinson-s-Disease.html Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0498-4","volume":"32","author":"LW Elmer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elmer LW, Juncos JL, Singer C, Truong DD, Criswell SR, Parashos S, et al. Pooled analyses of phase III studies of ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. CNS Drugs. 2018;32:387\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-018-0498-4.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2327_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00291-1","volume":"8","author":"RA Hauser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hauser RA, Lytle J, Formella AE, Tanner CM. Amantadine delayed release\/extended release capsules significantly reduce OFF time in Parkinson\u2019s disease. npj Park Dis. 2022;8:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-022-00291-1.","journal-title":"npj Park Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191841","volume":"10","author":"CM Tanner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanner CM, Pahwa R, Hauser RA, Oertel WH, Isaacson SH, Jankovic J, et al. EASE LID 2: a 2-year open-label trial of Gocovri (amantadine) extended release for dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2020;10:543\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-191841.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2025.100307","volume":"12","author":"S Bett\u00e9","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bett\u00e9 S, Qian J, Cummings H, Shimoda H, Shinoda K, Thai A, et al. Comparative safety of istradefylline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and real-world studies. Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2025;12:100307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prdoa.2025.100307.","journal-title":"Clin Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000620","volume":"48","author":"Y Torres-Yaghi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torres-Yaghi Y, Qian J, Cummings H, Shimoda H, Ito S, Batson S, et al. Comparative safety of Istradefylline among Parkinson disease adjunctive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2025;48:7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000620.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2327_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26286","volume":"30","author":"M Murata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murata M, Hasegawa K, Kanazawa I, Fukasaka J, Kochi K, Shimazu R. Zonisamide improves wearing\u2010off in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, double\u2010blind study. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1343\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26286.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250236.75053.16","volume":"68","author":"M Murata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murata M, Hasegawa K, Kanazawa I. Zonisamide improves motor function in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;68:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250236.75053.16.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.120.000438","volume":"377","author":"NL Brice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brice NL, Schiffer HH, Monenschein H, Mulligan VJ, Page K, Powell J, et al. Development of CVN424: a selective and novel GPR6 inverse agonist effective in models of Parkinson disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2021;377:407\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.120.000438.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2327_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c02081","volume":"64","author":"H Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun H, Monenschein H, Schiffer HH, Reichard HA, Kikuchi S, Hopkins M, et al. First-time disclosure of CVN424, a potent and selective GPR6 inverse agonist for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: discovery, pharmacological validation, and identification of a clinical candidate. J Med Chem. 2021;64:9875\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c02081.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2327_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102882","volume":"77","author":"NL Brice","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brice NL, Carlton M, Margolin DH, Bexon M, Matthews KL, Dawson LA, et al. CVN424, a GPR6 inverse agonist, for Parkinson\u2019s disease and motor fluctuations: a double-blind, randomized, phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;77:102882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102882.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2327_CR153","unstructured":"Cerevance Inc. Cerevance presents topline results from phase 2 ASCEND trial of solengepras as monotherapy treatment for early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease at AD\/PD 2025. 2025. https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2025\/04\/01\/3053340\/0\/en\/Cerevance-Presents-Topline-Results-from-Phase-2-ASCEND-Trial-of-Solengepras-as-Monotherapy-Treatment-for-Early-Stage-Parkinson-s-Disease-at-AD-PD-2025.html Accessed 16 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27602","volume":"34","author":"K Seppi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seppi K, Ray Chaudhuri K, Coelho M, Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Perez Lloret S, et al. Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014an evidence\u2010based medicine review. Mov Disord. 2019;34:180\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27602.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28702","volume":"36","author":"A Videnovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Videnovic A, Amara AW, Comella C, Schweitzer PK, Emsellem H, Liu K, et al. Solriamfetol for excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson\u2019s disease: phase 2 proof-of-concept trial. Mov Disord. 2021;36:2408\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28702.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28840","volume":"37","author":"J Corvol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corvol J, Azulay J, Bosse B, Dauvilliers Y, Defebvre L, Klostermann F, et al. THN 102 for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with parkinson\u2019s disease: a phase 2a trial. Mov Disord. 