{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:12:44Z","timestamp":1793301164429,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-026-02332-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:18:58Z","timestamp":1778696338000},"page":"1033-1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnosis and Medication Treatment of Schizophrenia in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Findling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parna","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Cordrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2332_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.3\/ajablensky","volume":"12","author":"A Jablensky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jablensky A. The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(3):271\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.3\/ajablensky.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2332_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.045","volume":"220","author":"DL Vernal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vernal DL, Boldsen SK, Lauritsen MB, Correll CU, Nielsen RE. Long-term outcome of early-onset compared to adult-onset schizophrenia: a nationwide Danish register study. Schizophr Res. 2020;220:123\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.045.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2332_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1266","volume":"77","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kendler KS. The development of Kraepelin\u2019s concept of dementia praecox: a close reading of relevant texts. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(11):1181\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1266.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/17.1.27","volume":"17","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Andreasen NC, Flaum M. Schizophrenia: the characteristic symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17(1):27\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/17.1.27.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2332_CR6","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 1980.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2332_CR7","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2000."},{"key":"2332_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.15m01901","author":"JM Jerrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS. Factors differentiating childhood-onset and adolescent-onset schizophrenia: a claims database study. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/PCC.15m01901.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"2332_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2013.04.001","volume":"22","author":"DI Driver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Driver DI, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL. Childhood onset schizophrenia and early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2013;22(4):539\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2013.04.001.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.08.017","volume":"29","author":"DI Driver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Driver DI, Thomas S, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL. Childhood-onset schizophrenia and early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2020;29(1):71\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2019.08.017.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):281\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2332_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn001","volume":"30","author":"J McGrath","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:67\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxn001.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2332_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.02.005","volume":"82","author":"CU Correll","year":"2024","unstructured":"Correll CU, Arango C, Fagerlund B, Galderisi S, Kas MJ, Leucht S. Identification and treatment of individuals with childhood-onset and early-onset schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2024;82:57\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.02.005.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447\/2012.01913.x","volume":"127","author":"N Okkels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Okkels N, Vernal DL, Jensen SO, McGrath JJ, Nielsen RE. Changes in the diagnosed incidence of early onset schizophrenia over four decades. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127(1):62\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447\/2012.01913.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790130053007","volume":"41","author":"AW Loranger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Loranger AW. Sex difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(2):157\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790130053007.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2332_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.02.008","volume":"52","author":"J McClellan","year":"2013","unstructured":"McClellan J, Stock S, American Academy of C, Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Quality I. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(9):976\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.02.008.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000338548","volume":"66","author":"H Remschmidt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Remschmidt H, Theisen F. Early-onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology. 2012;66(1):63\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000338548.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2332_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12412","volume":"11","author":"J Immonen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Immonen J, Jaaskelainen E, Korpela H, Miettunen J. Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2017;11(6):453\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.12412.","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-2484-x","volume":"20","author":"L Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu L, Guo Y, Cao Q, Li X, Mei T, Ma Z, et al. Predictors of outcome in early onset schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up study. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):67.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269","volume":"70","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, Addington J, Riecher-Rossler A, Schultze-Lutter F, et al. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiat. 2013;70(1):107\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13322","volume":"62","author":"A Catalan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Catalan A, Salazar de Pablo G, Vaquerizo Serrano J, Mosillo P, Baldwin H, Fernandez-Rivas A, et al. Annual research review: prevention of psychosis in adolescents\u2014systematic review and meta-analysis of advances in detection, prognosis and intervention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62(5):657\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13322.