{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:32:51Z","timestamp":1793817171661,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]],"date-time":"2016-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477008000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs R D"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-016-0139-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]],"date-time":"2016-10-21T12:48:03Z","timestamp":1477054083000},"page":"293-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Lithium in Bipolar Disorder: Optimizing Therapy Using Prolonged-Release Formulations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Girardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Brugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"139_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.20.2528","volume":"293","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ. The increasing medical burden in bipolar disorder. JAMA. 2005;293(20):2528\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"139_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593\u2013602.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"139_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"139_CR4","unstructured":"The National Institute of Mental Health. Bipolar Disorder. http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/bipolar-disorder\/index.shtml . Accessed 5 June 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004632206684","volume":"71","author":"CA Zarate Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Land M, Cavanagh S. Functional impairment and cognition in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Q. 2000;71(4):309\u201329.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.1.54","volume":"55","author":"FB Dickerson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Cole S, Yolken RH. Association between cognitive functioning and employment status of persons with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2004;55(1):54\u20138. doi: 10.1176\/appi.ps.55.1.54 .","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2001.00059.x","volume":"103","author":"GM MacQueen","year":"2001","unstructured":"MacQueen GM, Young LT, Joffe RT. A review of psychosocial outcome in patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;103(3):163\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"9","key":"139_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.9.844","volume":"58","author":"U Osby","year":"2001","unstructured":"Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(9):844\u201350.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9783","key":"139_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(11)60512-6","volume":"377","author":"FM Gore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gore FM, Bloem PJ, Patton GC, Ferguson J, Joseph V, Coffey C, et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10\u201324\u00a0years: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2093\u2013102. doi: 10.1016\/s0140-6736(11)60512-6 .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12","volume":"68","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, Kessler RC, Lee S, Sampson NA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(3):241\u201351. doi: 10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12 .","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12234","volume":"17","author":"A Carlborg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlborg A, Ferntoft L, Thuresson M, Bodegard J. Population study of disease burden, management, and treatment of bipolar disorder in Sweden: a retrospective observational registry study. Bipolar Disord. 2015;17(1):76\u201385. doi: 10.1111\/bdi.12234 .","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"139_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2165\/11318850-000000000-00000","volume":"69","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Adams D, Cahill CM, Dodd S, Berk M. The management of individuals with bipolar disorder: a review of the evidence and its integration into clinical practice. Drugs. 2009;69(15):2063\u2013101. doi: 10.2165\/11318850-000000000-00000 .","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.700","volume":"20","author":"F Centorrino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Centorrino F, Fogarty KV, Sani G, Salvatore P, Cimbolli P, Baldessarini RJ. Antipsychotic drug use: McLean Hospital, 2002. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(5):355\u20138. doi: 10.1002\/hup.700 .","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12025","volume":"15","author":"LN Yatham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S, Alda M, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15(1):1\u201344. doi: 10.1111\/bdi.12025 .","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"139_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/828917","author":"S Saddichha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saddichha S, Chaturvedi SK. Clinical practice guidelines in psychiatry: more confusion than clarity? A critical review and recommendation of a unified guideline. ISRN Psychiatry. 2014;. doi: 10.1155\/2014\/828917 .","journal-title":"ISRN Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923030-00004","volume":"23","author":"EM Grandjean","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: Part I: clinical efficacy in bipolar disorder. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(3):225\u201340. doi: 10.2165\/00023210-200923030-00004 .","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412437346","volume":"46","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, Berk M. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2012;46(3):192\u2013211. doi: 10.1177\/0004867412437346 .","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000314305","volume":"62","author":"P Grof","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grof P. Sixty years of lithium responders. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(1):8\u201316. doi: 10.1159\/000314305 .","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0039-0","volume":"27","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, Coulston CM, Berk M. Potential mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder. Current understanding. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(2):135\u201353. doi: 10.1007\/s40263-013-0039-0 .","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923050-00004","volume":"23","author":"EM Grandjean","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach: Part III: clinical safety. