{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:11:08Z","timestamp":1791951068297,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs Aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-021-00893-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1630980140000},"page":"1043-1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Problematic Opioid Use Among Older Adults: Epidemiology, Adverse Outcomes and Treatment Considerations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Dufort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5974-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab","family":"Samaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.008","volume":"30","author":"A Kuerbis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuerbis A, Sacco P, Blazer DG, Moore AA. Substance abuse among older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014;30(3):629\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0718-x","volume":"18","author":"C Le Roux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Le Roux C, Tang Y, Drexler K. Alcohol and opioid use disorder in older adults: neglected and treatable illnesses. Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2016;18(9):87.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatr Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31820d942b","volume":"19","author":"S Arndt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arndt S, Clayton R, Schultz SK. Trends in substance abuse treatment 1998\u20132008: increasing older adult first-time admissions for illicit drugs. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2011;19(8):704\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"key":"893_CR4","unstructured":"Colby SL, Ortman JM. The baby boom cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060. United States Census Bureau. 2014. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2014\/demo\/p25-1141.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2021."},{"key":"893_CR5","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). Treating Substance Use Disorder in Older Adults. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 26, Full Document. 2020. https:\/\/store.samhsa.gov\/product\/treatment-improvement-protocol-tip-26-treating-substance-use-disorder-in-older-adults\/PEP20-02-01-011. Accessed 17 June 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.08.003","volume":"16","author":"JD Colliver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Colliver JD, Compton WM, Gfroerer JC, Condon T. Projecting drug use among aging baby boomers in 2020. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(4):257\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00307-1","volume":"69","author":"J Gfroerer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gfroerer J, Penne M, Pemberton M, Folsom R. Substance abuse treatment need among older adults in 2020: the impact of the aging baby-boom cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69(2):127\u201335.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02411.x","volume":"104","author":"B Han","year":"2009","unstructured":"Han B, Gfroerer JC, Colliver JD, Penne MA. Substance use disorder among older adults in the United States in 2020. Addiction. 2009;104(1):88\u201396.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"893_CR9","unstructured":"Cunningham C, Edlund FM, Fishman M, Gordon DA, Jones DH, Langleben D, Meyer M, Springer S, Woody FG, Femino J, Freedman DK. The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: 2020 Focused Update."},{"key":"893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.007","volume":"182","author":"AM Carew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carew AM, Comiskey C. Treatment for opioid use and outcomes in older adults: a systematic literature review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;182:48\u201357.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2011.06.004","volume":"2","author":"I Moy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moy I, Crome P, Crome I, Fisher M. Systematic and narrative review of treatment for older people with substance problems. Eur Geriatr Med. 2011;2(4):212\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med."},{"key":"893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","author":"American Psychiatric A","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric A. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2006.10.002","volume":"4","author":"L Simoni-Wastila","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simoni-Wastila L, Yang HK. Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006;4(4):380\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264310386224","volume":"23","author":"L-T Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu L-T, Blazer DG. Illicit and nonmedical drug use among older adults: a review. J Aging Health. 2011;23(3):481\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.01.010","volume":"60","author":"C Shoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shoff C, Yang T-C, Shaw BA. Trends in opioid use disorder among older adults: analyzing medicare data, 2013\u20132018. Am J Prev Med. 2021;60(6):850\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"893_CR16","unstructured":"SAMSHA. Opioid misuse increases among older adults. 2017. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/report_3186\/Spotlight-3186.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2538-z","volume":"17","author":"S Chhatre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chhatre S, Cook R, Mallik E, Jayadevappa R. Trends in substance use admissions among older adults. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):584.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31818ec7ee","volume":"196","author":"MR Lofwall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lofwall MR, Schuster A, Strain EC. Changing profile of abused substances by older persons entering treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(12):898\u2013905.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v26n01_04","volume":"26","author":"L Simoni-Wastila","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simoni-Wastila L, Zuckerman IH, Singhal PK, Briesacher B, Hsu VD. National estimates of exposure to prescription drugs with addiction potential in community-dwelling elders. Subst Abus. 2006;26(1):33\u201342.