{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T07:13:06Z","timestamp":1793257986466,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Memorial Foundation of Solveig H\u00f8ymann Jacobsen","award":["2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"Copenhagen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs Aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:03:10Z","timestamp":1705449790000},"page":"113-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diagnosis and Pharmacological Management of Microscopic Colitis in Geriatric Care"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole Haagen","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darrell S.","family":"Pardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1094_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79397","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79397","volume":"11","author":"OH Nielsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nielsen OH, Fernandez-Banares F, Sato T, et al. Microscopic colitis: etiopathology, diagnosis, and rational management. Elife. 2022;11:e79397.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1094_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.10.030","volume":"12","author":"A Aggarwal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aggarwal A, Helper D. Macroscopic findings in lymphocytic colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:e65\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR3","first-page":"309","volume":"30","author":"A Koulaouzidis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koulaouzidis A, Yung DE, Nemeth A, et al. Macroscopic findings in collagenous colitis: a multi-center, retrospective, observational cohort study. Ann Gastroenterol. 2017;30:309\u201314.","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.07.015","volume":"49","author":"W Marlicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marlicz W, Skonieczna-Zydecka K, Yung DE, et al. Endoscopic findings and colonic perforation in microscopic colitis: a systematic review. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49:1073\u201385.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.06.027","volume":"132","author":"L Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan L, Wu TT, Zhang L. Microscopic colitis: lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis, and beyond. Hum Pathol. 2023;132:89\u2013101.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"1094_CR6","first-page":"CD006096","volume":"7","author":"N Chande","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chande N, Al Yatama N, Bhanji T, et al. Interventions for treating lymphocytic colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD006096.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1094_CR7","first-page":"CD003575","volume":"11","author":"TS Kafil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kafil TS, Nguyen TM, Patton PH, et al. Interventions for treating collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11:CD003575.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1094_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001456","volume":"31","author":"S Sebastian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sebastian S, Wilhelm A, Jessica L, et al. Budesonide treatment for microscopic colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;31:919\u201327.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620951905","volume":"9","author":"S Miehlke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Guagnozzi D, Zabana Y, et al. European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterology and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021;9:13\u201337.","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"1094_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.008","volume":"150","author":"GC Nguyen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nguyen GC, Smalley WE, Vege SS, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the medical management of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:242\u20136.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1094_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.006","volume":"150","author":"DS Pardi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pardi DS, Tremaine WJ, Carrasco-Labra A. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the medical management of microscopic colitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:247\u201374.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1094_CR12","first-page":"925","volume":"11","author":"B Verhaegh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verhaegh B, M\u00fcnch A, Wildt S, et al. The disease course of microscopic colitis \u2013 A 5-year prospective European incidence cohort (PRO-MC). United European Gastroenterol J. 2023;11:925\u20136.","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"1094_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.431","volume":"110","author":"J Tong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tong J, Zheng Q, Zhang C, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and temporal trends of microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:265\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa108","volume":"14","author":"P Weimers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weimers P, Ankersen DV, Lophaven S, et al. Incidence and prevalence of microscopic colitis between 2001 and 2016: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:1717\u201323.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1094_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.10.015","volume":"19","author":"H Maye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maye H, Safroneeva E, Godat S, et al. Increasing incidence of microscopic colitis in a population-based cohort study in Switzerland. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:2205\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.066","volume":"12","author":"NM Gentile","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gentile NM, Khanna S, Loftus EV Jr, et al. The epidemiology of microscopic colitis in Olmsted County from 2002 to 2010: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:838\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.06.027","volume":"20","author":"J Tome","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tome J, Sehgal K, Kamboj AK, et al. The epidemiology of microscopic colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: population-based study from 2011 to 2019. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:1085\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13971","volume":"45","author":"SN Lophaven","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lophaven SN, Lynge E, Burisch J. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Denmark 1980\u20132013: a nationwide cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:961\u201372.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318281f3cc","volume":"19","author":"F Fernandez-Banares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernandez-Banares F, de Sousa MR, Salas A, et al. Epidemiological risk factors in microscopic colitis: a prospective case-control study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:411\u20137.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR20","first-page":"19","volume":"7","author":"B Roth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roth B, Manjer J, Ohlsson B. Microscopic colitis is associated with several concomitant diseases. Drug Target Insights. 2013;7:19\u201325.","journal-title":"Drug Target Insights"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1094_CR21","first-page":"S24","volume":"54","author":"YS Yadav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yadav YS, Eslick GD, Talley NJ. Review article: irritable bowel syndrome: natural history, bowel habit stability and overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;54(Suppl 1):S24\u201332.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31827febfd","volume":"19","author":"R Abboud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abboud R, Pardi DS, Tremaine WJ, et al. Symptomatic overlap between microscopic colitis and irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:550\u20133.