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(5):397\u2013418. doi: 10.2165\/00023210-200923050-00004 .","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923040-00005","volume":"23","author":"EM Grandjean","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grandjean EM, Aubry JM. Lithium: updated human knowledge using an evidence-based approach. Part II: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic monitoring. CNS Drugs. 2009;23(4):331\u201349.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"139_CR22","unstructured":"Sanofi. Priadel (lithium carbonate) prolonged release tablets: summary of product characteristics. 2015. http:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk . Accessed 5 June 2015."},{"key":"139_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404307","volume":"2","author":"B Fyro","year":"1970","unstructured":"Fyro B, Pettersson U, Sedvall G. Serum lithium levels and side effects during administration of lithium carbonate and two slow release lithium preparations to human volunteers. Pharmacologia Clinica. 1970;2:236\u201340.","journal-title":"Pharmacologia Clinica"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920030-00004","volume":"20","author":"M Gitlin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gitlin M. Lithium and the kidney: an updated review. Drug Saf. 1999;20(3):231\u201343.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-137-35687","volume":"137","author":"JM Morrison Jr","year":"1971","unstructured":"Morrison JM Jr, Pritchard HD, Braude MC, D\u2019Aguanno W. Plasma and brain lithium levels after lithium carbonate and lithium chloride administration by different routes in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1971;137(3):889\u201392.","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.060","volume":"521","author":"M Hillert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hillert M, Zimmermann M, Klein J. Uptake of lithium into rat brain after acute and chronic administration. Neurosci Lett. 2012;521(1):62\u20136. doi: 10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.060 .","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1994.tb01994.x","volume":"34","author":"ME Ward","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ward ME, Musa MN, Bailey L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of lithium. J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;34(4):280\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"139_CR28","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline. Liskonum tablets (controlled-release lithium carbonate): summary of product characteristics. 2015. https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk . Accessed 5 June 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2000.00278.x","volume":"25","author":"N Poolsup","year":"2000","unstructured":"Poolsup N, Li Wan Po A, de Oliveira IR. Systematic overview of lithium treatment in acute mania. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000;25(2):139\u201356.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"139_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510360044034","volume":"271","author":"CL Bowden","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, Janicak PG, Petty F, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group. Jama. 1994;271(12):918\u201324.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0116","volume":"66","author":"CL Bowden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bowden CL, Grunze H, Mullen J, Brecher M, Paulsson B, Jones M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of quetiapine or lithium as monotherapy for mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):111\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00276.x","volume":"8","author":"SF Kushner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kushner SF, Khan A, Lane R, Olson WH. Topiramate monotherapy in the management of acute mania: results of four double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(1):15\u201327. doi: 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00276.x .","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"139_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00445.x","volume":"9","author":"JG Storosum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Storosum JG, Wohlfarth T, Schene A, Elferink A, van Zwieten BJ, van den Brink W. Magnitude of effect of lithium in short-term efficacy studies of moderate to severe manic episode. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(8):793\u20138. doi: 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00445.x .","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR34","first-page":"176","volume":"21","author":"J Segal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Segal J, Berk M, Brook S. Risperidone compared with both lithium and haloperidol in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21(3):176\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"139_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199911000-00003","volume":"14","author":"M Berk","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berk M, Ichim L, Brook S. Olanzapine compared to lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14(6):339\u201343.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.1.62","volume":"59","author":"M Tohen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Zarate CA Jr, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(1):62\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"139_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.2.141","volume":"182","author":"LN Yatham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yatham LN, Grossman F, Augustyns I, Vieta E, Ravindran A. Mood stabilisers plus risperidone or placebo in the treatment of acute mania. International, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:141\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"139_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000144887.66319.2f","volume":"24","author":"LN Yatham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yatham LN, Paulsson B, Mullen J, Vagero AM. Quetiapine versus placebo in combination with lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24(6):599\u2013606.