{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:53:36Z","timestamp":1780628016996,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs Aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0556-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T01:37:51Z","timestamp":1530668271000},"page":"589-602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Autoimmune Hepatitis in the Elderly: Diagnosis and Pharmacologic Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Syed","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Gawrieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.04.007","volume":"45","author":"T Al-Chalabi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Chalabi T, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the elderly: a systematic retrospective analysis of a large group of consecutive patients with definite AIH followed at a tertiary referral centre. J Hepatol. 2006;45(4):575\u201383.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21074","volume":"43","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2006","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA. Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Hepatology. 2006;43(3):532\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03782.x","volume":"96","author":"C Schramm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schramm C, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(5):1587\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02403.x","volume":"21","author":"C Verslype","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verslype C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis at age 65 and older. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(6):695\u20139.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR5","first-page":"313","volume":"51","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2005","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Diverse manifestations and evolving treatments of autoimmune hepatitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2005;51(4):313\u201333.","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9","volume":"31","author":"F Alvarez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alvarez F, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31(5):929\u201338.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199506000-00010","volume":"19","author":"LJ Burgart","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burgart LJ, et al. Recent-onset autoimmune hepatitis. Biopsy findings and clinical correlations. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19(6):699\u2013708.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12563","volume":"39","author":"J Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen J, Eslick GD, Weltman M. Systematic review with meta-analysis: clinical manifestations and management of autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(2):117\u201324.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200825030-00005","volume":"25","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(3):219\u201339.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34944","volume":"36","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2002","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Freese DK, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002;36(2):479\u201397.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"556_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00246-0","volume":"2","author":"WR Kessler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kessler WR, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(7):625\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80251-3","volume":"21","author":"GA Nikias","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nikias GA, Batts KP, Czaja AJ. The nature and prognostic implications of autoimmune hepatitis with an acute presentation. J Hepatol. 1994;21(5):866\u201371.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(02)00274-7","volume":"25","author":"N Okano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Okano N, et al. Clinicopathological features of acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Res. 2003;25(3):263\u201370.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/90.4.289","volume":"90","author":"DR Parker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parker DR, Kingham JG. Type I autoimmune hepatitis is primarily a disease of later life. QJM. 1997;90(4):289\u201396.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR15","first-page":"549","volume":"99","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Minerva Med. 2008;99(6):549\u201368.","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20047","volume":"19","author":"D Villalta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villalta D, et al. High prevalence of celiac disease in autoimmune hepatitis detected by anti-tissue tranglutaminase autoantibodies. J Clin Lab Anal. 2005;19(1):6\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"10","key":"556_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026650118759","volume":"43","author":"U Volta","year":"1998","unstructured":"Volta U, et al. Frequency and significance of anti-gliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(10):2190\u20135.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9258-2","volume":"52","author":"A Cranney","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cranney A, et al. The Canadian Celiac Health Survey. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(4):1087\u201395.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"7672","key":"556_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)91344-9","volume":"2","author":"JR Bullamore","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bullamore JR, et al. Effect of age on calcium absorption. Lancet. 1970;2(7672):535\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109516","volume":"64","author":"JC Gallagher","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gallagher JC, et al. Intestinal calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects and osteoporotic patients: effect of age and dietary calcium. J Clin Invest. 1979;64(3):729\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR21","first-page":"595","volume":"99","author":"A Rubio-Tapia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Liver involvement in celiac disease. Minerva Med. 2008;99(6):595\u2013604.","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"556_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06031.x","volume":"97","author":"U Volta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Volta U, et al. Celiac disease in autoimmune cholestatic liver disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(10):2609\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.08.013","volume":"48","author":"T Al-Chalabi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Chalabi T, et al. Impact of gender on the long-term outcome and survival of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2008;48(1):140\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80004-5","volume":"33","author":"M Kaya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaya M, Angulo P, Lindor KD. Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system. J Hepatol. 2000;33(4):537\u201342.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"556_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.1008","volume":"39","author":"K Omagari","year":"2000","unstructured":"Omagari K, et al. Re-analysis of clinical features of 89 patients with autoimmune hepatitis using the revised scoring system proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. Intern Med. 2000;39(12):1008\u201312.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80005-7","volume":"33","author":"HR van Buuren","year":"2000","unstructured":"van Buuren HR, et al. High prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2000;33(4):543\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90160-E","volume":"105","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1993","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Manns MP. Antibodies to soluble liver antigen, P450IID6, and mitochondrial complexes in chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1993;105(5):1522\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"556_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296447","volume":"31","author":"RP Kenny","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kenny RP, et al. Frequency and significance of antimitochondrial antibodies in severe chronic active hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31(7):705\u201311.