{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:15:36Z","timestamp":1789492536507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2304905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2304905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Patient"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-026-00839-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:56:38Z","timestamp":1789491398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Older Men\u2019s Preferences for HIV Testing in Primary Care Setting: Evidence from a Best\u2013Worst Scaling Study in China"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangxi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493\u2013505.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61998-4","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Smith MK, Muessig KE, Hallett TB, Powers KA, Kashuba AD. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: where do we go from here? Lancet. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61998-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00056-0","volume":"15","author":"M Smit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smit M, Brinkman K, Geerlings S, et al. Future challenges for clinical care of an ageing population infected with HIV: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(7):810\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae485","volume":"231","author":"J Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen J, Chang Y, Wu Y, et al. Trends, age-period-cohort effects, and projections in the incidence and mortality of human immunodeficiency virus\/AIDS among the elderly in China. J Infect Dis. 2025;231(2):414\u201323.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"839_CR5","unstructured":"UNAIDS. The urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2024\/global-aids-update-2024. Accessed 31 Dec 2025"},{"issue":"03","key":"839_CR6","first-page":"247","volume":"29","author":"M Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han M. Analysis of the HIV\/AIDS epidemic and prospects for prevention and treatment in China. Chin J AIDS STD. 2023;29(03):247\u201350.","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD."},{"issue":"5","key":"839_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.020","volume":"2","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Cai C, Wang X, Li Y, Tang H, Ma J. Disproportionate increase of new diagnosis of HIV\/AIDS infection by sex and age\u2014China, 2007\u20132018. China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(5):69\u201374.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"issue":"10","key":"839_CR8","first-page":"1823","volume":"42","author":"Q Yue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yue Q, Liu Y, Li H, Zhao Y. Characteristics and the first CD4+T lymphocytes test of newly-reported HIV\/AIDS cases aged 50 years and above in the third round of China comprehensive AIDS response program. Chin J Epidemiol. 2021;42(10):1823\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol."},{"key":"839_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03411-x","volume":"22","author":"M Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie M, Wang A, Wang K, Yu Y, Lin Z. Association between HIV duration and symptom distress among middle-aged and elderly people with HIV-infected in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:728.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"839_CR10","first-page":"1686","volume":"44","author":"Q Qin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qin Q, Jin Y, Cai C, Chen F. Epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected farmers aged 60 years and older reported in China, 2018\u20132022. Chin J Epidemiol. 2023;44(11):1686\u201391.","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"839_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002792","volume":"5","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J, Powell-Jackson T, Mills A. Effectiveness of primary care gatekeeping: difference-in-differences evaluation of a pilot scheme in China. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(8):e002792.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"839_CR12","first-page":"865","volume":"40","author":"W Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao W, Yao Y, Wei W, et al. Basic characteristics and trends of newly reported HIV\/AIDS cases in Guizhou, 2012\u20132023. Dis Surveill. 2025;40(7):865\u201370.","journal-title":"Dis Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1888659","volume":"10","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Qin C, Chen R, et al. Epidemiological profile and molecular genetic characterization of HIV-1 among female sex workers and elderly male clients in Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):384\u201395.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0221-7","volume":"16","author":"X Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu X, Liang B, Zhou C, et al. HIV late presentation and advanced HIV disease among patients with newly diagnosed HIV\/AIDS in Southwestern China: a large-scale cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16(1):6.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"839_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56906","volume":"10","author":"L He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He L, Jiang T, Chen W, et al. Examining HIV testing coverage and factors influencing first-time testing among men who have sex with men in Zhejiang Province, China: cross-sectional study based on a large internet survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2024;10:e56906.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"839_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07189-6","volume":"22","author":"K Jiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiao K, Wei R, Li H, et al. HIV testing frequency and associated factors among five key populations in ten cities of China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:195.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"839_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100653","volume":"29-30","author":"M Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma M, Ong JJ, Celum C, Terris-Prestholt F. Heterogeneity in individual preferences for HIV testing: a systematic literature review of discrete choice experiments. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29\u201330:100653.