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"139_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-014-0014-9","volume":"2","author":"MS Bourin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bourin MS, Severus E, Schronen JP, Gass P, Szamosi J, Eriksson H, et al. Lithium as add-on to quetiapine XR in adult patients with acute mania: a 6-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2014;2:14. doi: 10.1186\/s40345-014-0014-9 .","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.5.481","volume":"57","author":"CL Bowden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Gyulai L, Wassef A, Petty F, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(5):481\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"139_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0906","volume":"64","author":"JR Calabrese","year":"2003","unstructured":"Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Behnke K, Mehtonen OP, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):1013\u201324.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.392","volume":"60","author":"CL Bowden","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Asghar SA, Hompland M, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(4):392\u2013400. doi: 10.1001\/archpsyc.60.4.392 .","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9712","key":"139_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)61828-6","volume":"375","author":"JR Geddes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell J, Azorin JM, Cipriani A, Ostacher MJ, et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9712):385\u201395. doi: 10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)61828-6 .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"139_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11m06878","volume":"72","author":"RH Weisler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weisler RH, Nolen WA, Neijber A, Hellqvist A, Paulsson B. Continuation of quetiapine versus switching to placebo or lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (Trial 144: a randomized controlled study). J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(11):1452\u201364. doi: 10.4088\/JCP.11m06878 .","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.5.638","volume":"155","author":"L Tondo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Floris G. Lithium maintenance treatment of depression and mania in bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(5):638\u201345. doi: 10.1176\/ajp.155.5.638 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"139_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n1203","volume":"69","author":"A Berghofer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berghofer A, Alda M, Adli M, Baethge C, Bauer M, Bschor T, et al. Long-term effectiveness of lithium in bipolar disorder: a multicenter investigation of patients with typical and atypical features. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(12):1860\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.217","volume":"161","author":"JR Geddes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, Jamison K, Goodwin GM. Long-term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(2):217\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"139_CR48","unstructured":"ISRCTN registry. OxLith: exploration of the short-term physical and psychological effects of lithium in mood instability. 2015. http:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN91624955 . Accessed 08 July 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519070-00001","volume":"19","author":"W Coryell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coryell W. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: clinical characteristics and treatment options. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(7):557\u201369.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"139_CR50","first-page":"18","volume":"64","author":"FK Goodwin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goodwin FK. Rationale for using lithium in combination with other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl 5):18\u201324.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740220102012","volume":"21","author":"FK Goodwin","year":"1969","unstructured":"Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr. Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania. A longitudinal double-blind study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1969;21(4):486\u201396.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.4.373","volume":"133","author":"J Mendels","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mendels J. Lithium in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1976;133(4):373\u20138. doi: 10.1176\/ajp.133.4.373 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"139_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760270039003","volume":"32","author":"M Baron","year":"1975","unstructured":"Baron M, Gershon ES, Rudy V, Jonas WZ, Buchsbaum M. Lithium carbonate response in depression. Prediction by unipolar\/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-O-methyl transferase, and family history. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975;32(9):1107\u201311.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04995gre","volume":"71","author":"AH Young","year":"2010","unstructured":"Young AH, McElroy SL, Bauer M, Philips N, Chang W, Olausson B, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and lithium monotherapy in adults in the acute phase of bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):150\u201362. doi: 10.4088\/JCP.08m04995gre .","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04942gre","volume":"71","author":"SL McElroy","year":"2010","unstructured":"McElroy SL, Weisler RH, Chang W, Olausson B, Paulsson B, Brecher M, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):163\u201374. doi: 10.4088\/JCP.08m04942gre .","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"139_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-12-153","volume":"12","author":"A Haeberle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haeberle A, Greil W, Russmann S, Grohmann R. Mono- and combination drug therapies in hospitalized patients with bipolar depression. Data from the European drug surveillance program AMSP. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:153. doi: 10.1186\/1471-244x-12-153 .","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"139_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.11.1467","volume":"290","author":"FK Goodwin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goodwin FK, Fireman B, Simon GE, Hunkeler EM, Lee J, Revicki D. Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. JAMA. 2003;290(11):1467\u201373. doi: 10.1001\/jama.290.11.1467 .","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"139_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1805","volume":"162","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(10):1805\u201319. doi: 10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1805 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"139_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00344.x","volume":"8","author":"RJ Baldessarini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Davis P, Pompili M, Goodwin FK, Hennen J. Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: a meta-analytic review. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(5 Pt 2):625\u201339. doi: 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00344.x .","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"139_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f3646","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3646","volume":"346","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f3646.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9817","key":"139_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61516-X","volume":"379","author":"RF McKnight","year":"2012","unstructured":"McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):721\u20138. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61516-X .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6116","key":"139_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6116.815","volume":"1","author":"J Speirs","year":"1978","unstructured":"Speirs J, Hirsch SR. Severe lithium toxicity with \u201cnormal\u201d serum concentrations. Br Med J. 1978;1(6116):815\u20136.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00174.x","volume":"49","author":"PB Mitchell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mitchell PB. Therapeutic drug monitoring of psychotropic medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;49(4):303\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.7.1205","volume":"37","author":"RC Friedberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Friedberg RC, Spyker DA, Herold DA. Massive overdoses with sustained-release lithium carbonate preparations: pharmacokinetic model based on two case studies. Clin Chem. 1991;37(7):1205\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"139_CR65","unstructured":"Bowden CL. Key treatment studies of lithium in manic-depressive illness: efficacy and side effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 6:13\u20139; discussion 20."},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR66","first-page":"161","volume":"153","author":"F Durbano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Durbano F, Mencacci C, Dorigo D, Riva M, Buffa G. The long-term efficacy and tolerability of carbolithium once a day: an interim analysis at 6 months. Clin Ter. 2002;153(3):161\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"issue":"6201","key":"139_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6201.1332","volume":"2","author":"L Wallin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wallin L, Alling C. Effect of sustained-release lithium tablets on renal function. Br Med J. 1979;2(6201):1332.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"139_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371305801009","volume":"58","author":"L Carter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carter L, Zolezzi M, Lewczyk A. An updated review of the optimal lithium dosage regimen for renal protection. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;58(10):595\u2013600.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121024","volume":"10","author":"RL McCrea","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCrea RL, Nazareth I, Evans SJ, Osborn DP, Pinfold V, Cowen PJ, et al. Lithium prescribing during pregnancy: a UK primary care database study. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121024. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0121024 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14030409","volume":"171","author":"V Bergink","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bergink V, Kushner SA. Lithium during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(7):712\u20135. doi: 10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14030409 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.12111402","volume":"171","author":"O Diav-Citrin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Tahover E, Finkel-Pekarsky V, Arnon J, Kennedy D, et al. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to lithium: a prospective, comparative, observational study. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(7):785\u201394. doi: 10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.12111402 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"139_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630732","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/630732","volume":"2013","author":"C Barbui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbui C, Bertolazzi A, Hanife B, Cipriani A. Treatment choices in women with bipolar disorder seeking pregnancy: a clinical case illustration. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2013;2013:630732. doi: 10.1155\/2013\/630732 .","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"139_CR73","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline. Prescribing information. 2003. http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2004\/16860slr074,18152slr020_eskalith_lbl.pdf . Accessed 11 July 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR74","first-page":"14","volume":"2","author":"L Altshuler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Altshuler L, Richards M, Yonkers K. Treating bipolar disorder during pregnancy: evidence-based review. Curr Psychiatry. 2003;2(7):14\u201326.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.179","volume":"157","author":"AC Viguera","year":"2000","unstructured":"Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, Tondo L, Murray A, Baldessarini RJ. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(2):179\u201384. doi: 10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.179 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"139_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1592-x","volume":"170","author":"AK Pachet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pachet AK, Wisniewski AM. The effects of lithium on cognition: an updated review. Psychopharmacology. 2003;170(3):225\u201334. doi: 10.1007\/s00213-003-1592-x .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"139_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.9.1042","volume":"137","author":"LR Squire","year":"1980","unstructured":"Squire LR, Judd LL, Janowsky DS, Huey LY. Effects of lithium carbonate on memory and other cognitive functions. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(9):1042\u20136. doi: 10.1176\/ajp.137.9.1042 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"139_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08r04972","volume":"70","author":"AP Wingo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wingo AP, Wingo TS, Harvey PD, Baldessarini RJ. Effects of lithium on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(11):1588\u201397. doi: 10.4088\/JCP.08r04972 .","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199308000-00007","volume":"13","author":"JH Kocsis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kocsis JH, Shaw ED, Stokes PE, Wilner P, Elliot AS, Sikes C, et al. Neuropsychologic effects of lithium discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13(4):268\u201375.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00475.x","volume":"10","author":"WE Severus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Severus WE, Kleindienst N, Seemuller F, Frangou S, Moller HJ, Greil W. What is the optimal serum lithium level in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder\u2014a review? Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):231\u20137. doi: 10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00475.x .","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300507","volume":"53","author":"D Ljubicic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ljubicic D, Letica-Crepulja M, Vitezic D, Bistrovic IL, Ljubicic R. Lithium treatments: single and multiple daily dosing. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(5):323\u201331.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"139_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-014-9938-5","volume":"36","author":"AS Jarab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jarab AS, Almrayat R, Alqudah S, Thehairat E, Mukattash TL, Khdour M, et al. Predictors of non-adherence to pharmacotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(4):725\u201333. doi: 10.1007\/s11096-014-9938-5 .","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR83","first-page":"152","volume":"25","author":"B Lavantes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lavantes B, Senimon F, Bayle FJ. Compliance with and tolerance of sustained-release lithium carbonate. Encephale. 1999;25(2):152\u20137.","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"139_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(99)00026-7","volume":"9","author":"GM Goodwin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goodwin GM. Prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: how and who should we treat in the long term? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;9(Suppl 4):S125\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.008","volume":"48","author":"M Crowe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crowe M, Wilson L, Inder M. Patients\u2019 reports of the factors influencing medication adherence in bipolar disorder\u2014an integrative review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48(7):894\u2013903. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.008 .","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000388626.98662.a0","volume":"16","author":"DI Velligan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Velligan DI, Weiden PJ, Sajatovic M, Scott J, Carpenter D, Ross R, et al. Strategies for addressing adherence problems in patients with serious and persistent mental illness: recommendations from the expert consensus guidelines. J Psychiatr Pract. 2010;16(5):306\u201324. doi: 10.1097\/01.pra.0000388626.98662.a0 .","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692013000200021","volume":"21","author":"C Souza de","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Souza C, Vedana KG, Mercedes BP, Miasso AI. Bipolar disorder and medication: adherence, patients\u2019 knowledge and serum monitoring of lithium carbonate. Rev Latino-Am Enferm. 2013;21(2):624\u201331.","journal-title":"Rev Latino-Am Enferm"},{"issue":"7","key":"139_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.811976","volume":"13","author":"M Pompili","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pompili M, Venturini P, Palermo M, Stefani H, Seretti ME, Lamis DA, et al. Mood disorders medications: predictors of nonadherence\u2014review of the current literature. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(7):809\u201325. doi: 10.1586\/14737175.2013.811976 .","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"5","key":"139_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12202","volume":"129","author":"LG Sylvia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sylvia LG, Reilly-Harrington NA, Leon AC, Kansky CI, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, et al. Medication adherence in a comparative effectiveness trial for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129(5):359\u201365. doi: 10.1111\/acps.12202 .","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"139_CR90","unstructured":"Dunner DL. Lithium carbonate: maintenance studies and consequences of withdrawal. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 6:48\u201355; discussion 6."},{"issue":"2","key":"139_CR91","first-page":"107","volume":"153","author":"P Castrogiovanni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Castrogiovanni P. A novel slow-release formulation of lithium carbonate (carbolithium once-a-day) vs. standard carbolithium: a comparative pharmacokinetic study. Clin Ter. 2002;153(2):107\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"issue":"1","key":"139_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020106.x","volume":"2","author":"PE Keck Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Bennett JA. Pharmacologic loading in the treatment of acute mania. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2(1):42\u20136.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"}],"container-title":["Drugs in R&amp;D"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40268-016-0139-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40268-016-0139-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40268-016-0139-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T21:08:48Z","timestamp":1601154528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40268-016-0139-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40268-016-0139-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1174-5886","1179-6901"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1174-5886","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-6901","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]}}}