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2017.10.007","volume":"66","author":"Y-P Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang Y-P. Factors associated with prescription opioid misuse in adults aged 50 or older. Nurs Outlook. 2018;66(2):112\u201320.","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igz002","volume":"3","author":"MW Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter MW, Yang BK, Davenport M, Kabel A. Increasing rates of opioid misuse among older adults visiting emergency departments. Innov Aging. 2019;3(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.38.6.04","volume":"38","author":"S O'Connor","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor S, Grywacheski V, Louie K. At-a-glance\u2014hospitalizations and emergency department visits due to opioid poisoning in Canada. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2018;38(6):244\u20137.","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"893_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.027","volume":"149","author":"NA West","year":"2015","unstructured":"West NA, Severtson SG, Green JL, Dart RC. Trends in abuse and misuse of prescription opioids among older adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;149:117\u201321.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"893_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.019","volume":"147","author":"S Larney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larney S, Bohnert ASB, Ganoczy D, Ilgen MA, Hickman M, Blow FC, et al. Mortality among older adults with opioid use disorders in the Veteran\u2019s Health Administration, 2000\u20132011. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:32\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt173","volume":"43","author":"L-T Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu L-T, Blazer DG. Substance use disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in mid and later life: a review. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):304\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4999","volume":"34","author":"TS Schepis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schepis TS, Simoni-Wastila L, McCabe SE. Prescription opioid and benzodiazepine misuse is associated with suicidal ideation in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2019;34(1):122\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31816ff35a","volume":"16","author":"D Rosen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosen D, Smith ML, Reynolds CF III. The prevalence of mental and physical health disorders among older methadone patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2008;16(6):488\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12031","volume":"32","author":"A Maruyama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maruyama A, Macdonald S, Borycki E, Zhao J. Hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and depression among older methadone maintenance patients in British Columbia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013;32(4):412\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-004-0005-x","volume":"27","author":"Y-I Hser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hser Y-I, Gelberg L, Hoffman V, Grella CE, McCarthy W, Anglin MD. Health conditions among aging narcotics addicts: medical examination results. J Behav Med. 2004;27(6):607\u201322.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181e94240","volume":"26","author":"J Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park J, Lavin R. Risk factors associated with opioid medication misuse in community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(8):647\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"893_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.07.002","volume":"11","author":"CB Johannes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johannes CB, Le TK, Zhou X, Johnston JA, Dworkin RH. The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: results of an Internet-based survey. J Pain. 2010;11(11):1230\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200320010-00003","volume":"20","author":"MP Davis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis MP, Srivastava M. Demographics, assessment and management of pain in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(1):23\u201357.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"893_CR33","unstructured":"Crome I, Rao T, Arora A, Barton C, Day E, Dhandayudham A, et al. Our Invisible Addicts (2nd Edition). College Report. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2018. https:\/\/www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/improving-care\/campaigning-for-better-mental-health-policy\/college-reports\/2018-college-reports\/our-invisible-addicts-2nd-edition-cr211-mar-2018. Accessed 17 June 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.23.420","volume":"23","author":"LM Rieb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rieb LM, Samaan Z, Furlan AD, Rabheru K, Feldman S, Hung L, et al. Canadian guidelines on opioid use disorder among older adults. Can Geriatr J. 2020;23(1):123\u201334.","journal-title":"Can Geriatr J."},{"key":"893_CR35","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Addiction in the older patient","author":"I Burgos-Chapman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgos-Chapman I, Trevisan LA, Sevarino K. Abuse of opioids and prescription medications. In: Sullivan M, Levin F, editors. Addiction in the older patient. London: Oxford University Press; 2016. p. 105\u201338."},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318190b8ef","volume":"17","author":"DG Blazer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blazer DG, Wu L-T. The epidemiology of substance use and disorders among middle aged and elderly community adults: national survey on drug use and health. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2009;17(3):237\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503","volume":"58","author":"Y-I Hser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hser Y-I, Hoffman V, Grella CE, Anglin MD. A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2001;58(5):503\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/27.3.193","volume":"27","author":"WC Klein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klein WC, Jess C. One last pleasure? Alcohol use among elderly people in nursing homes. Health Soc Work. 2002;27(3):193\u2013203.","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2008.00204.x","volume":"8","author":"J Pergolizzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pergolizzi J, B\u00f6ger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, et al. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with Focus on the Six Clinically Most Often Used World Health Organization step III Opioids (Buprenorphine, Fentanyl, Hydromorphone, Methadone, Morphine, Oxycodone). Pain Pract. 2008;8(4):287\u2013313.","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00551.x","volume":"10","author":"R Gallagher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gallagher R. Methadone: an effective, safe drug of first choice for pain management in frail older adults. Pain Med. 2009;10(2):319\u201326.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301412","volume":"33","author":"GJ Dowling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dowling GJ, Weiss SRB, Condon TP. Drugs of abuse and the aging brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(2):209\u201318.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"893_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa038","volume":"75","author":"A Yoshikawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoshikawa A, Ramirez G, Smith ML, Foster M, Nabil AK, Jani SN, et al. Opioid use and the risk of falls, fall injuries and fractures among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol Biol Med Sci. 2020;75(10):1989\u201395.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Med Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2165\/11599460-000000000-00000","volume":"29","author":"AR Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang AR, Mallet L, Rochefort CM, Eguale T, Buckeridge DL, Tamblyn R. Medication-related falls in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(5):359\u201376.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-016-0381-2","volume":"33","author":"S Chokhavatia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chokhavatia S, John ES, Bridgeman MB, Dixit D. Constipation in elderly patients with noncancer pain: focus on opioid-induced constipation. Drugs Aging. 2016;33(8):557\u201374.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.05.022","volume":"150","author":"E Van Ryswyk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Ryswyk E, Antic NA. Opioids and sleep-disordered breathing. Chest. 2016;150(4):934\u201344.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000041","volume":"120","author":"F Chung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chung F, Liao P, Elsaid H, Shapiro CM, Kang W. Factors associated with postoperative exacerbation of sleep-disordered breathing. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(2):299\u2013311.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"22","key":"893_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.391","volume":"170","author":"DH Solomon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Lee J, Levin R, Schneeweiss S. The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(22):1968\u201378.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2165\/11592240-000000000-00000","volume":"28","author":"AG Catic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Catic AG. Identification and management of in-hospital drug-induced delirium in older patients. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(9):737\u201348.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR49","first-page":"639","volume":"29","author":"C Tannenbaum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tannenbaum C, Paquette A, Hilmer S, Holroyd-Leduc J, Carnahan R. A systematic review of amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment induced by anticholinergic, antihistamine, GABAergic and Opioid Drugs. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):639\u201358.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"893_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD002207.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4"},{"key":"893_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD002209-CD.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009589706810","volume":"7","author":"D Stewart","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stewart D, Oslin DW. Recognition and treatment of late-life addictions in medical settings. J Clin Geropsychol. 2001;7(2):145\u201358.","journal-title":"J Clin Geropsychol"},{"issue":"15","key":"893_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","volume":"315","author":"D Dowell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1624\u201345.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"18","key":"893_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E659","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170363","volume":"189","author":"JW Busse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Busse JW, Craigie S, Juurlink DN, Buckley DN, Wang L, Couban RJ, et al. Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain. CMAJ. 2017;189(18):E659\u201366.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"893_CR55","unstructured":"SAMSHA. Medications for opioid use disorder: for healthcare and addiction professionals, policymakers, patients, and families. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 63, Full Document. 2018. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK535268\/. Accessed 17 June 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR56","first-page":"CD002025-CD","volume":"2","author":"L Gowing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gowing L, Ali R, White JM, Mbewe D. Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal. The Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD002025-CD.","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"893_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowing L, Farrell M, Ali R, White JM. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD002024-CD.