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20059","volume":"13","author":"D Limsui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Limsui D, Pardi DS, Camilleri M, et al. Symptomatic overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and microscopic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13:175\u201381.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17518-1","volume":"364","author":"OH Nielsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nielsen OH, Vainer B, Schaffalitzky-de-Muckadell OB. Microscopic colitis: a missed diagnosis? Lancet. 2004;364:2055\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1094_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011927302076","volume":"46","author":"F Fernandez-Banares","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Salas A, et al. Bile acid malabsorption in microscopic colitis and in previously unexplained functional chronic diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46:2231\u20138.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1094_CR26","first-page":"281","volume":"35","author":"FM Nimri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nimri FM, Muhanna A, Almomani Z, et al. The association between microscopic colitis and celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2022;35:281\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12374","volume":"11","author":"D Bergman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bergman D, Khalili H, Lebwohl B, et al. Celiac disease and risk of microscopic colitis: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study. United European Gastroenterol J. 2023;11:189\u2013201.","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"1094_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab123","volume":"16","author":"Y Zabana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zabana Y, Tontini G, Hultgren-Hornquist E, et al. Pathogenesis of microscopic colitis: a systematic review. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:143\u201361.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1094_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30048-2","volume":"4","author":"S Miehlke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Verhaegh B, Tontini GE, et al. Microscopic colitis: pathophysiology and clinical management. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4:305\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102440","volume":"109","author":"DL Nielsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nielsen DL, Juhl CB, Chen IM, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced diarrhea and colitis: incidence and management a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2022;109:102440.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"1094_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0756-0","volume":"7","author":"MS Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes MS, Molina GE, Chen ST, et al. Budesonide treatment for microscopic colitis from immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:292.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"1094_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.10.004","volume":"21","author":"A Shirwaikar Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shirwaikar Thomas A, Hanauer S, Wang Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitor enterocolitis vs idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:878\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.04.167","volume":"78","author":"RN Sharaf","year":"2013","unstructured":"ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Sharaf RN, Shergill AK, et al. Endoscopic mucosal tissue sampling. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78:216\u201324.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"1094_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002355","volume":"34","author":"A Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik A, Nadeem M, Javaid S, et al. Estimating the optimum number of colon biopsies for diagnosing microscopic colitis: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;34:733\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR35","first-page":"87","volume":"11","author":"CG Lindstrom","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lindstrom CG. \u201cCollagenous colitis\u201d with watery diarrhea\u2014a new entity? Pathol Eur. 1976;11:87\u20139.","journal-title":"Pathol Eur"},{"key":"1094_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90575-2","volume":"78","author":"NW Read","year":"1980","unstructured":"Read NW, Krejs GJ, Read MG, et al. Chronic diarrhea of unknown origin. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:264\u201371.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1094_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90198-6","volume":"20","author":"AJ Lazenby","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lazenby AJ, Yardley JH, Giardiello FM, et al. Lymphocytic (\u201cmicroscopic\u201d) colitis: a comparative histopathologic study with particular reference to collagenous colitis. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:18\u201328.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"1094_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04865.x","volume":"34","author":"C Bjornbak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bjornbak C, Engel PJ, Nielsen PL, et al. Microscopic colitis: clinical findings, topography and persistence of histopathological subgroups. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:1225\u201334.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12131","volume":"9","author":"A Munch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Munch A, Mihaly E, Nagy F, et al. Budesonide as induction therapy for incomplete microscopic colitis: A randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021;9:837\u201347.","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"1094_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.06.001","volume":"7","author":"F Magro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magro F, Langner C, Driessen A, et al. European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:827\u201351.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1094_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717438","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.717438","volume":"8","author":"E Mihaly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mihaly E, Patai A, Tulassay Z. Controversials of microscopic colitis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:717438.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1094_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.14","volume":"2","author":"P Enck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enck P, Aziz Q, Barbara G, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16014.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1094_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13583","volume":"43","author":"BP Verhaegh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verhaegh BP, de Vries F, Masclee AA, et al. High risk of drug-induced microscopic colitis with concomitant use of NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:1004\u201313.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.069","volume":"19","author":"S Hamdeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamdeh S, Micic D, Hanauer S. Drug-induced colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:1759\u201379.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063541","volume":"19","author":"C Monteiro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monteiro C, Silvestre S, Duarte AP, et al. Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the elderly: an analysis of published literature and reports sent to the Portuguese pharmacovigilance system. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:3541.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1094_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13217-6","volume":"22","author":"F Torres-Bondia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torres-Bondia F, de Batlle J, Galvan L, et al. Evolution of the consumption trend of proton pump inhibitors in the Lleida Health Region between 2002 and 2015. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:818.