{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T05:11:51Z","timestamp":1793250711934,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-025-00687-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T06:09:02Z","timestamp":1741241342000},"page":"481-489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cardioprotective Effect of Nigella sativa in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Dalia","family":"El-Afify","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7836-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa","family":"El Amrousy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"687_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","volume":"41","author":"F Cosentino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:255\u2013323.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"687_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.5.713","volume":"19","author":"E Adal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adal E, Koyuncu G, Ayd\u0131n A, Celebi A, Kavuno\u011flu G, Cam H. Asymptomatic cardiomyopathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: association of echocardiographic indicators with duration of diabetes mellitus and metabolic parameters. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19:713\u201326.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"687_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14095","volume":"35","author":"O El Razaky","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Razaky O, El Amrousy D, Elrifaey S, Elgendy M, Ibrahim W. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: is it the magic wand in the diagnosis of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus? Echocardiography. 2018;35(10):1657\u201363.","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"687_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0603-z","volume":"167","author":"A Vazeou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vazeou A, Papadopoulou A, Miha M, Drakatos A, Georgacopoulos D. Cardiovascular impairment in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:877\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"687_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-014-1030-3","volume":"36","author":"AA Khattab","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khattab AA, Soliman MA. Biventricular function and glycemic load in type 1 diabetic children: Doppler tissue-imaging study. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36:423\u201331.","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"687_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i7.577","volume":"6","author":"ML Ward","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ward ML, Crossman DJ. Mechanisms underlying the impaired contractility of diabetic cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol. 2014;6(7):577\u201384.","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"687_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2583747","volume":"2016","author":"KO Hensel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hensel KO, Grimmer F, Roskopf M, Jenke AC, Wirth S, Heusch A. Subclinical alterations of cardiac mechanics present early in the course of pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective blinded speckle tracking stress echocardiography study. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:12.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"687_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.315913","volume":"126","author":"RH Ritchie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ritchie RH, Abel ED. Basic mechanisms of diabetic heart disease. Circ Res. 2020;126(11):1501\u201325.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"687_CR9","first-page":"129","volume":"42","author":"J Drimal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drimal J, Knezl V, Navarova J, Nedelcevova J, Paulovicova E, Sotnikova R, et al. Role of inflammatory cytokines and chemoattractants in the rat model of streptozotocin induced diabetic heart failure. Endocr Regul. 2008;42:129\u201335.","journal-title":"Endocr Regul"},{"key":"687_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586","volume":"122","author":"G Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia G, Hill MA, Sowers JR. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: an update of mechanisms contributing to this clinical entity. Circ Res. 2018;122:624\u201338.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"687_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.166044","volume":"1867","author":"I Tuleta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuleta I, Frangogiannis NG. Diabetic fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867: 166044.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"687_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057825","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1057825","volume":"9","author":"SH Adam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adam SH, Mohd Nasri N, Kashim MIAM, Abd Latib EH, Ahmad Juhari MAA, Mokhtar MH. Potential health benefits of Nigella sativa on diabetes mellitus and its complications: a review from laboratory studies to clinical trials. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1057825.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"687_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X16666201110125906","volume":"17","author":"NMP Maideen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maideen NMP, Balasubramanian R, Ramanathan S. Nigella sativa (black seeds), a potential herb for the pharmacotherapeutic management of hypertension. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(4): e230421187786.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"687_CR14","first-page":"699","volume":"23","author":"RM Pop","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pop RM, Trifa AP, Popolo A, Chedea VS, Militaru C, Bocsan IC, et al. Nigella sativa: valuable perspective in the management of chronic diseases. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23(6):699\u2013713.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"687_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6990","volume":"35","author":"S Hadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadi S, Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara R, Mirmiran P, McVicar J, Hadi V, Soleimani D, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa oil extract on cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2021;35(7):3747\u201355.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"687_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.155380","volume":"22","author":"A Bamosa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bamosa A, Kaatabi H, Badar A, Al-Khadra A, Al Elq A, Abou-Hozaifa B, et al. Nigella sativa: a potential natural protective agent against cardiac dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fam Commun Med. 2015;22(2):88\u201395.","journal-title":"Fam Commun Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"687_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2017.56","volume":"37","author":"A Badar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Badar A, Kaatabi H, Bamosa A, Al-Elq A, Abou-Hozaifa B, Lebda F, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation over a one-year period on lipid levels, blood pressure and heart rate in type-2 diabetic patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents: nonrandomized clinical trial. Ann Saudi Med. 2017;37(1):56\u201363.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"687_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499\u2013502.