2022;37:410\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28840.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00827-0","volume":"31","author":"H Kaufmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaufmann H, Vickery R, Wang W, Kanodia J, Shibao CA, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, et al. Safety and efficacy of ampreloxetine in symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a phase 2 trial. Clin Auton Res. 2021;31:699\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-021-00827-0.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"2327_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28879","volume":"37","author":"K Biglan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biglan K, Munsie L, Svensson KA, Ardayfio P, Pugh M, Sims J, et al. Safety and efficacy of mevidalen in Lewy body dementia: a phase 2, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2022;37:513\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28879.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105511","volume":"114","author":"HH Fernandez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandez HH, Weintraub D, Macklin E, Litvan I, Schwarzschild MA, Eberling J, et al. Safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of SYN120, a dual 5-HT6\/5-HT2A antagonist, for the treatment of Parkinson disease dementia: a randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2023;114:105511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105511.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011612.pub3","author":"RL Dean","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dean RL, Hurducas C, Hawton K, Spyridi S, Cowen PJ, Hollingsworth S, et al. Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults with unipolar major depressive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011612.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2327_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","volume":"384","author":"R Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, Baker-Jones M, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, et al. Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1402\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2327_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206443","volume":"387","author":"GM Goodwin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Arden PC, Baker A, Bennett JC, et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:1637\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2206443.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2327_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.4519","volume":"82","author":"NM Shanbhag","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shanbhag NM, Padmanabhan JL, Zhang Z, Harel BT, Jia H, Kangarloo T, et al. An acetylcholine M 1 receptor-positive allosteric modulator (TAK-071) in Parkinson disease with cognitive impairment. JAMA Neurol. 2025;82:152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.4519.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000212405","author":"J Johnson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johnson J, Kashyap B, Gustafson S, Wyman-Chick K, O\u2019Brien M, Frey W, et al. Safety and tolerability of intranasal Insulin in Parkinson\u2019s disease (P11-5.018). Neurology. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000212405.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00085-0","volume":"21","author":"VC De Cock","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Cock VC, Dodet P, Leu-Semenescu S, Aerts C, Castelnovo G, Abril B, et al. Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous night-time only apomorphine infusion to treat insomnia in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (APOMORPHEE): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, double-blind crossover study. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:428\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00085-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-1438","volume":"175","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Camilleri M, Subramanian T, Pagan F, Isaacson S, Gil R, Hauser RA, et al. Oral ENT-01 targets enteric neurons to treat constipation in Parkinson disease. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175:1666\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M22-1438.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2327_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24552","volume":"40","author":"SY Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho SY, Jeong SJ, Lee S, Kim J, Lee SH, Choo MS, et al. Mirabegron for treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double\u2010blind, randomized placebo\u2010controlled trial (Parkinson\u2019s Disease Overactive bladder Mirabegron, PaDoMi Study). Neurourol Urodyn. 2021;40:286\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24552.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"2327_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2021.1990994","volume":"56","author":"M Moussa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moussa M, Chakra MA, Dabboucy B, Fares Y, Dellis A, Papatsoris A. The safety and effectiveness of mirabegron in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with overactive bladder: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Urol. 2022;56:66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21681805.2021.1990994.","journal-title":"Scand J Urol"},{"key":"2327_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70259","volume":"13","author":"N Hattori","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hattori N, Mukai Y, Nishikawa N, Hasegawa K, Tomiyama M, Kimura Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA for treatment of sialorrhea: a multicenter, Phase 3 study in Japan. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2026;13:120\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.70259.