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1094_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13662","volume":"47","author":"F Felicia-D'Sa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Felicia-D\u2019Sa F, Fernandes EZ, Kesarkar SV, et al. Use of histamine-2 receptor antagonists and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2022;47:1103\u201311.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000844","volume":"38","author":"K Holz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holz K, Martos NA, Margolis RL. Clozapine associated with microscopic colitis in the setting of biopsy-proven celiac disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;38:150\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1094_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000526809","volume":"41","author":"SW Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang SW, Xu RH, Chen D. Drug exposure and risk of microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis. 2023;41:217\u201326.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11010006","volume":"11","author":"ZI Tarar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarar ZI, Farooq U, Gandhi M, et al. Are drugs associated with microscopic colitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diseases. 2022;11:6.","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"1094_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16363","volume":"53","author":"HM Zylberberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zylberberg HM, Kamboj AK, De Cuir N, et al. Medication use and microscopic colitis: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;53:1209\u201315.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-016-0171-7","volume":"17","author":"AJ Lucendo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucendo AJ. Drug exposure and the risk of microscopic colitis: a critical update. Drugs R D. 2017;17:79\u201389.","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"1094_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1403718","volume":"372","author":"L Beaugerie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beaugerie L, Itzkowitz SH. Cancers complicating inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1441\u201352.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1094_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","volume":"402","author":"C Le Berre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le Berre C, Honap S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2023;402:571\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1094_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0156-2","volume":"6","author":"G Roda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roda G, Chien Ng S, Kotze PG, et al. Crohn\u2019s disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6:22.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1094_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa156","volume":"15","author":"D Bergman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bergman D, Khalili H, Roelstraete B, et al. Microscopic colitis and risk of cancer - a population-based cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15:212\u201321.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1094_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.05.050","volume":"20","author":"AK Kamboj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamboj AK, Zylberberg HM, Lane CM, et al. Microscopic colitis and risk of colon adenomas: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:e902\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab333","volume":"28","author":"YH Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu YH, Wu Z, Ding JY, et al. Microscopic colitis is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer: a meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:1584\u201391.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.05.014","volume":"21","author":"A Forss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forss A, Bergman D, Roelstraete B, et al. Patients with microscopic colitis are at higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events: a matched cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:3356\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92767-1","volume":"1","author":"RF Harvey","year":"1980","unstructured":"Harvey RF, Bradshaw JM. A simple index of Crohn\u2019s-disease activity. Lancet. 1980;1:514.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1094_CR61","first-page":"439","volume":"70","author":"WR Best","year":"1976","unstructured":"Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW, et al. Development of a Crohn\u2019s disease activity index. National Cooperative Crohn\u2019s Disease Study Gastroenterology. 1976;70:439\u201344.","journal-title":"National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1094_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712243172603","volume":"317","author":"KW Schroeder","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1625\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1094_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.1.29","volume":"43","author":"RS Walmsley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Walmsley RS, Ayres RC, Pounder RE, et al. A simple clinical colitis activity index. Gut. 1998;43:29\u201332.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1094_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.16","volume":"104","author":"N Chande","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chande N, MacDonald JK, McDonald JW. Interventions for treating microscopic colitis: a Cochrane Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Review Group systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:235\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20977","volume":"15","author":"H Hjortswang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hjortswang H, Tysk C, Bohr J, et al. Defining clinical criteria for clinical remission and disease activity in collagenous colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:1875\u201381.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01914-4","volume":"83","author":"A Rehde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rehde A, Hendel SK, Juhl CB, et al. Effectiveness of non-budesonide therapies in management of microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2023;83:1027\u201338.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1094_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313051","volume":"67","author":"TG Cotter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cotter TG, Binder M, Loftus EV Jr, et al. Development of a microscopic colitis disease activity index: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2018;67:441\u20136.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1094_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05786.x","volume":"97","author":"J Desrame","year":"2002","unstructured":"Desrame J, Sabate JM, Agher R, et al. Assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after corticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1785\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622310379293","volume":"1","author":"S O'Donnell","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell S, O\u2019Morain CA. Therapeutic benefits of budesonide in gastroenterology. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2010;1:177\u201386.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000071","volume":"10","author":"J Loreau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loreau J, Duricova D, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Long-term natural history of microscopic colitis: a population-based cohort. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2019;10: e00071.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07225.x","volume":"98","author":"F Fernandez-Banares","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fernandez-Banares F, Salas A, Esteve M, et al. Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Evaluation of clinical and histological features, response to treatment, and long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:340\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02688.x","volume":"22","author":"S Miehlke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Madisch A, Voss C, et al. Long-term follow-up of collagenous colitis after induction of clinical remission with budesonide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:1115\u20139.