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr164","volume":"38","author":"I Kelleher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelleher I, Murtagh A, Molloy C, Roddy S, Clarke MC, Harley M, et al. Identification and characterization of prodromal risk syndromes in young adolescents in the community: a population-based clinical interview study. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(2):239\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbr164.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09101522","volume":"168","author":"R Jardri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jardri R, Pouchet A, Pins D, Thomas P. Cortical activations during auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(1):73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09101522.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2332_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002960","volume":"42","author":"I Kelleher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelleher I, Connor D, Clarke MC, Devlin N, Harley M, Cannon M. Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1857\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291711002960.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2332_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13777","volume":"64","author":"A Sunshine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sunshine A, McClellan J. Practitioner review: psychosis in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023;64(7):980\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13777.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2332_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000601","volume":"19","author":"M Carbon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carbon M, Correll CU. Thinking and acting beyond the positive: the role of the cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(Suppl 1):38\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852914000601.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2332_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-04743-2.50030-5","volume-title":"Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry","author":"O Freudenreich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freudenreich O, Weiss AP, Goff DC. Psychosis and schizophrenia. In: Stern TA, Fricchione GL, Cassem NH, Jellinek MS, Rosenbaum JF, editors. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2008. p. 371\u201389."},{"issue":"33","key":"2332_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000297663","volume":"172","author":"M Birchwood","year":"1998","unstructured":"Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C. Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;172(33):53\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/S0007125000297663.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"issue":"10","key":"2332_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19080865","volume":"176","author":"JA Lieberman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lieberman JA, Small SA, Girgis RR. Early detection and preventive intervention in schizophrenia: from fantasy to reality. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(10):794\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19080865.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2332_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02221-9","volume":"33","author":"B Pedruzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pedruzo B, Aymerich C, Pacho M, Herrero J, Laborda M, Bordenave M, et al. Longitudinal change in neurocognitive functioning in children and adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;33(10):3377\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.593","volume":"61","author":"U Lang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lang U, Yates K, Leacy FP, Clarke MC, McNicholas F, Cannon M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: psychosis risk in children and adolescents with an at-risk mental state. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;61(5):615\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.593.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2332_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200620100-00005","volume":"20","author":"G Masi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Masi G, Mucci M, Pari C. Children with schizophrenia: clinical picture and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(10):841\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00023210-200620100-00005.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"545","key":"2332_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.118.545.381","volume":"118","author":"I Kolvin","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kolvin I. Studies in the childhood psychoses. I. Diagnostic criteria and classification. Br J Psychiatry. 1971;118(545):381\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.118.545.381.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2332_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046844.56865.6B","volume":"42","author":"J McClellan","year":"2003","unstructured":"McClellan J, Breiger D, McCurry C, Hlastala SA. Premorbid functioning in early-onset psychotic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(6):666\u201372.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.794","volume":"157","author":"R Nicolson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nicolson R, Lenane M, Singaracharlu S, Malaspina D, Giedd JN, Hamburger SD, et al. Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(5):794\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.794.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30406-0","volume":"4","author":"L Riglin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riglin L, Collishaw S, Richards A, Thapar AK, Maughan B, O\u2019Donovan MC, et al. Schizophrenia risk alleles and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(1):57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30406-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.1.9","volume":"13","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Andreasen NC. The diagnosis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(1):9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/13.1.9.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.01.021","volume":"57","author":"J McClellan","year":"2018","unstructured":"McClellan J. Psychosis in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(5):308\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.01.021.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2332_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009533.pub2","volume":"7","author":"SS Datta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Datta SS, Daruvala R, Kumar A. Psychological interventions for psychosis in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;7(7):CD009533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009533.