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"2327_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007368","author":"WH Jost","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jost WH, Friedman A, Michel O, Oehlwein C, Slawek J, Bogucki A, et al. SIAXI Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of incobotulinumtoxinA for sialorrhea. Neurology. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007368.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.11.024","volume":"70","author":"WH Jost","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jost WH, Friedman A, Michel O, Oehlwein C, Slawek J, Bogucki A, et al. Long-term incobotulinumtoxinA treatment for chronic sialorrhea: efficacy and safety over 64 weeks. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;70:23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.11.024.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4565","volume":"77","author":"SH Isaacson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isaacson SH, Ondo W, Jackson CE, Trosch RM, Molho E, Pagan F, et al. Safety and efficacy of rimabotulinumtoxinb for treatment of sialorrhea in adults. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4565.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25864","volume":"88","author":"M Peball","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peball M, Krismer F, Knaus H, Djamshidian A, Werkmann M, Carbone F, et al. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease are reduced by nabilone. Ann Neurol. 2020;88:712\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25864.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212923","volume":"12","author":"B Urbi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Urbi B, Corbett J, Hughes I, Owusu MA, Thorning S, Broadley SA, et al. Effects of cannabis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12:495\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-212923.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X251352416","author":"B Heim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heim B, Poewe W. Unmet needs in the pharmacological management of motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1877718X251352416.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27360","volume":"33","author":"AE Lang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lang AE, Espay AJ. Disease modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease: current approaches, challenges, and future considerations. Mov Disord. 2018;33:660\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27360.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108085","volume":"171","author":"W Poewe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poewe W, Seppi K, Marini K, Mahlknecht P. New hopes for disease modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2020;171:108085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108085.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2327_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005771","author":"E De Pablo-Fernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Pablo-Fernandez E, Goldacre R, Pakpoor J, Noyce AJ, Warner TT. Association between diabetes and subsequent Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005771.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2327_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa262","volume":"143","author":"R Brauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brauer R, Wei L, Ma T, Athauda D, Girges C, Vijiaratnam N, et al. Diabetes medications and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a cohort study of patients with diabetes. Brain. 2020;143:3067\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa262.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2327_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49870-z","volume":"13","author":"Y-H Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin Y-H, Hsu C-C, Liu J-S, Chang K-C, Huang J-A. Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors was associated with a lower risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in diabetic patients. Sci Rep. 2023;13:22489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49870-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2327_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107132","volume":"128","author":"V Rozani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rozani V, Bezimianski MG, Azuri J, Bitan M, Peretz C. Anti-diabetic drug use and reduced risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a community-based cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2024;128:107132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107132.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001","volume":"145\u2013146","author":"D Athauda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Athauda D, Foltynie T. Insulin resistance and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a new target for disease modification? Prog Neurobiol. 2016;145\u2013146:98\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2327_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00378-2","volume":"23","author":"A McGarry","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGarry A, Rosanbalm S, Leinonen M, Olanow CW, To D, Bell A, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of NLY01 in early untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00378-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312323","volume":"390","author":"WG Meissner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meissner WG, Remy P, Giordana C, Malt\u00eate D, Derkinderen P, Hou\u00e9to J-L, et al. Trial of lixisenatide in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:1176\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2312323.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2327_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4","volume":"390","author":"D Athauda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Athauda D, Maclagan K, Skene SS, Bajwa-Joseph M, Letchford D, Chowdhury K, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390:1664\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2327_CR186","unstructured":"Wu T, Bresee C, Wertheimer J, Hogg E, Malatt C, Tan E, et al. Liraglutide once daily versus placebo in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [abstract]. Mov Disord 2022:37(suppl 2). https:\/\/www.mdsabstracts.org\/abstract\/liraglutide-once-daily-versus-placebo-in-parkinsons-disease-a-randomized-double-blind-placebo-controlled-trial\/. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02808-3","volume":"405","author":"N Vijiaratnam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vijiaratnam N, Girges C, Auld G, McComish R, King A, Skene SS, et al. Exenatide once a week versus placebo as a potential disease-modifying treatment for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease in the UK: a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2025;405:627\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02808-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2327_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68295","volume":"123","author":"I Aviles-Olmos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aviles-Olmos I, Dickson J, Kefalopoulou Z, Djamshidian A, Ell P, Soderlund T, et al. Exenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Clin Investig. 2013;123:2730\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI68295.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2327_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI194745","author":"D Athauda","year":"2026","unstructured":"Athauda D, Greig NH, Meissner WG, Foltynie T, Gandhi S. The promise of GLP-1 receptor agonists for neurodegenerative diseases. J Clin Investig. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI194745.","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2327_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081261","volume":"11","author":"L Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith L, Schapira AHV. GBA variants and Parkinson disease: mechanisms and treatments. Cells. 2022;11:1261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11081261.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2327_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13385","volume":"139","author":"A Migdalska-Richards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Migdalska-Richards A, Schapira AHV. The relationship between glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neurochem. 2016;139:77\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.13385.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2327_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2023.168023","volume":"435","author":"D Chatterjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatterjee D, Krainc D. Mechanisms of glucocerebrosidase dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Mol Biol. 2023;435:168023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2023.168023.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2327_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4611","volume":"77","author":"S Mullin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mullin S, Smith L, Lee K, D\u2019Souza G, Woodgate P, Elflein J, et al. Ambroxol for the treatment of patients with Parkinson disease with and without glucocerebrosidase gene mutations. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4611.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29346","volume":"38","author":"JM den Heijer","year":"2023","unstructured":"den Heijer JM, Kruithof AC, Moerland M, Walker M, Dudgeon L, Justman C, et al. A Phase 1B trial in GBA1\u2010associated Parkinson\u2019s disease of BIA\u201028\u20106156, a glucocerebrosidase activator. Mov Disord. 2023;38:1197\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29346.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00205-3","volume":"22","author":"N Giladi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giladi N, Alcalay RN, Cutter G, Gasser T, Gurevich T, H\u00f6glinger GU, et al. Safety and efficacy of venglustat in GBA1-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:661\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00205-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.023","volume":"44","author":"C Pais\u00e1n-Ru\u0131\u0301z","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pais\u00e1n-Ru\u0131\u0301z C, Jain S, Evans EW, Gilks WP, Sim\u00f3n J, van der Brug M, et al. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuron. 2004;44:595\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.023.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2327_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.11.005","volume":"44","author":"A Zimprich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimprich A, Biskup S, Leitner P, Lichtner P, Farrer M, Lincoln S, et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron. 2004;44:601\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.11.005.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2327_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0301-2","volume":"16","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Vila M, Klein C, Rascol O. LRRK2 in Parkinson disease: challenges of clinical trials. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16:97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0301-2.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00881-9","volume":"11","author":"C Kr\u00fcger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger C, Lim S-Y, Buhrmann A, Fahrig FL, Gabbert C, Bahr N, et al. Updated MDSGene review on the clinical and genetic spectrum of LRRK2 variants in Parkinson\u00b4s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025;11:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-025-00881-9.","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15575","volume":"179","author":"S Azeggagh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azeggagh S, Berwick DC. The development of inhibitors of leucine\u2010rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: the current state of play. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:1478\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.15575.