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"81","key":"556_CR29","first-page":"221","volume":"55","author":"S Mishima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mishima S, et al. Clinical implications of antimitochondrial antibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis: a longitudinal study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55(81):221\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181587d18","volume":"42","author":"AJ Montano-Loza","year":"2008","unstructured":"Montano-Loza AJ, Carpenter HA, Czaja AJ. Frequency, behavior, and prognostic implications of antimitochondrial antibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(9):1047\u201353.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04434.x","volume":"21","author":"S Nezu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nezu S, et al. Presence of antimitochondrial autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(9):1448\u201354.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22380","volume":"48","author":"C O\u2019Brien","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien C, et al. Long-term follow-up of antimitochondrial antibody-positive autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2008;48(2):550\u20136.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280210","volume":"28","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1998","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Frequency and nature of the variant syndromes of autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology. 1998;28(2):360\u20135.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23588","volume":"51","author":"E Bjornsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bjornsson E, et al. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Hepatology. 2010;51(6):2040\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1611-4","volume":"56","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2011","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(4):958\u201376.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24768","volume":"55","author":"K Fujiwara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O. Histological discrimination between autoimmune hepatitis and drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2012;55(2):657.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR37","first-page":"123","volume":"15","author":"S Kaymakoglu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaymakoglu S. Drug-induced hepatitis, drug-induced autoimmunity or classical autoimmune hepatitis: how can we differentiate? Turk J Gastroenterol. 2004;15(3):123\u20135.","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.041","volume":"55","author":"MI Lucena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucena MI, et al. Recurrent drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with different drugs in the Spanish Registry: the dilemma of the relationship to autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2011;55(4):820\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24481","volume":"54","author":"A Suzuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suzuki A, et al. The use of liver biopsy evaluation in discrimination of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis versus drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2011;54(3):931\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.112136","volume":"69","author":"J Sokolove","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sokolove J, et al. Risk of elevated liver enzymes associated with TNF inhibitor utilisation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(9):1612\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-009-0342-4","volume":"5","author":"S Mancini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mancini S, et al. Infliximab-related hepatitis: discussion of a case and review of the literature. Intern Emerg Med. 2010;5(3):193\u2013200.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"556_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.001","volume":"138","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chalasani N, Bjornsson E. Risk factors for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(7):2246\u201359.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544010-00002","volume":"44","author":"MM Cotreau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cotreau MM, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. The influence of age and sex on the clearance of cytochrome P450 3A substrates. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(1):33\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","volume":"48","author":"EM Hennes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hennes EM, et al. Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2008;48(1):169\u201376.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"556_CR45","first-page":"627","volume-title":"Autoimmune liver diseases","author":"JH Lewis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ. Drug-induced autoimmune liver disease. In: Krawitt EL, Wiesner R, Nishioka K, editors. Autoimmune liver diseases. Elsevier: Amsterdam; 1998. p. 627\u201349."},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00025-9","volume":"6","author":"ZX Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu ZX, Kaplowitz N. Immune-mediated drug-induced liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2002;6(3):755\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2005.05.006","volume":"129","author":"R ANDRADE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andrade RJ, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):512\u201321.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21095","volume":"43","author":"PB Watkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watkins PB, Seeff LB. Drug-induced liver injury: summary of a single topic clinical research conference. Hepatology. 2006;43(3):618\u201331.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.021","volume":"50","author":"E Bjornsson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bjornsson E, Davidsdottir L. The long-term follow-up after idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury with jaundice. J Hepatol. 2009;50(3):511\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03355.x","volume":"26","author":"E Bjornsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bjornsson E, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild to moderate drug-induced liver injury. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(1):79\u201385.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030510","volume":"3","author":"JE Hegarty","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hegarty JE, et al. Relapse following treatment withdrawal in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology. 1983;3(5):685\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250510","volume":"25","author":"D Zauli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zauli D, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 1997;25(5):1105\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"556_CR53","unstructured":"Available from: https:\/\/livertox.nih.gov\/Phenotypes_auto.html."},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90656-W","volume":"104","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1993","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, et al. The nature and prognosis of severe cryptogenic chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(6):1755\u201361.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91095-N","volume":"98","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1990","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, et al. Clinical and prognostic implications of HLA B8 in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1990;98(6):1587\u201393.