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2332_CR40","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people: recognition and management (clinical guideline CG155). Updated 2016. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg155. Accessed 27 Feb 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117166","volume":"10","author":"MR Stafford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stafford MR, Mayo-Wilson E, Loucas CE, James A, Hollis C, Birchwood M, et al. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0117166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117166.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac053","volume":"48","author":"DG Robinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Marcy P, Gibbons RD, Hendricks Brown C, John M, et al. Outcomes during and after early intervention services for first-episode psychosis: results over 5 years from the RAISE-ETP site-randomized trial. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(5):1021\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbac053.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2332_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.12.019","volume":"240","author":"H Sizer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sizer H, Brown E, Geros H, Yung A, Nelson B, McGorry P, et al. Outcomes for first-episode psychosis after entry via an at-risk mental state clinic compared to direct entry to a first episode of psychosis service: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2022;240:214\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2021.12.019.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2332_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-005-0515-2","volume":"15","author":"JL Armenteros","year":"2006","unstructured":"Armenteros JL, Davies M. Antipsychotics in early onset schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(3):141\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-005-0515-2.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR45","first-page":"99","volume":"19","author":"D Pool","year":"1976","unstructured":"Pool D, Bloom W, Mielke DH, Roniger JJ Jr, Gallant DM. A controlled evaluation of Loxitane in seventy-five adolescent schizophrenic patients. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1976;19(1):99\u2013104.","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR46","first-page":"183","volume":"28","author":"EK Spencer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spencer EK, Kafantaris V, Padron-Gayol MV, Rosenberg CR, Campbell M. Haloperidol in schizophrenic children: early findings from a study in progress. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(2):183\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537988","volume":"3","author":"DM Engelhardt","year":"1973","unstructured":"Engelhardt DM, Polizos P, Waizer J, Hoffman SP. A double-blind comparison of fluphenazine and haloperidol in outpatient schizophrenic children. J Autism Child Schizophr. 1973;3(2):128\u201337.","journal-title":"J Autism Child Schizophr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR48","first-page":"80","volume":"21","author":"J Paprocki","year":"1977","unstructured":"Paprocki J, Versiani M. A double-blind comparison between loxapine and haloperidol by parenteral route in acute schizophrenia. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1977;21(1):80\u2013100.","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"issue":"3","key":"2332_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.3.440","volume":"141","author":"GM Realmuto","year":"1984","unstructured":"Realmuto GM, Erickson WD, Yellin AM, Hopwood JH, Greenberg LM. Clinical comparison of thiothixene and thioridazine in schizophrenic adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141(3):440\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.141.3.440.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2332_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31807083fd","volume":"46","author":"JA Frazier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frazier JA, McClellan J, Findling RL, Vitiello B, Anderson R, Zablotsky B, et al. Treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS): demographic and clinical characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):979\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/chi.0b013e31807083fd.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2332_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050756","volume":"165","author":"L Sikich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sikich L, Frazier JA, McClellan J, Findling RL, Vitiello B, Ritz L, et al. Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: findings from the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(11):1420\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050756.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2332_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.03.013","volume":"49","author":"RL Findling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Findling RL, Johnson JL, McClellan J, Frazier JA, Vitiello B, Hamer RM, et al. Double-blind maintenance safety and effectiveness findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum (TEOSS) study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(6):583\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.03.013. (quiz 632).","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2332_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830120020005","volume":"53","author":"S Kumra","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kumra S, Frazier JA, Jacobsen LK, McKenna K, Gordon CT, Lenane MC, et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia. A double-blind clozapine-haloperidol comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(12):1090\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830120020005.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.046177","volume":"194","author":"M Haas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haas M, Eerdekens M, Kushner S, Singer J, Augustyns I, Quiroz J, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: double-blind study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(2):158\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.046177.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2332_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.0144","volume":"19","author":"M Haas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haas M, Unis AS, Armenteros J, Copenhaver MD, Quiroz JA, Kushner SF. A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of risperidone in adolescents with schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(6):611\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2008.0144.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181900404","volume":"48","author":"L Kryzhanovskaya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kryzhanovskaya L, Schulz SC, McDougle C, Frazier J, Dittmann R, Robertson-Plouch C, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in adolescents with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(1):60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181900404.