{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T12:10:10Z","timestamp":1745583010406,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK138313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK138313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003170","name":"National Kidney Foundation of Illinois","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Young Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Young Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-025-00684-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T14:48:17Z","timestamp":1739198897000},"page":"283-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drug Development in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Promising Treatments, Old Challenges, and New Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"684_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4412","volume":"1","author":"B Bowe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowe B, Xie Y, Li T, Mokdad AH, Xian H, Yan Y, et al. Changes in the US burden of chronic kidney disease from 2002 to 2016: an analysis of the global burden of disease study. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7): e184412-e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4412.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"21","key":"684_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6361","volume":"315","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Lawman HG, Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Kit BK, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988\u20131994 through 2013\u20132014. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2292\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.6361.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.055","volume":"63","author":"V Grubbs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grubbs V, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Shlipak MG, Peralta CA, Bansal N, et al. Body mass index and early kidney function decline in young adults: a longitudinal analysis of the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63(4):590\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.055.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"684_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Long-term complications in youth-onset type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(5):416\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2100165.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100165"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.05.006","volume":"74","author":"DL Blowey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blowey DL, Flynn JT, Warady BA. Are there consequences of adolescent blood pressure on kidney function in adulthood? Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74(4):567\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.05.006.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.04.006","volume":"78","author":"R Murray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murray R, Zimmerman T, Agarwal A, Palevsky PM, Quaggin S, Rosas SE, et al. Kidney-related research in the united states: a position statement from the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;78(2):161\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.04.006.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"684_CR7","volume-title":"Brenner & Rector's the kidney","author":"K Skorecki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Brenner BM, Rector FC. Brenner & Rector\u2019s the kidney. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.08.039","volume":"99","author":"IH de Boer","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Boer IH, Alpers CE, Azeloglu EU, Balis UGJ, Barasch JM, Barisoni L, et al. Rationale and design of the Kidney Precision Medicine Project. Kidney Int. 2021;99(3):498\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2020.08.039.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.01.005","volume":"29","author":"R Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray R, Kramer H. Realizing the goals of the advancing american kidney health initiative: toward a better future for kidney disease research funding. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2022;29(1):76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2022.01.005.","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"684_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06781-8","volume":"42","author":"CEC Williams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Williams CEC, Lamond M, Marro J, Chetwynd AJ, Oni L. A narrative review of potential drug treatments for nephritis in children with IgA vasculitis (HSP). Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(12):3189\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-023-06781-8.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.07.009","volume":"7","author":"V Perkovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Craig JC, Chailimpamontree W, Fox CS, Garcia-Garcia G, Benghanem Gharbi M, et al. Action plan for optimizing the design of clinical trials in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;7(2):138\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.07.009.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.06.009","volume":"75","author":"AS Levey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levey AS, Gansevoort RT, Coresh J, Inker LA, Heerspink HL, Grams ME, et al. Change in albuminuria and GFR as end points for clinical trials in early stages of CKD: a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation in Collaboration With the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(1):84\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.06.009.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"684_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab765","author":"E Braunwald","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braunwald E. SGLT2 inhibitors: the statins of the 21st century. Eur Heart J. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab765.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"684_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05450421","volume":"16","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Tummalapalli SL, Mendu ML. Advancing American Kidney Health and the role of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(10):1584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.05450421.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"684_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3180","volume":"9","author":"EC Chao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chao EC, Henry RR. SGLT2 inhibition\u2014a novel strategy for diabetes treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(7):551\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd3180.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"5","key":"684_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1021\/jm701272q","volume":"51","author":"W Meng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meng W, Ellsworth BA, Nirschl AA, McCann PJ, Patel M, Girotra RN, et al. Discovery of dapagliflozin: a potent, selective renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem. 2008;51(5):1145\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jm701272q.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"684_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","volume":"373","author":"B Zinman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515920","volume":"375","author":"C Wanner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):323\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1515920.