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9665-4","volume":"52","author":"DJ Gassert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gassert DJ, et al. Corticosteroid-responsive cryptogenic chronic hepatitis: evidence for seronegative autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(9):2433\u20137.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-927280","volume":"45","author":"A Potthoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Potthoff A, et al. Steroid treatment for severe acute cryptogenic hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol. 2007;45(1):15\u20139.","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR58","first-page":"119","volume":"19","author":"G Provenzano","year":"1991","unstructured":"Provenzano G, Marino L, Craxi A. Features of autoimmunity in cryptogenic chronic hepatitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1991;19(3):119\u201322.","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"issue":"7558","key":"556_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92893-6","volume":"2","author":"MJ Rowley","year":"1968","unstructured":"Rowley MJ, Buchanan H, Mackay IR. Reciprocal change with age in antibody to extrinsic and intrinsic antigens. Lancet. 1968;2(7558):24\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR60","first-page":"79","volume":"12","author":"B Hooper","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hooper B, et al. Autoimmunity in a rural community. Clin Exp Immunol. 1972;12(1):79\u201387.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939108997112","volume":"8","author":"E Talor","year":"1991","unstructured":"Talor E, Rose NR. Hypothesis: the aging paradox and autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity. 1991;8(3):245\u20139.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"556_CR62","first-page":"26","volume":"18","author":"MS Currie","year":"1992","unstructured":"Currie MS. Immunosenescence. Compr Ther. 1992;18(11):26\u201334.","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"556_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70028-V","volume":"100","author":"RH Duerr","year":"1991","unstructured":"Duerr RH, et al. Neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: a link between primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(5 Pt 1):1385\u201391.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00767.x","volume":"13","author":"A Frenzer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frenzer A, et al. Atypical, cytoplasmic and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;13(9):950\u20134.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"556_CR65","first-page":"428A","volume":"30","author":"D LaBrecque","year":"1999","unstructured":"LaBrecque D, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 1999;30:428A.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90215-5","volume":"108","author":"SR Targan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Targan SR, et al. High-titer antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type-1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(4):1159\u201366.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23584","volume":"51","author":"MP Manns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manns MP, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;51(6):2193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9214","key":"556_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02166-8","volume":"355","author":"I Wies","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wies I, et al. Identification of target antigen for SLA\/LP autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis. Lancet. 2000;355(9214):1510\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.259","volume":"51","author":"M Baeres","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baeres M, et al. Establishment of standardised SLA\/LP immunoassays: specificity for autoimmune hepatitis, worldwide occurrence, and clinical characteristics. Gut. 2002;51(2):259\u201364.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"556_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"34","author":"Y Ma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ma Y, et al. Anti-SLA antibody is a marker of severity of liver damage in patients with autoimmune liver disease. J Hepatol. 2001;34(Suppl 1):1\u2013257.","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01079.x","volume":"25","author":"AX Torres-Collado","year":"2005","unstructured":"Torres-Collado AX, Czaja AJ, Gelpi C. Anti-tRNP(ser)sec\/SLA\/LP autoantibodies. Comparative study using in-house ELISA with a recombinant 48.8\u00a0kDa protein, immunoblot, and analysis of immunoprecipitated RNAs. Liver Int. 2005;25(2):410\u20139.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"556_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/0891693021000056712","volume":"35","author":"S Vitozzi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vitozzi S, et al. Anti-soluble liver antigen\/liver-pancreas (SLA\/LP) antibodies in pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity. 2002;35(8):485\u201392.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"556_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.005","volume":"42","author":"NK Gatselis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gatselis NK, et al. Comparison of simplified score with the revised original score for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis: a new or a complementary diagnostic score? Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(11):807\u201312.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.010","volume":"140","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2011","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Comparability of probable and definite autoimmune hepatitis by international diagnostic scoring criteria. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(5):1472\u201380.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.08.010","volume":"34","author":"MS Longhi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Longhi MS, et al. Aetiopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(1):7\u201314.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(72)80072-8","volume":"3","author":"AH Baggenstoss","year":"1972","unstructured":"Baggenstoss AH, et al. Chronic active liver disease. The range of histologic lesions, their response to treatment, and evolution. Hum Pathol. 1972;3(2):183\u201398.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060302","volume":"6","author":"WG Cooksley","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cooksley WG, et al. The prognosis of chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis in relation to bridging necrosis. Hepatology. 1986;6(3):345\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"556_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01076196","volume":"22","author":"SW Schalm","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schalm SW, et al. Severe chronic active liver disease. Prognostic significance of initial morphologic patterns. Am J Dig Dis. 1977;22(11):973\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01904.x","volume":"29","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2009","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Features and consequences of untreated type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int. 2009;29(6):816\u201323.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01308329","volume":"25","author":"RL Koretz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Koretz RL, et al. Chronic active hepatitis. Who meets treatment criteria? Dig Dis Sci. 1980;25(9):695\u20139.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20732","volume":"42","author":"JJ Feld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feld JJ, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis: effect of symptoms and cirrhosis on natural history and outcome. Hepatology. 2005;42(1):53\u201362.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200207000-00016","volume":"35","author":"J Kogan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kogan J, et al. Prognosis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic autoimmune hepatitis: a study of 68 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35(1):75\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"556_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.005","volume":"62","author":"MP Manns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manns MP, Lohse AW, Vergani D. Autoimmune hepatitis\u2013update 2015. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1 Suppl):S100\u201311.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-015-0386-y","volume":"9","author":"F Sahebjam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahebjam F, Vierling JM. Autoimmune hepatitis. Front Med. 2015;9(2):187\u2013219.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12592","volume":"39","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2014","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Review article: the prevention and reversal of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(4):385\u2013406.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"112","key":"556_CR86","first-page":"2115","volume":"58","author":"AM Shah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shah AM, et al. Reversal of liver cirrhosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;58(112):2115\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00028-4","volume":"6","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2002","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Treatment strategies in autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis. 2002;6(3):799\u2013824.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90503-3","volume":"95","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1988","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Rakela J, Ludwig J. Features reflective of early prognosis in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1988;95(2):448\u201353.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90866-5","volume":"78","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1980","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Ammon HV, Summerskill WH. Clinical features and prognosis of severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) after corticosteroid-induced remission. Gastroenterology. 1980;78(3):518\u201323.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90862-6","volume":"92","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1987","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Beaver SJ, Shiels MT. Sustained remission after corticosteroid therapy of severe hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1987;92(1):215\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.32485","volume":"35","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2002","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Menon KV, Carpenter HA. Sustained remission after corticosteroid therapy for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective analysis. Hepatology. 2002;35(4):890\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90126-8","volume":"80","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"1981","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Wolf AM, Baggenstoss AH. Laboratory assessment of severe chronic active liver disease during and after corticosteroid therapy: correlation of serum transaminase and gamma globulin levels with histologic features. Gastroenterology. 1981;80(4):687\u201392.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33223-8","volume":"63","author":"RD Soloway","year":"1972","unstructured":"Soloway RD, et al. Clinical, biochemical, and histological remission of severe chronic active liver disease: a controlled study of treatments and early prognosis. Gastroenterology. 1972;63(5):820\u201333.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91701-0","volume":"97","author":"KK Wang","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wang KK, Czaja AJ. Prognosis of corticosteroid-treated hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis in postmenopausal women: a retrospective analysis. Gastroenterology. 1989;97(5):1288\u201393.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)62214-3","volume":"77","author":"LA Fitzpatrick","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick LA. Secondary causes of osteoporosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77(5):453\u201368.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00061-9","volume":"32","author":"JA Kanis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kanis JA, et al. The components of excess mortality after hip fracture. Bone. 2003;32(5):468\u201373.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-6-201003160-00008","volume":"152","author":"P Haentjens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haentjens P, et al. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(6):380\u201390.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9156","key":"556_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09075-8","volume":"353","author":"JR Center","year":"1999","unstructured":"Center JR, et al. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet. 1999;353(9156):878\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100110","volume":"10","author":"KK Wang","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wang KK, et al. Extrahepatic malignancy following long-term immunosuppressive therapy of severe hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology. 1989;10(1):39\u201343.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9336-5","volume":"51","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2006","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA. Thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency and azathioprine intolerance in autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(5):968\u201375.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"556_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510123331502","volume":"333","author":"PJ Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Azathioprine for long-term maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(15):958\u201363.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.7.3.319","volume":"7","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Safety issues in the management of autoimmune hepatitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2008;7(3):319\u201333.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233530","volume":"29","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2009","unstructured":"Czaja AJ. Special clinical challenges in autoimmune hepatitis: the elderly, males, pregnancy, mild disease, fulminant onset, and nonwhite patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29(3):315\u201330.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"556_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04241.x","volume":"31","author":"AD Yeoman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeoman AD, Longhi MS, Heneghan MA. Review article: the modern management of autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31(8):771\u201387.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.01.009","volume":"40","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2004","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA. Decreased fibrosis during corticosteroid therapy of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2004;40(4):646\u201352.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"556_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.08.012","volume":"13","author":"JM Vierling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vierling JM. Autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes: diagnosis and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(12):2088\u2013108.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.037","volume":"53","author":"MM Lamers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lamers MM, et al. Treatment options for autoimmune hepatitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hepatol. 2010;53(1):191\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000282071","volume":"28","author":"CP Strassburg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strassburg CP. Therapeutic options to treat autoimmune hepatitis in 2009. Dig Dis. 2010;28(1):93\u20138.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.046","volume":"139","author":"MP Manns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manns MP, et al. Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(4):1198\u2013206.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"9","key":"556_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i9.1362","volume":"12","author":"A Csepregi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Csepregi A, et al. Budesonide induces complete remission in autoimmune hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(9):1362\u20136.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.0010000001","volume":"119","author":"AJ Czaja","year":"2000","unstructured":"Czaja AJ, Lindor KD. Failure of budesonide in a pilot study of treatment-dependent autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(5):1312\u20136.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00334.x","volume":"8","author":"A Danielsson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Danielsson A, Prytz H. Oral budesonide for treatment of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1994;8(6):585\u201390.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"556_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12085","volume":"14","author":"JS Delgado","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delgado JS, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in southern Israel: a 15-year multicenter study. J Dig Dis. 2013;14(11):611\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260-267.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.12.040","volume":"16","author":"Moritz Peiseler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peiseler, M, et al. Efficacy and limitations of budesonide as a second-line treatment for patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(2):260\u201367 e1.","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"556_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01122.x","volume":"25","author":"J Wiegand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wiegand J, et al. Budesonide in previously untreated autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int. 2005;25(5):927\u201334.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.017","volume":"54","author":"AW Lohse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lohse AW, Gil H. Reactivation of autoimmune hepatitis during budesonide monotherapy, and response to standard treatment. J Hepatol. 2011;54(4):837\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"556_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i12.2681","volume":"9","author":"A Geier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geier A, et al. Side effects of budesonide in liver cirrhosis due to chronic autoimmune hepatitis: influence of hepatic metabolism versus portosystemic shunts on a patient complicated with HCC. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(12):2681\u20135.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.12.040","volume":"16","author":"M Peiseler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peiseler M, et al. Efficacy and limitations of budesonide as a second-line treatment for patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(2):260\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.004","volume":"52","author":"U Hindorf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hindorf U, et al. Characterisation and utility of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite measurements in autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2010;52(1):106\u201311.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12223","volume":"37","author":"YS de Boer","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Boer YS, et al. Allopurinol safely and effectively optimises thiopurine metabolites in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(6):640\u20136.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"556_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04727.x","volume":"34","author":"AM Baven-Pronk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baven-Pronk AM, et al. The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the management of autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(3):335\u201343.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01107.x","volume":"25","author":"N Chatur","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chatur N, et al. Transplant immunosuppressive agents in non-transplant chronic autoimmune hepatitis: the Canadian association for the study of liver (CASL) experience with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus. Liver Int. 2005;25(4):723\u20137.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"556_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.02.030","volume":"5","author":"I Inductivo-Yu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Inductivo-Yu I, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune hepatitis patients not responsive or intolerant to standard immunosuppressive therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(7):799\u2013802.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"556_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/891252","volume":"24","author":"K Sharzehi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharzehi K, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in patients refractory or intolerant to conventional therapy. Can J Gastroenterol. 2010;24(10):588\u201392.","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"556_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.09.063","volume":"16","author":"SK Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts SK, et al. Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and suboptimal outcomes after standard therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(2):268\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"556_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.001","volume":"15","author":"C Efe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Efe C, et al. Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus as second-line therapy for patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(12):1950\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"556_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.09.008","volume":"25","author":"JA Ilyas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ilyas JA, O\u2019Mahony CA, Vierling JM. Liver transplantation in autoimmune liver diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;25(6):765\u201382.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"556_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22018","volume":"16","author":"C Schramm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schramm C, et al. Primary liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: a comparative analysis of the European Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(4):461\u20139.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"556_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2014.01034","volume":"4","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N. Liver transplantation and autoimmune hepatitis. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2015;4(1):33\u20138.","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis Res"},{"key":"556_CR130","unstructured":"Seaberg EC, et al. Liver transplantation in the United States from 1987\u20131998: updated results from the Pitt-UNOS Liver Transplant Registry. Clin Transpl. 1998:17\u201337."}],"container-title":["Drugs & Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40266-018-0556-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40266-018-0556-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40266-018-0556-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T15:04:14Z","timestamp":1751727854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40266-018-0556-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40266-018-0556-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1170-229X","1179-1969"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1170-229X","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1969","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Dr. Syed Rizvi and Dr. Samer Gawrieh received no external funding for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Dr. Syed Rizvi and Dr. Samer Gawrieh declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}