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2332_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0725-1","volume":"24","author":"M Stentebjerg-Olesen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stentebjerg-Olesen M, Ganocy SJ, Findling RL, Chang K, DelBello MP, Kane JM, et al. Early response or nonresponse at week 2 and week 3 predict ultimate response or nonresponse in adolescents with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine: results from a 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24(12):1485\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-015-0725-1.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2011.0092","volume":"22","author":"RL Findling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Findling RL, McKenna K, Earley WR, Stankowski J, Pathak S. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in adolescents with schizophrenia investigated in a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(5):327\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2011.0092.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2332_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0068","volume":"23","author":"RL Findling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Findling RL, Cavus I, Pappadopulos E, Vanderburg DG, Schwartz JH, Gundapaneni BK, et al. Ziprasidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: results from a placebo-controlled efficacy and long-term open-extension study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23(8):531\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2012.0068.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2332_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07061035","volume":"165","author":"RL Findling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Findling RL, Robb A, Nyilas M, Forbes RA, Jin N, Ivanova S, et al. A multiple-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral aripiprazole for treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(11):1432\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07061035.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2332_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.04.018","volume":"52","author":"CU Correll","year":"2013","unstructured":"Correll CU, Zhao J, Carson W, Marcus R, McQuade R, Forbes RA, et al. Early antipsychotic response to aripiprazole in adolescents with schizophrenia: predictive value for clinical outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(7):689-98 e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.04.018.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2332_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.013","volume":"56","author":"CU Correll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Correll CU, Kohegyi E, Zhao C, Baker RA, McQuade R, Salzman PM, et al. Oral aripiprazole as maintenance treatment in adolescent schizophrenia: results from a 52-week, randomized, placebo-controlled withdrawal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(9):784\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.013.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2332_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.021","volume":"70","author":"J Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh J, Robb A, Vijapurkar U, Nuamah I, Hough D. A randomized, double-blind study of paliperidone extended-release in treatment of acute schizophrenia in adolescents. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(12):1179\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.021.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.11.009","volume":"54","author":"AJ Savitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Savitz AJ, Lane R, Nuamah I, Gopal S, Hough D. Efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended release in adolescents with schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(2):126-37.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.11.009.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0027","volume":"25","author":"RL Findling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Findling RL, Landbloom RP, Mackle M, Pallozzi W, Braat S, Hundt C, et al. Safety and efficacy from an 8 week double-blind trial and a 26 week open-label extension of asenapine in adolescents with schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(5):384\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2015.0027.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2332_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0189","volume":"27","author":"R Goldman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldman R, Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Deng L, Findling RL. Efficacy and safety of lurasidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27(6):516\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2016.0189.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2332_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m10698","volume":"77","author":"A Loebel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loebel A, Silva R, Goldman R, Watabe K, Cucchiaro J, Citrome L, et al. Lurasidone dose escalation in early nonresponding patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(12):1672\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.16m10698.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2332_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920001893","volume":"25","author":"CU Correll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correll CU, Findling RL, Tocco M, Pikalov A, Deng L, Goldman R. Safety and effectiveness of lurasidone in adolescents with schizophrenia: results of a 2-year, open-label extension study. CNS Spectr. 2020;25(2):221\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852920001893.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2332_CR69","unstructured":"Cariprazine [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc.; 2025. https:\/\/www.rxabbvie.com\/pdf\/vraylar_pi.pdf. Accessed 7 May 2026."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2332_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1836","volume":"61","author":"SN Kalaria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalaria SN, Farchione TR, Uppoor R, Mehta M, Wang Y, Zhu H. Extrapolation of efficacy and dose selection in pediatrics: a case example of atypical antipsychotics in adolescents with schizophrenia and Bipolar I disorder. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(Suppl 1):S117\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcph.1836.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2332_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2021.0139","volume":"32","author":"T Riccobene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riccobene T, Riesenberg R, Yeung PP, Earley WR, Hankinson AL. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of cariprazine in pediatric patients with Bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2022;32(8):434\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2021.0139.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.043","volume":"63","author":"S Kumra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kumra S, Kranzler H, Gerbino-Rosen G, Kester HM, De Thomas C, Kafantaris V, et al. Clozapine and \u201chigh-dose\u201d olanzapine in refractory early-onset schizophrenia: a 12-week randomized and double-blind comparison. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(5):524\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.043.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2332_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.7.721","volume":"63","author":"P Shaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaw P, Sporn A, Gogtay N, Overman GP, Greenstein D, Gochman P, et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized clozapine-olanzapine comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(7):721\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.63.7.721.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2332_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060863","volume":"17","author":"A Shirazi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shirazi A, Stubbs B, Gomez L, Moore S, Gaughran F, Flanagan RJ, et al. Prevalence and predictors of clozapine-associated constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(6):863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17060863.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2332_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30166-9","volume":"4","author":"AK Pagsberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pagsberg AK, Jeppesen P, Klauber DG, Jensen KG, Ruda D, Stentebjerg-Olesen M, et al. Quetiapine extended release versus aripiprazole in children and adolescents with first-episode psychosis: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised tolerability and efficacy of antipsychotics (TEA) trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(8):605\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30166-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2332_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2007.0123","volume":"18","author":"JB Jensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jensen JB, Kumra S, Leitten W, Oberstar J, Anjum A, White T, et al. A comparative pilot study of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(4):317\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2007.0123.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00043-4","volume":"12","author":"C Ward","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ward C, Pejovic Milovancevic M, Kohegyi E, Hefting N, Aurang C, Chen D, et al. Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole in adolescents with schizophrenia: a multicountry, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an active reference. Lancet Psychiatry. 2025;12(5):345\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00043-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"17","key":"2332_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01393-x","volume":"80","author":"S Cernea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cernea S, Dima L, Correll CU, Manu P. Pharmacological management of glucose dysregulation in patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Drugs. 2020;80(17):1763\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-020-01393-x.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2332_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20714","volume":"19","author":"CU Correll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correll CU, Sikich L, Reeves G, Johnson J, Keeton C, Spanos M, et al. Metformin add-on vs. antipsychotic switch vs. continued antipsychotic treatment plus healthy lifestyle education in overweight or obese youth with severe mental illness: results from the IMPACT trial. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(1):69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20714.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2332_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0571-z","volume":"32","author":"P Ellul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ellul P, Delorme R, Cortese S. Metformin for weight gain associated with second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(12):1103\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-018-0571-z.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2332_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae205","volume":"51","author":"A Carolan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carolan A, Hynes-Ryan C, Agarwal SM, Bourke R, Cullen W, Gaughran F, et al. Metformin for the prevention of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: guideline development and consensus validation. Schizophr Bull. 2025;51(5):1193\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbae205.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"}],"container-title":["Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02332-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02332-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02332-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T06:39:12Z","timestamp":1782196752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02332-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-026-02332-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6667","1179-1950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6667","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1950","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Findling receives or has received research support, acted as a consultant and\/or has received honoraria from Abbvie, Ajna, Akili, Aluco, American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Press, Bioprojet, BioXcel, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corium, Elsevier, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Iqvia, Karuna, Lundbeck, Maplight, Merck, MJH Life Sciences, NIH, Novartis, Otsuka, Oxford University Press, PaxMedica, PCORI, Pfizer, Radius, Sage, Signant Health, Sumitomo Pharma, Sunovion, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, Tris, Viatris and Xenon. Dr. Stepanova received research support from PaxMedica and honoraria from American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and American Psychiatric Press. Dr. Shah, Prajapati, and Cordrey and Mr. Nichols do not have conflicts of interest to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"Dr. Findling: conceptualization, supervision, and writing\u2014review and editing; Dr. Shah, Prajapati, Cordrey and Mr. Nichols: writing\u2014review and editing and literature review; Dr. Stepanova: conceptualization, supervision, writing\u2014literature review, editing, and writing. All authors contributed to interpretation of the literature, revised the manuscript for content, and approved the final version for submission. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}