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad178","author":"J Tome","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tome J, Tariq R, Hassett LC, et al. Effectiveness and safety profile of budesonide maintenance in microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izad178.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001774","volume":"117","author":"J Tome","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tome J, Sehgal K, Kamboj AK, et al. Budesonide maintenance in microscopic colitis: clinical outcomes and safety profile from a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117:1311\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.416","volume":"108","author":"NM Gentile","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gentile NM, Abdalla AA, Khanna S, et al. Outcomes of patients with microscopic colitis treated with corticosteroids: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:256\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14133","volume":"46","author":"TG Cotter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cotter TG, Kamboj AK, Hicks SB, et al. Immune modulator therapy for microscopic colitis in a case series of 73 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46:169\u201374.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.042","volume":"155","author":"S Miehlke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Aust D, Mihaly E, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide, vs mesalazine or placebo, as induction therapy for lymphocytic colitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1795\u2013804.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1094_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.019","volume":"146","author":"S Miehlke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Madisch A, Kupcinskas L, et al. Budesonide is more effective than mesalamine or placebo in short-term treatment of collagenous colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:1222\u201330.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1094_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0002","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10422","volume":"12","author":"H Senderovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senderovich H, Vierhout M. Is there a role for bismuth in diarrhea management? Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2021;12:e0002.","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1094_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_1.S16","volume":"12","author":"CD Ericsson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ericsson CD, Tannenbaum C, Charles TT. Antisecretory and antiinflammatory properties of bismuth subsalicylate. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(Suppl 1):S16-20.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1437-9","volume":"19","author":"C Borbinha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borbinha C, Serrazina F, Salavisa M, et al. Bismuth encephalopathy\u2014a rare complication of long-standing use of bismuth subsalicylate. BMC Neurol. 2019;19:212.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"1094_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.21.323","volume":"21","author":"DB Hogan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hogan DB, Harbidge C, Duncan A. Bismuth toxicity presenting as declining mobility and falls. Can Geriatr J. 2018;21:307\u20139.","journal-title":"Can Geriatr J"},{"key":"1094_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001914","author":"CN El Hage","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Hage CN, Ghoneim S, Shah S, et al. Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of steroid-refractory microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001914.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab163","volume":"28","author":"N Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan N, Pernes T, Weiss A, et al. Efficacy of vedolizumab in a nationwide cohort of elderly inflammatory bowel disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2022;28:734\u201344.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"1094_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154422","volume":"11","author":"GD Hahn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hahn GD, Golovics PA, Wetwittayakhlang P, et al. Safety of biological therapies in elderly inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2022;11:4422.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1094_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac089","volume":"16","author":"G Boivineau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boivineau G, Zallot C, Zerbib F, et al. Biologic therapy for budesonide-refractory, -dependent or -intolerant microscopic colitis: a multicentre cohort study from the GETAID. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:1816\u201324.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1094_CR87","first-page":"S11","volume":"7","author":"DE Baker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baker DE. Loperamide: a pharmacological review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007;7(Suppl 3):S11\u20138.","journal-title":"Rev Gastroenterol Disord"},{"key":"1094_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.031","volume":"21","author":"J Tome","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tome J, Sehgal K, Kamboj AK, et al. Bile acid sequestrants in microscopic colitis: clinical outcomes and utility of bile acid testing. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:3125\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1094_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001496","volume":"56","author":"MJ Northcutt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Northcutt MJ, Gentile NM, Goldstein JL, et al. Bile acid sequestrant therapy in microscopic colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2022;56:161\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1094_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx181","volume":"12","author":"NKH de Boer","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Boer NKH, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Jharap B, et al. Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: new findings and perspectives. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12:610\u201320.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1094_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15458","volume":"50","author":"M Calafat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calafat M, Manosa M, Canete F, et al. Increased risk of thiopurine-related adverse events in elderly patients with IBD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50:780\u20138.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1094_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2","volume":"53","author":"OH Nielsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nielsen OH, Bjerrum JT, Herfarth H, et al. Recent advances using immunomodulators for inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53:575\u201388.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Drugs &amp; Aging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T03:19:21Z","timestamp":1708312761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1170-229X","1179-1969"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1170-229X","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1969","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by Copenhagen University. The Memorial Foundation of Solveig H\u00f8ymann Jacobsen was sponsor of the artwork. The charitable funding source had no role in the design of the study or in the analysis or interpretation of data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"OHN: None, DSP: None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"N\/A for this type of paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"OHN wrote original draft, both authors subsequently contributed to, read, and approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval (appropriate approvals or waivers)"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability (software application or custom code)"}}]}}