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"684_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","volume":"380","author":"V Perkovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"684_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05456-x","volume":"37","author":"AJ Kula","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kula AJ. Considerations and possibilities for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in pediatric CKD. Pediatr Nephrol. 2022;37(10):2267\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-022-05456-x.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"15","key":"684_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","volume":"383","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Stef\u00e1nsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou F-F, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1436\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"684_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.033","author":"DC Wheeler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wheeler DC, Toto RD, Stefansson BV, Jongs N, Chertow GM, Greene T, et al. A pre-specified analysis of the DAPA-CKD trial demonstrates the effects of dapagliflozin on major adverse kidney events in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.033.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"684_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233"},{"issue":"10365","key":"684_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02164-X","volume":"400","author":"PB Mark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mark PB, Sattar N. Implementation, not hesitation, for SGLT2 inhibition as foundational therapy for chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2022;400(10365):1745\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02164-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"684_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0001172021","volume":"2","author":"AY Meraz-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meraz-Mu\u00f1oz AY, Weinstein J, Wald R. eGFR decline after SGLT2 inhibitor initiation: the tortoise and the hare reimagined. Kidney360. 2021;2(6):1042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34067\/KID.0001172021.","journal-title":"Kidney360."},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00623-z","volume":"26","author":"SAG Lava","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lava SAG, Laurence C, Di Deo A, Sekarski N, Burch M, Della PO. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin in paediatric indications: a systematic review. Pediatr Drugs. 2024;26(3):229\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40272-024-00623-z.","journal-title":"Pediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"8","key":"684_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2018010036","volume":"29","author":"SM van den Belt","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Belt SM, Heerspink HJL, Gracchi V, de Zeeuw D, W\u00fchl E, Schaefer F, Group obotET. Early proteinuria lowering by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition predicts renal survival in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(8):2225\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2018010036.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80980-2","volume":"23","author":"DC Cattran","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cattran DC, Greenwood C, Ritchie S. Long-term benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with severe immunoglobulin a nephropathy: a comparison to patients receiving treatment with other antihypertensive agents and to patients receiving no therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23(2):247\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80980-2.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.016","volume":"105","author":"A Levin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Levin A, Ahmed SB, Carrero JJ, Foster B, Francis A, Hall RK, et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: known knowns and known unknowns. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4):684\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.016.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"15","key":"684_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604113341502","volume":"334","author":"G Maschio","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, Locatelli F, Mann JFE, et al. Effect of the angiotensin-converting\u2013enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(15):939\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199604113341502.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"684_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2006040347","volume":"18","author":"R Coppo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coppo R, Peruzzi L, Amore A, Piccoli A, Cochat P, Stone R, et al. IgACE: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children and young people with IgA nephropathy and moderate proteinuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(6):1880\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2006040347.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.228","volume":"6","author":"RW Schrier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schrier RW. Aldosterone \u201cescape\u201d vs \u201cbreakthrough.\u201d Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6(2):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2009.228.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"684_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.110","volume":"9","author":"NJ Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown NJ. Contribution of aldosterone to cardiovascular and renal inflammation and fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9(8):459\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2013.110.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.13541021","volume":"17","author":"M Epstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Epstein M, Pecoits-Filho R, Clase CM, Sood MM, Kovesdy CP. Hyperkalemia with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use in people with CKD: understanding and mitigating the risks. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17(3):455\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.13541021.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"684_CR35","first-page":"2 volume","volume-title":"Brenner & Rector's the kidney","author":"K Skorecki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Taal MW, Yu ASL. Brenner & Rector\u2019s the kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016. p. 2 volume.","edition":"10"},{"issue":"5","key":"684_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0649-2","volume":"18","author":"H Haller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haller H, Bertram A, Stahl K, Menne J. Finerenone: a new mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist without hyperkalemia: an opportunity in patients with CKD? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18(5):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-016-0649-2.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"23","key":"684_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","volume":"383","author":"L Bakris George","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakris George L, Agarwal R, Anker Stefan D, Pitt B, Ruilope Luis M, Rossing P, et al, Filippatos G. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2219\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08021-z","volume":"25","author":"F Schaefer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schaefer F, Montini G, Kang HG, Walle JV, Zaritsky J, Schreuder MF, et al. Investigating the use of finerenone in children with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: design of the FIONA and open-label extension studies. Trials. 