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"687_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86135-I","volume":"186","author":"H Draper","year":"1990","unstructured":"Draper H, Hadly M. Malonaldehyde determination as an index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:421\u201331.","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"687_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.2000.0319","volume":"5","author":"KM Miranda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide. 2001;5:62\u201371.","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"1","key":"687_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2013.10.58","volume":"10","author":"SK Hegazy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hegazy SK, Tolba OA, Mostafa TM, Eid MA, El-Afify DR. Alpha lipoic acid improves subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 2013;10(1):58\u201367.","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"687_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60471-6","volume":"378","author":"M Lind","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lind M, Bounias I, Olsson M, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S, Svensson A, Rosengren A. Glycaemic control and incidence of heart failure in 20,985 patients with type 1 diabetes: an observational study. Lancet. 2011;378:140\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"687_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02136-y","volume":"23","author":"MT Juli\u00e1n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juli\u00e1n MT, P\u00e9rez-Montes de Oca A, Julve J, Alonoso N. The double burden: type 1 diabetes and heart failure\u2014a comprehensive review. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):65.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"687_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-015-0051-z","volume":"15","author":"CA Segre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Segre CA, Hueb W, Garcia RM, Rezende PC, Favarato D, Strunz CM, et al. Troponin in diabetic patients with and without chronic coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15:72.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"687_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.875","volume":"59","author":"J Rubin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rubin J, Matsushita K, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen R, Coresh J, Selvin E. Chronic hyperglycemia and subclinical myocardial injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:484\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"687_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.11.013","volume":"1773","author":"TM Casey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Casey TM, Arthur PG, Bogoyevitch MA. Necrotic death without mitochondrial dysfunction-delayed death of cardiac myocytes following oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1773:342\u201351.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"687_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000040","volume":"59","author":"TK Homma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Homma TK, Endo CM, Saruhashi T, Mori AP, de Noronha RM, Monte O, et al. Dyslipidemia in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59:215\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2014.19.4.191","volume":"19","author":"SH Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim SH, Jung IA, Jeon YJ, Cho WK, Cho KS, Park SH, et al. Serum lipid profiles and glycemic control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014;19:191\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.999108","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Xiao Y, Hu J, Liu S, Zhou Z, Xie L. Lipid metabolism in type 1 diabetes mellitus: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 999108.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"687_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14224","volume":"10","author":"J Ke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ke J, Pan J, Lin H, Gu J. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: a brief summary on lipid toxicity. ESC Heart Fail. 2023;10(2):776\u201390.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"10","key":"687_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6707","volume":"34","author":"A Kooshki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kooshki A, Tofighiyan T, Rastgoo N, Rakhshani MH, Miri M. Effect of Nigella sativa oil supplement on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res. 2020;34(10):2706\u201311.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"687_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13922","volume":"85","author":"S Pelegrin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pelegrin S, Galtier F, Chalan\u00e7on A, Gagnol JP, Barbanel AM, P\u00e9lissier Y, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa seeds (black cumin) on insulin secretion and lipid profile: a pilot study in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85(7):1607\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"687_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2012.66.198-200","volume":"66","author":"AM Sabzghabaee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sabzghabaee AM, Dianatkhah M, Sarrafzadegan N, Asgary S, Ghannadi A. Clinical evaluation of Nigella sativa seeds for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. Med Arch. 2012;66:198\u2013200.","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"issue":"2","key":"687_CR34","first-page":"210","volume":"5","author":"E Farzaneh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farzaneh E, Nia FR, Mehrtash M, Mirmoeini FS, Jalilvand M. The effects of 8-week Nigella sativa supplementation and aerobic training on lipid profile and VO2 max in sedentary overweight females. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(2):210\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"687_CR35","first-page":"163","volume":"2","author":"G Al-Naqeep","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Naqeep G, Ismail M, Allaudin Z. Regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene expression by thymoquinone-rich fraction and thymoquinone in HepG2 cells. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenom. 2009;2:163\u201372.","journal-title":"J Nutrigenet Nutrigenom"},{"key":"687_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003","volume":"142","author":"K Huynh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;142:375\u2013415.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"687_CR37","first-page":"148","volume":"50","author":"J Bojunga","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bojunga J, Dresar B, Kusterer K. Tissue-specific expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes. 2001;50(Suppl. 2):148.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.11.006","volume":"106","author":"HM Razavi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Razavi HM, Hamilton JA, Feng Q. Modulation of apoptosis by nitric oxide: implications in myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;106:147\u201362.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"687_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.01.001","volume":"73","author":"D Seckin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seckin D, Ilhan N, Ilhan N, Ertugrul S. Glycaemic control, markers of endothelial cell activation and oxidative stress in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;73(2):191\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"687_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2019.07.153","volume":"44","author":"A Abdel-Moneim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdel-Moneim A, Zanaty MI, El-Sayed A, Khalil RG, Abdel RH. relation between oxidative stress and hematologic abnormalities in children with type 1 diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2020;44(3):222\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR41","first-page":"127","volume":"20","author":"S Hadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hadi S, Mirmiran P, Daryabeygi-Khotbesara R, Hadi V. Effect of Nigella sativa oil extract on inflammatory cytokine response and oxidative stress among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Progr Nutr. 2018;20:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Progr Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113486","volume":"10","author":"H Kaatabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Badar A, Al-Elq A, Abou-Hozaifa B, Lebda F, et al. Nigella sativa improves glycemic control and ameliorates oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: placebo controlled participant blinded clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0113486.