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2327_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29297","volume":"38","author":"D Jennings","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jennings D, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Vissers MFJM, Daryani VM, Diaz D, Goo MS, et al. LRRK2 inhibition by BIIB122 in healthy participants and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2023;38:386\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29297.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj2658","author":"D Jennings","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jennings D, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Henry AG, Sasaki JC, Meisner R, Diaz D, et al. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of the LRRK2 inhibitor DNL201 for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj2658.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2327_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4725","volume":"78","author":"T Simuni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simuni T, Fiske B, Merchant K, Coffey CS, Klingner E, Caspell-Garcia C, et al. Efficacy of Nilotinib in patients with moderately advanced Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78:312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4725.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR204","unstructured":"Werner M, Meyer C, Mancino E, Klint C, Mcgarry A, Pellecchia J, et al. A Phase 2 Study of Risvodetinib in Untreated Parkinson\u2019s Disease [abstract]. Mov Disord 2025;40:(suppl 1). https:\/\/www.mdsabstracts.org\/abstract\/a-phase-2-study-of-risvodetinib-in-untreated-parkinsons-disease\/. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR205","unstructured":"UCB. Findings from minzasolmin proof-of-concept ORCHESTRA study shape next steps in UCB Parkinson\u2019s research program. 2024. https:\/\/www.ucb.com\/newsroom\/press-releases\/article\/findings-from-minzasolmin-proof-of-concept-orchestra-study-shape-next-steps-in-ucb-parkinson-s-research-program. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR206","unstructured":"Carson S, Karan R, Simuni T, Antonini A, Rascol O, Bloem BR, et al. Results from orchestra, a phase II proof-of-concept study assessing the efficacy and safety of minzasolmin in people with early-stage PD [abstract]. https:\/\/cslide.ctimeetingtech.com\/adpd25\/attendee. Accessed 15 Jan 2025."},{"key":"2327_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202867","volume":"387","author":"G Pagano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pagano G, Taylor KI, Anzures-Cabrera J, Marchesi M, Simuni T, Marek K, et al. Trial of prasinezumab in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:421\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2202867.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2327_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203395","volume":"387","author":"AE Lang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lang AE, Siderowf AD, Macklin EA, Poewe W, Brooks DJ, Fernandez HH, et al. Trial of Cinpanemab in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:408\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2203395.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2327_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02886-y","volume":"30","author":"G Pagano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pagano G, Taylor KI, Anzures Cabrera J, Simuni T, Marek K, Postuma RB, et al. Prasinezumab slows motor progression in rapidly progressing early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat Med. 2024;30:1096\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02886-y.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2327_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03270-6","volume":"30","author":"G Pagano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pagano G, Monnet A, Reyes A, Ribba B, Svoboda H, Kustermann T, et al. Sustained effect of prasinezumab on Parkinson\u2019s disease motor progression in the open-label extension of the PASADENA trial. Nat Med. 2024;30:3669\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03270-6.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2327_CR211","unstructured":"Roche. Roche to advance prasinezumab into Phase III development for early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. 2025. https:\/\/www.roche.com\/media\/releases\/med-cor-2025-06-16. Accessed 15 Jan 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR212","unstructured":"Nikolcheva T, Pagano G, Anzures-Cabrera J, Simuni T, Marek K, Pavese N, et al. PADOVA: topline results from a phase IIb study of prasinezumab in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease participants on stable symptomatic treatment [abstract]. https:\/\/cslide.ctimeetingtech.com\/adpd25\/attendee. Accessed 15 Jan 2025."},{"key":"2327_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29016","volume":"37","author":"HJ Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu HJ, Thijssen E, van Brummelen E, van der Plas JL, Radanovic I, Moerland M, et al. A randomized first\u2010in\u2010human study with UB\u2010312, a UBITh\u00ae \u03b1\u2010synuclein peptide vaccine. Mov Disord. 2022;37:1416\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29016.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2327_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03101-8","volume":"30","author":"P Eijsvogel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eijsvogel P, Misra P, Concha-Marambio L, Boyd JD, Ding S, Fedor L, et al. Target engagement and immunogenicity of an active immunotherapeutic targeting pathological \u03b1-synuclein: a phase 1 placebo-controlled trial. Nat Med. 2024;30:2631\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03101-8.