2024;25(1):203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08021-z.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2021070942","volume":"33","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agarwal R, Joseph A, Anker SD, Filippatos G, Rossing P, Ruilope LM, et al. Hyperkalemia risk with finerenone: results from the FIDELIO-DKD trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;33(1):225\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2021070942.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"684_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R877","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00425.2015","volume":"310","author":"R Komers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Komers R, Plotkin H. Dual inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelin-1 in treatment of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;310(10):R877\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00425.2015.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04518-2","volume":"36","author":"A Benigni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benigni A, Buelli S, Kohan DE. Endothelin-targeted new treatments for proteinuric and inflammatory glomerular diseases: focus on the added value to anti-renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021;36(4):763\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-020-04518-2.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"684_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2024.100833","volume":"6","author":"KN Campbell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campbell KN, Gesualdo L, Murphy E, Rheault MN, Srivastava T, Tesar V, et al Sparsentan for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the DUET open-label extension: long-term efficacy and safety. Kidney Med. 2024;6(6): 100833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xkme.2024.100833.","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"684_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rovin BH, Barratt J, Heerspink HJL, Alpers CE, Bieler S, Chae D-W, et al. Efficacy and safety of sparsentan versus irbesartan in patients with IgA nephropathy (PROTECT): 2-year results from a randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10417):2077\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02302-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02302-4"},{"issue":"26","key":"684_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308550","volume":"389","author":"N Rheault Michelle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rheault Michelle N, Alpers Charles E, Barratt J, Bieler S, Canetta P, Chae D-W, et al. Sparsentan versus irbesartan in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(26):2436\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2308550.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"684_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.12.011","volume":"71","author":"SL Furth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Furth SL, Pierce C, Hui WF, White CA, Wong CS, Schaefer F, et al. Estimating time to ESRD in children with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(6):783\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.12.011.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000000000268.PubMedPMID:01277230-202401000-00019","volume":"19","author":"VK Derebail","year":"2024","unstructured":"Derebail VK, Nachman PH. Sparsentan and the expanding landscape of IgA nephropathy treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024;19(1):122\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.0000000000000268.PubMedPMID:01277230-202401000-00019.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"684_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trachtman H, Nelson P, Adler S, Campbell KN, Chaudhuri A, Derebail VK, et al. DUET: A phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sparsentan in patients with FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(11).","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018010091"},{"issue":"11","key":"684_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.115","volume":"7","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Atkinson MA, Furth SL. Anemia in children with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7(11):635\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2011.115.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00810.x","volume":"12","author":"DW Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson DW, Pollock CA, Macdougall IC. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent hyporesponsiveness (Review Article). Nephrology. 2007;12(4):321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00810.x.","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"issue":"8","key":"684_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2016.1182494","volume":"15","author":"L Del Vecchio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Del Vecchio L, Locatelli F. An overview on safety issues related to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(8):1021\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14740338.2016.1182494.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"684_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2557-x","volume":"29","author":"BA Warady","year":"2014","unstructured":"Warady BA, Silverstein DM. Management of anemia with erythropoietic-stimulating agents in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29(9):1493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-013-2557-x.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"684_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.12.011","volume":"69","author":"N Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta N, Wish JB. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors: a potential new treatment for anemia in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(6):815\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.12.011.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.030","volume":"67","author":"M Bonomini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonomini M, Del Vecchio L, Sirolli V, Locatelli F. New treatment approaches for the anemia of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(1):133\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.06.030.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3849-3","volume":"34","author":"D Kular","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kular D, Macdougall IC. HIF stabilizers in the management of renal anemia: from bench to bedside to pediatrics. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34(3):365\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-017-3849-3.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.035","volume":"92","author":"M Sugahara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sugahara M, Tanaka T, Nangaku M. Prolyl hydroxylase domain inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach against anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2017;92(2):306\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.035.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"684_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae051","author":"T Nakanishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakanishi T, Kuragano T. Growing concerns about using hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of renal anemia. Clin Kidney J. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfae051.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"25","key":"684_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2113379","volume":"385","author":"K Singh Ajay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh Ajay K, Carroll K, Perkovic V, Solomon S, Jha V, Johansen Kirsten L, et al. Daprodustat for the treatment of anemia in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(25):2325\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2113379.