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"687_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.968","volume":"20","author":"MA Mansour","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mansour MA, Nagi MN, El-Khatib AS, Al-Bekairi AM. Effects of thymoquinone on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and DT-diaphorase in different tissues of mice: a possible mechanism of action. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002;20:143\u201351.","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"issue":"4","key":"687_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6905","volume":"35","author":"M Talebi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talebi M, Talebi M, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Biological and therapeutic activities of thymoquinone: focus on the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Phytother Res. 2021;35(4):1739\u201353.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"687_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0385-2","volume":"49","author":"D Westermann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Westermann D, Rutschow S, Van Linthout S, Linderer A, B\u00fccker-G\u00e4rtner C, Sobirey M, et al. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates left ventricular dysfunction by mediating pro-inflammatory cardiac cytokine levels in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2507\u201313.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-019-4785-8","volume":"44","author":"C Riehle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riehle C, Bauersachs J. Key inflammatory mechanisms underlying heart failure. Herz. 2019;44:96\u2013106.","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"687_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2002.24.6.693065","volume":"24","author":"P Lijnen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lijnen P, Petrov V. Transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced collagen production in cultures of cardiac fibroblasts is the result of the appearance of myofibroblasts. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24:333\u201344.","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"687_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.7.2165","volume":"26","author":"MT Schram","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk C, Giorgino F, Ebeling P, Fuller JH, et al. Vascular risk factors and markers of endothelial function as determinants of inflammatory markers in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2165\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"687_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59206","DOI":"10.1155\/MI\/2006\/59206","volume":"2006","author":"Y Dogan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dogan Y, Akarsu S, Ustundag B, Yilmaz E, Gurgoze MK. Serum IL-1 beta, IL-2, and IL-6 in insulin-dependent diabetic children. Mediators Inflamm. 2006;2006(1):59206.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"687_CR50","volume":"2012","author":"V Jaku\u0161","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaku\u0161 V, Sap\u00e1k M, Kostolansk\u00e1 J. Circulating TGF-beta1, glycation, and oxidation in children with diabetes mellitus type 1. J Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012: 510902.","journal-title":"J Exp Diabetes Res"},{"key":"687_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753294","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2753294","volume":"2022","author":"A Rahmani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahmani A, Niknafs B, Naseri M, Nouri M, Tarighat-Esfanjani A. Effect of Nigella sativa oil on oxidative stress, inflammatory, and glycemic control indices in diabetic hemodialysis patients: a randomized double-blind, controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:2753294.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"687_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2174\/1871529X18666180212114816","volume":"18","author":"H Shaterzadeh-Yazdi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaterzadeh-Yazdi H, Noorbakhsh MF, Hayati F, Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Thymoquinone. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2018;18:52\u201360.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"687_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01035-6","volume":"30","author":"OO Ojueromi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ojueromi OO, Oboh G, Ademosun AO. Black seed (Nigella sativa): a favourable alternative therapy for inflammatory and immune system disorders. Inflammopharmacology. 2022;30(5):1623\u201343.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"687_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1515\/abm-2020-0020","volume":"14","author":"H Mashayekhi-Sardoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Rezaee R, Karimi G. Nigella sativa (black seed) safety: an overview. Asian Biomed (Res Rev News). 2020;14(4):127\u201337.","journal-title":"Asian Biomed (Res Rev News)"},{"key":"687_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.04.020","volume":"9","author":"JV Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas JV, Mohan ME, Prabhakaran P, Das SS, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM. A phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety of thymoquinone-rich black cumin oil (BlaQmax\u00ae) on healthy subjects: randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective study. Toxicol Rep. 2022;9:999\u20131007.","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"687_CR56","first-page":"185","volume":"41","author":"MS Akhtar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Akhtar MS, Riffat S. Field trial of Saussurea lappa roots against nematodes and Nigella sativa seeds against cestodes in children. J Pak Med Assoc. 1991;41:185\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"687_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2013.0602","volume":"15","author":"M Shawki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shawki M, El Wakeel L, Shatla R, El-Saeed G, Ibrahim S, Badary O. The clinical outcome of adjuvant therapy with black seed oil on intractable paediatric seizures: a pilot study. Epileptic Disord. 2013;15(3):295\u2013301.","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00687-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00687-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00687-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T09:43:49Z","timestamp":1757151829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00687-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40272-025-00687-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1174-5878","1179-2019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1174-5878","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2019","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB). No funding was received for the\npreparation of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Dalia El-Afify and Doaa El Amrousy have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"The study obtained ethical approval from the Faculty of Medicine\u2019s local ethical committee at Tanta University. The human subjects were enrolled following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Participants and their parents signed a consent form.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"All the data from the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"DE and DE: conceptualization and methodology. DE: methodology, writing (reviewing and editing of the manuscript). DE: data curation and methodology. The manuscript was reviewed and the final version agreed by all authors.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions"}}]}}