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2327_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30136-8","volume":"19","author":"D Volc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Volc D, Poewe W, Kutzelnigg A, L\u00fchrs P, Thun-Hohenstein C, Schneeberger A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the \u03b1-synuclein active immunotherapeutic PD01A in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomised, single-blinded, phase 1 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:591\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30136-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212594","volume":"11","author":"W Poewe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poewe W, Volc D, Seppi K, Medori R, L\u00fchrs P, Kutzelnigg A, et al. Safety and tolerability of active immunotherapy targeting \u03b1-synuclein with PD03A in patients with early Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11:1079\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-212594.","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00405-2","volume":"23","author":"T Simuni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simuni T, Chahine LM, Poston K, Brumm M, Buracchio T, Campbell M, et al. A biological definition of neuronal \u03b1-synuclein disease: towards an integrated staging system for research. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:178\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00405-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00404-0","volume":"23","author":"GU H\u00f6glinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"H\u00f6glinger GU, Adler CH, Berg D, Klein C, Outeiro TF, Poewe W, et al. A biological classification of Parkinson\u2019s disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23:191\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00404-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2023-000535","volume":"5","author":"F Colucci","year":"2023","unstructured":"Colucci F, Avenali M, De Micco R, Fusar Poli M, Cerri S, Stanziano M, et al. Ambroxol as a disease-modifying treatment to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in GBA-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. The AMBITIOUS study protocol. BMJ Neurol Open. 2023;5:e000535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjno-2023-000535.","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open"},{"key":"2327_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.1687","volume":"82","author":"CRA Silveira","year":"2025","unstructured":"Silveira CRA, Coleman KKL, Borron K, Tirona RG, Rupar CA, Zou G, et al. Ambroxol as a treatment for Parkinson disease dementia. JAMA Neurol. 2025;82:797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.1687.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.84","volume":"10","author":"C Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang C, Hernandez P, Liow K, Damiano E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Buntanetap, a novel translational inhibitor of multiple neurotoxic proteins, proves to be safe and promising in both Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s patients. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10:25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jpad.2022.84.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2327_CR222","unstructured":"Fang C, Feng D, Osman N, Gaines M, Macchecchini M. Buntanetap improves early Parkinson\u2019s patients\u2019 cognition and motor functions in a phase 3 study. https:\/\/cslide.ctimeetingtech.com\/adpd25\/attendee. Accessed 30 Mar 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR223","unstructured":"AD\/PD 2025: Buntanetap shows promise in early Parkinson\u2019s with mild dementia. n.d. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsarena.com\/analyst-comment\/ad-pd-2025-buntanetap-parkinsons-mild-dementia\/?cf-view Accessed March 2026."},{"key":"2327_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4200","volume":"77","author":"L Pagan Fernando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pagan Fernando L, Hebron ML, Wilmarth B, Torres-Yaghi Y, Lawler A, Mundel EE, et al. Nilotinib effects on safety, tolerability, and potential biomarkers in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4200.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2327_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30190","volume":"40","author":"C Gonzalez\u2010Robles","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gonzalez\u2010Robles C, Athauda D, Barber TR, Barker RA, Dexter DT, Duty S, et al. Treatment selection and prioritization for the EJS ACT\u2010PD MAMS trial platform. Mov Disord. 2025;40:1307\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30190.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"}],"container-title":["Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02327-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02327-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02327-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:50:01Z","timestamp":1784199001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02327-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":225,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02327-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6667","1179-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6667","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1950","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"SL is supported by a grant from the MJFF grant ID MJFF- 009277, outside the submitted work. PM has no conflicts of interest regarding the submitted work. WP has received lecture fees and honoraria for consultancy in relation to clinical drug development programs from AbbVie, AC Immune, Alterity, BIAL, Boehringer, Britannia, Lilly, Eisai, Lundbeck, Roche, Takeda, Britannia, Eisai, Roche, Stada, and Zambon; grant support from The Michael J. Fox Foundation and the EU FP7 & Horizon 2020 programs; and safety monitoring board membership for UCB. He has leadership roles in the Movement Disorder Society, Austrian Society of Neurology, and Austrian PD Society.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable for this review manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"SL, PM, and WP jointly wrote the first draft of the manuscript, SL created the illustrations. All authors contributed to revising the manuscript. All authors have read and approve the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current review.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}