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"684_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035938","volume":"384","author":"GM Chertow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chertow GM, Pergola PE, Farag YMK, Agarwal R, Arnold S, Bako G, et al. Vadadustat in patients with anemia and non\u2013dialysis-dependent CKD. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(17):1589\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2035938.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"684_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2022040413.PubMedPMID:00001751-202211000-00005","volume":"33","author":"F Locatelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Locatelli F, Del Vecchio L. Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxyl domain inhibitors: from theoretical superiority to clinical noninferiority compared with current ESAs? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;33(11):1966\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2022040413.PubMedPMID:00001751-202211000-00005.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"684_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12615","volume":"12","author":"V Shakhnovich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shakhnovich V, Hornik CP, Kearns GL, Weigel J, Abdel-Rahman SM. How to conduct clinical trials in children: a tutorial. Clin Transl Sci. 2019;12(3):218\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cts.12615.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.10.030","volume":"161","author":"JS Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li JS, Colan SD, Sleeper LA, Newburger JW, Pemberton VL, Atz AM, et al. Lessons learned from a pediatric clinical trial: the Pediatric Heart Network Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Mitral Regurgitation Study. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2):233\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.10.030.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"8","key":"684_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.191","volume":"80","author":"JKJ Deegens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deegens JKJ, Wetzels JFM. Immunosuppressive treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int. 2011;80(8):798\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.191.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"684_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1710","volume":"39","author":"L Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li L, Jick S, Breitenstein S, Michel A. Prevalence of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in a large U.S. commercially insured pediatric population, 2002\u20132013. Diabetes Care. 2015;39(2):278\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1710.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01901-6","volume":"16","author":"KL Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller KL, Fermaglich LJ, Maynard J. Using four decades of FDA orphan drug designations to describe trends in rare disease drug development: substantial growth seen in development of drugs for rare oncologic, neurologic, and pediatric-onset diseases. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1):265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13023-021-01901-6.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"684_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2310\/jim.0000000000000019","volume":"62","author":"AG Wightman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wightman AG, Oron AP, Symons JM, Flynn JT. Pediatric nephrologists\u2019 beliefs regarding randomized controlled trials. J Investig Med. 2014;62(1):84\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2310\/jim.0000000000000019.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"684_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2017.11.005","volume":"9","author":"RG Greenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greenberg RG, Gamel B, Bloom D, Bradley J, Jafri HS, Hinton D, et al. Parents\u2019 perceived obstacles to pediatric clinical trial participation: findings from the clinical trials transformation initiative. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2018;9:33\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2017.11.005.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun."},{"key":"684_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.06.062","volume":"238","author":"DB Horton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horton DB, Blum MD, Burcu M. Real-world evidence for assessing treatment effectiveness and safety in pediatric populations. J Pediatr. 2021;238:312\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.06.062.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"684_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-021-00283-y","volume":"55","author":"GJ Noel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noel GJ, Nelson RM, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Portman R, Miller T, Green DJ, et al. Inclusion of adolescents in adult clinical trials: report of the Institute for Advanced Clinical Trials for Children\u2019s Pediatric Innovation Research Forum. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2021;55(4):773\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43441-021-00283-y.","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci."},{"key":"684_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1200\/po.19.00003","volume":"3","author":"C Nugent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nugent C, Guo W, M\u00fcller P, Ji Y. Bayesian approaches to subgroup analysis and related adaptive clinical trial designs. JCO Precis Oncol. 2019;3:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/po.19.00003.","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"684_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2697","author":"AJ Campbell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campbell AJ, Anpalagan K, Best EJ, Britton PN, Gwee A, Hatcher J, et al. Whole-of-life inclusion in Bayesian adaptive platform clinical trials. JAMA Pediatr. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2697.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"684_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.163","volume":"82","author":"RA Huff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huff RA, Maca JD, Puri M, Seltzer EW. Enhancing pediatric clinical trial feasibility through the use of Bayesian statistics. Pediatr Res. 2017;82(5):814\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2017.163.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00684-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00684-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00684-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T11:28:06Z","timestamp":1745580486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00684-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00684-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1174-5878","1179-2019"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1174-5878"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1179-2019"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AK reports receiving funding from the NIH\/NIDDK (K23 DK138313) and National Kidney Foundation of Illinois.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"AK has nothing else to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for participation and publication"}},{"value":"AK was responsible for all work related to this manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}