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-026-01964-6","volume":"84","author":"Q He","year":"2026","unstructured":"He Q, Dong J, Cheng L, et al. Preferences for HIV testing services among men who have sex with men in China: a discrete choice experiment. Arch Public Health. 2026;84(1):154.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"839_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000004524","volume":"40","author":"Z Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu Z, He S, Dai Z, et al. Association between expanded HIV testing and late diagnosis in older adults with HIV: evidence from southwest China. AIDS. 2026;40(9):1327\u201336.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"839_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26221","volume":"27","author":"S He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He S, Dong W, Fairley CK, et al. Optimizing health resource allocation for improving timely HIV diagnosis in China. J Int AIDS Soc. 2024;27(3):e26221.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"839_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-021-01181-5","volume":"17","author":"LJ Damschroder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damschroder LJ, Reardon CM, Opra Widerquist MA, Lowery J. Conceptualizing outcomes for use with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR): the CFIR Outcomes Addendum. Implement Sci. 2022;17:7.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-025-00783-1","volume":"19","author":"K Mishkin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mishkin K, Li Q, Earla JR, et al. Factors influencing patient preferences for BRCA testing and adjuvant therapy in HER2-negative early breast cancer in the United States: best-worst scaling and discrete choice experiment. Patient-Patient-Cent Outcomes Res. 2026;19(2):297\u2013312.","journal-title":"Patient-Patient-Cent Outcomes Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"839_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-025-00732-y","volume":"18","author":"T Pain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pain T, Brown A, Kingston G, et al. Using best-worst scaling survey to investigate the relative importance of attributes associated with public hospital outpatient appointments. Patient. 2025;18(3):237\u201347.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"839_CR24","volume-title":"Annual report on comprehensive prevention and treatment of AIDS\/STD\/Hepatitis C","author":"Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024","unstructured":"Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual report on comprehensive prevention and treatment of AIDS\/STD\/Hepatitis C. Guiyang: Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2024."},{"key":"839_CR25","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People' s Republic of China. China health statistical yearbook 2025. Beijing; 2025.https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/mohwsbwstjxxzx\/tjtjnj\/202604\/155ab0f98dfd4b12874f08f828df1452.shtml. Accessed 30 Apr 2025."},{"key":"839_CR26","unstructured":"Health Commission of Guizhou Province. Implementation plan for curbing HIV transmission in Guizhou province (2020\u20142022).Guizhou; 2020.https:\/\/wjw.guizhou.gov.cn\/zwgk\/gzhgfxwjsjk\/gfxwjsjk\/202012\/t20201231_78928737.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 12 Aug 2026."},{"key":"839_CR27","unstructured":"Data Development Management Bureau of Guizhou Province. Bulletin of the seventh national population census of Guizhou province. Guizhou; 2021. https:\/\/dsj.guizhou.gov.cn\/xwzx\/zwyw\/202105\/t20210526_86413278.html. Accessed 29 Apr 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"839_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-024-00695-6","volume":"18","author":"S Ozdemir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozdemir S, et al. An overview of data collection in health preference research. Patient. 2025;18(4):303\u201315.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-024-00638-0","volume":"5","author":"A Zamantakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zamantakis A, Merle JL, Queiroz AA, et al. Innovation and implementation determinants of HIV testing and linkage-to-care in the U.S.: a systematic review. Implement Sci Commun. 2024;5(1):111.","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"839_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-024-00672-z","volume":"17","author":"NB Campoamor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campoamor NB, Guerrini CJ, Brooks WB, Bridges JFP, Crossnohere NL. Pretesting discrete-choice experiments: a guide for researchers. Patient. 2024;17(2):109\u201320.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"issue":"3","key":"839_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2012.10.002","volume":"30","author":"J Louviere","year":"2013","unstructured":"Louviere J, Mulhern BJ, Bjorner JB, et al. An introduction to the application of (case 1) best-worst scaling in marketing research. Int J Res Mark. 2013;30(3):292\u2013303.","journal-title":"Int J Res Mark"},{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001325","volume":"58","author":"JE Brazier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brazier JE, Mulhern BJ, Bjorner JB, et al. Developing a new version of the SF-6D health state classification system from the SF-36v2: SF-6Dv2. Med Care. 2020;58(6):557\u201365.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"839_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-020-00997-1","volume":"39","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu J, Xie S, He X, et al. Valuation of SF-6Dv2 health states in China using time trade-off and discrete-choice experiment with a duration dimension. Pharmacoeconomics. 2021;39(5):521\u201335.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25649-x","volume":"25","author":"S Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"M\u00fchlbacher AC, Zweifel P, Kaczynski A, Johnson FR. Experimental measurement of preferences in health care using best-worst scaling (BWS): theoretical and statistical issues. Health Econ Rev. 2016;6:5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"839_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-015-0077-z","volume":"6","author":"AC M\u00fchlbacher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li S, Tang X, Zhu P, et al. Assessing three-decade HIV testing transformation: TOPSIS-radar evaluation of tiered health system performance in rural-urban Southwestern China. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):4352.","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"839_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00473-2","volume":"16","author":"N He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He N, Ding Y, Li J, et al. HIV and aging in mainland China: implications for control and prevention research. Curr HIV AIDS Rep. 2019;16(6):439\u201347.","journal-title":"Curr HIV AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"839_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003836","volume":"18","author":"CA Bulstra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bulstra CA, Hontelez JAC, Otto M, et al. Integrating HIV services and other health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2021;18(11):e1003836.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"839_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12901","volume":"22","author":"M Duffy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duffy M, Ojikutu B, Andrian S, Sohng E. Non-communicable diseases and HIV care and treatment: models of integrated service delivery. Trop Med Int Health. 2017;22(8):926\u201337.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002231","volume":"4","author":"GR Abu-Ba\u2019are","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abu-Ba\u2019are GR, Aidoo-Frimpong G, Stockton M, et al. \u201cI told myself, be bold and go and test\u201d: motivators and barriers to HIV testing among gay, bisexual, and other cis-gender men who have sex with men in Ghana \u2012 West Africa. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2024;4(1):e0002231.","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"839_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0941-x","volume":"18","author":"J Kiplagat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kiplagat J, Huschke S. HIV testing and counselling experiences: a qualitative study of older adults living with HIV in western Kenya. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18:257.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"839_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24566-3","volume":"25","author":"Q He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Q, Sun Q, Yin J. Cost-effectiveness of frequent HIV screening among men who have sex with men in China. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:3264.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"839_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae302","volume":"230","author":"J Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye J, Lan Y, Wang J, et al. Improvement in the 95-95-95 targets is accompanied by a reduction in both the Human Immunodeficiency Virus transmission rate and incidence in China. J Infect Dis. 2024;230(5):1202\u201314.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"839_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3456-4","volume":"16","author":"R Mayston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mayston R, Lazarus A, Patel V, et al. Pathways to HIV testing and care in Goa, India: exploring psychosocial barriers and facilitators using mixed methods. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:765.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"839_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e514","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30155-8","volume":"4","author":"L Tavoschi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tavoschi L, Gomes Dias J, Pharris A, et al. New HIV diagnoses among adults aged 50 years or older in 31 European countries, 2004\u201315: an analysis of surveillance data. Lancet HIV. 2004;4(11):e514\u201321.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-838","volume":"14","author":"B Njau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Njau B, Ostermann J, Brown D, M\u00fchlbacher A, Reddy E, Thielman N. HIV testing preferences in Tanzania: a qualitative exploration of the importance of confidentiality, accessibility, and quality of service. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):838.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"839_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8073-6","volume":"19","author":"A Ndyabakira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ndyabakira A, Getahun M, Byamukama A, Emperador D. Leveraging incentives to increase HIV testing uptake among men: Qualitative insights from rural Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1763.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"839_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2366-0","volume":"23","author":"SW Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan SW, Durvasula M, Ong JJ, et al. No place like home? Disentangling preferences for HIV testing locations and services among men who have sex with men in China. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(4):847\u201359.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"839_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01842-y","volume":"20","author":"F Yasin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yasin F, Rizk C, Taylor B, Barakat LA. Substantial gap in primary care: older adults with HIV presenting late to care. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20:438.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40271-026-00839-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40271-026-00839-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40271-026-00839-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:56:41Z","timestamp":1789491401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40271-026-00839-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40271-026-00839-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1178-1653","1178-1661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1178-1653","type":"print"},{"value":"1178-1661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the contents of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MZ, JY and QH designed the study. QH, YT, XQ and MZ contributed to data collection, analysis and interpretation. QH wrote the first draft of the paper. QS, MZ and JY provided comments and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Public Health at Shandong University (IRB No: 20221103).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Implied consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No application.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}