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002024.pub5"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01898.x","volume":"47","author":"RM Leipzig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and Falls in Older People: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic Drugs J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(1):30\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychotropic Drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"893_CR59","unstructured":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA). Substance use in Canada: Improving quality of life substance use and aging. 2018. http:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/Resource%20Library\/CCSA-Substance-Use-and-Aging-Report-2018-en.pdf. Accessed 16 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S1880","volume":"3","author":"N Vadivelu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vadivelu N, Hines RL. Management of chronic pain in the elderly: focus on transdermal buprenorphine. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(3):421\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12520","volume":"15","author":"D Daitch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daitch D, Daitch J, Novinson D, Frey M, Mitnick C, Pergolizzi J Jr. Conversion from high-dose full-opioid agonists to sublingual buprenorphine reduces pain scores and improves quality of life for chronic pain patients. Pain Med. 2014;15(12):2087\u201394.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20160314-04","volume":"42","author":"D Loreck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loreck D, Brandt NJ, DiPaula B. Managing opioid abuse in older adults: clinical considerations and challenges. J Gerontol Nurs. 2016;42(4):10\u20135.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Nurs"},{"key":"893_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S109919","volume":"7","author":"R H\u00e4mmig","year":"2016","unstructured":"H\u00e4mmig R, Kemter A, Strasser J, von Bardeleben U, Gugger B, Walter M, et al. Use of microdoses for induction of buprenorphine treatment with overlapping full opioid agonist use: the Bernese method. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2016;7:99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.183793","volume":"58","author":"S Sarkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarkar S, Subramaniam E, Konthoujam J. A novel approach in the detoxification of intravenous buprenorphine dependence. Indian J Psychiatr. 2016;58(2):152\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatr."},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e785","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08725","volume":"75","author":"JF Karp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karp JF, Butters MA, Begley AE, Miller MD, Lenze EJ, Blumberger DM, et al. Safety, tolerability, and clinical effect of low-dose buprenorphine for treatment-resistant depression in midlife and older adults. J Clin Psychiatr. 2014;75(8):e785\u201393.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-017-0107-z","volume":"4","author":"C Hassell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassell C, Wilkins K, Trevisan LA. Pharmacology of geriatric substance use disorders: considerations and future directions. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry. 2017;4(1):102\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.02.021","volume":"28","author":"M Dean","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dean M. Opioids in renal failure and dialysis patients. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2004;28(5):497\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1225-0","volume":"25","author":"V Modesto-Lowe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Modesto-Lowe V, Brooks D, Petry N. Methadone deaths: risk factors in pain and addicted populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(4):305\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"893_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.005","volume":"55","author":"M Pierce","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pierce M, Millar T, Robertson JR, Bird SM. Ageing opioid users\u2019 increased risk of methadone-specific death in the UK. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:121\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR70","first-page":"470","volume":"10","author":"DW Abramson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abramson DW, Quinn DK, Stern TA. Methadone-associated QTc prolongation: a case report and review of the literature. Prim care companion. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;10(6):470\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2013.824333","volume":"32","author":"A Fareed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fareed A, Patil D, Scheinberg K, Blackinton Gale R, Vayalapalli S, Casarella J, et al. Comparison of QTc interval prolongation for patients in methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance treatment: a 5-year follow-up. J Addict Dis. 2013;32(3):244\u201351.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR72","first-page":"337","volume":"99","author":"M Malec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malec M, Shega JW. Pain management in the elderly. Med Clin. 2015;99(2):337\u201350.","journal-title":"Med Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31818a6d38","volume":"28","author":"M Soyka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soyka M, Lieb M, Kagerer S, Zingg C, Koller G, Lehnert P, et al. Cognitive functioning during methadone and buprenorphine treatment: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(6):699\u2013703.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E247","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170958","volume":"190","author":"J Bruneau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruneau J, Ahamad K, Goyer M-\u00c8, Poulin G, Selby P, Fischer B, et al. Management of opioid use disorders: a national clinical practice guideline. Can Med Assoc J. 2018;190(9):E247.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700137","volume":"69","author":"BP Cotton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cotton BP, Bryson WC, Bruce ML. Methadone maintenance treatment for older adults: cost and logistical considerations. Psychiatr Serv. 2018;69(3):338\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-9","volume":"6","author":"KM D\u00fcrsteler-MacFarland","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u00fcrsteler-MacFarland KM, Vogel M, Wiesbeck GA, Petitjean SA. There is no age limit for methadone: a retrospective cohort study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2011;6(1):9.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy."},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1996.918119711.x","volume":"91","author":"AJ Saxon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saxon AJ, Wells EA, Fleming C, Jackson TR, Calsyn DA. Pre-treatment characteristics, program philosophy and level of ancillary services as predictors of methadone maintenance treatment outcome. Addiction. 1996;91(8):1197\u2013210.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-9-11","volume":"9","author":"H Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang H, Han Y, Du J, Wu F, Zhang R, Zhang H, et al. Factors associated with one year retention to methadone maintenance treatment program among patients with heroin dependence in China. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2014;9(1):11.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.07.009","volume":"42","author":"R Sarasvita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarasvita R, Tonkin A, Utomo B, Ali R. Predictive factors for treatment retention in methadone programs in Indonesia. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2012;42(3):239\u201346.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu382","volume":"59","author":"BH Lambdin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lambdin BH, Masao F, Chang O, Kaduri P, Mbwambo J, Magimba A, et al. Methadone treatment for hiv prevention\u2014feasibility, retention, and predictors of attrition in dar es salaam, tanzania: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(5):735\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003736389","volume":"36","author":"M Mancino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mancino M, Curran G, Han X, Allee E, Humphreys K, Booth BM. Predictors of attrition from a national sample of methadone maintenance patients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(3):155\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000351884.83377.e2","volume":"15","author":"A Fareed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fareed A, Casarella J, Amar R, Vayalapalli S, Drexler K. Benefits of retention in methadone maintenance and chronic medical conditions as risk factors for premature death among older heroin addicts. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15(3):227\u201334.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14180","volume":"113","author":"BP Jarvis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarvis BP, Holtyn AF, Subramaniam S, Tompkins DA, Oga EA, Bigelow GE, et al. Extended-release injectable naltrexone for opioid use disorder: a systematic review. Addiction. 2018;113(7):1188\u2013209.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3206","volume":"74","author":"L Tanum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tanum L, Solli KK, Latif ZE-H, Benth J\u0160, Opheim A, Sharma-Haase K, et al. Effectiveness of Injectable Extended-Release Naltrexone vs Daily Buprenorphine-Naloxone for Opioid Dependence: A Randomized Clinical Noninferiority Trial. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74(12):1197\u2013205.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"9776","key":"893_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9","volume":"377","author":"E Krupitsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, Illeperuma A, Gastfriend DR, Silverman BL. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9776):1506\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"893_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M, Kirchmayer U, Verster A. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(4):CD001333.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001333.pub3"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199700540-00007","volume":"5","author":"D Oslin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oslin D, Liberto JG, O\u2019Brien J, Krois S, Norbeck J. Naltrexone as an adjunctive treatment for older patients with alcohol dependence. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;5(4):324\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610290000308","volume":"2","author":"RM Atkinson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Atkinson RM. Aging and alcohol use disorders: diagnostic issues in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 1990;2(1):55\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.01.013","volume":"67","author":"JF Piccirillo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Piccirillo JF, Vlahiotis A, Barrett LB, Flood KL, Spitznagel EL, Steyerberg EW. The changing prevalence of comorbidity across the age spectrum. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;67(2):124\u201332.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"24","key":"893_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.892","volume":"300","author":"DM Qato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, Johnson M, Schumm P, Lindau ST. Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2867\u201378.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Drugs & Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40266-021-00893-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40266-021-00893-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40266-021-00893-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T11:14:56Z","timestamp":1744715696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40266-021-00893-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40266-021-00893-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1170-229X","1179-1969"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1170-229X","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1969","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No specific funding was provided for this work. Dr Samaan\u2019s research on opioid use disorder is supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"AD and ZS both contributed to the conceptualization of the review objectives and the development of an outline. AD completed the literature search, and wrote the first draft. AD and ZS reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final submission.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}