{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T06:01:18Z","timestamp":1744783278647,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015668","name":"Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01236-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T14:49:07Z","timestamp":1674917347000},"page":"413-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cost Effectiveness of Implementing a Universal Birth Hepatitis B Vaccination Program in Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasem","family":"Alsabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4630-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William W. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1236_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report 2017. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/255016. Accessed 14 Jan 2023."},{"key":"1236_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. Updated July 27, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b. Accessed 4 Apr 2021."},{"key":"1236_CR3","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Hepatitis B vaccine: Canadian immunization guide. Updated February 13, 2020. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines\/page-7-hepatitis-b-vaccine.html#a2. Accessed 4 Apr 2021."},{"key":"1236_CR4","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Provincial and territorial routine and catch-up vaccination schedule for infants and children in Canada. Updated June 2020. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/provincial-territorial-immunization-information\/provincial-territorial-routine-vaccination-programs-infants-children.html. Accessed 4 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"1236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3138\/canlivj.2018-0008","volume":"1","author":"CS Coffin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coffin CS, Fung SK, Alvarez F, Cooper CL, Doucette KE, Fournier C, et al. Management of hepatitis B virus infection: 2018 guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada. Can Liv J. 2018;1(4):156\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/canlivj.2018-0008.","journal-title":"Can Liv J."},{"key":"1236_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. Updated January 24, 2018. https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/hepatitisB\/en\/. Accessed 4 Dec 2020."},{"key":"1236_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B vaccination of infants, children, and adolescents. Updated November 8, 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/HBV\/VaccChildren.htm. Accessed 4 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"1236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20490","volume":"40","author":"CY Lu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lu CY, Chiang BL, Chi WK, Chang MH, Ni YH, Hsu HM. Waning immunity to plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine and the need for booster 15 years after neonatal vaccination. Hepatology. 2004;40(6):1415\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.20490.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv748","volume":"214","author":"MG Bruce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruce MG, Bruden D, Hurlburt D, et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv748.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1236_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.11.1638","volume":"88","author":"M Krahn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krahn M, Guasparini R, Sherman M, Detsky AS. Costs and cost-effectiveness of a universal, school-based hepatitis B vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(11):1638\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165879","volume":"11","author":"D Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee D, Park SM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hepatitis B vaccination strategies to prevent perinatal transmission in North Korea: selective vaccination vs. universal vaccination. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0165879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165879.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm123","volume":"18","author":"L Tilson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tilson L, Thornton L, O\u2019Flanagan D, et al. Cost effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination strategies in Ireland: an economic evaluation. Eur J Public Health. 2008;18(3):275\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm123.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"1236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.10.075","volume":"29","author":"MR Siddigui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siddigui MR, Gay N, Edmunds WJ, Ramsay M. Economic evaluation of infant and adolescent hepatitis B vaccination in the UK. Vaccine. 2011;29:466\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.10.075.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9301300103","volume":"13","author":"M Krahn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Krahn M, Detsky AS. Should Canada and the United States universally vaccinate infants against hepatitis B? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Med Decis Mak. 1993;13:4\u201320.","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak."},{"key":"1236_CR15","unstructured":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies: Canada. Published March 2017. https:\/\/www.cadth.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/guidelines_for_the_economic_evaluation_of_health_technologies_canada_4th_ed.pdf. Accessed 27 Jan 2019."},{"key":"1236_CR16","unstructured":"Public Health Ontario. Immunization coverage report for school pupils in Ontario: 2017-18 school year. Published May 2019. https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/en\/health-topics\/immunization\/vaccine-coverage. Accessed 20 Oct 2020."},{"key":"1236_CR17","unstructured":"TreeAge Pro 2020, R2. TreeAge software. Williamstown (MA). http:\/\/www.treeage.com. Accessed 14 Jan 2023."},{"key":"1236_CR18","volume-title":"Applied methods of cost-effectiveness analysis in health care","author":"AM Gray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gray AM, Clarke PM, Wolstenholme JL, Wordsworth S. Applied methods of cost-effectiveness analysis in health care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011."},{"key":"1236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1299","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200290","volume":"193","author":"MJ Biondi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biondi MJ, Marchand-Austin A, Cronin K, et al. Prenatal hepatitis B screening, and hepatitis B burden among children, in Ontario: a description study. Can Med Assoc J. 2020;193:E1299\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.200290.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"1236_CR20","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Consumer price index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted. Updated December 7, 2020. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1810000501. Accessed 7 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"8","key":"1236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02559.x","volume":"31","author":"WWL Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong WWL, Woo G, Heathcote EJ, Krahn M. Cost effectiveness of screening immigrants for hepatitis B. Liver Int. 2011;31(8):1179\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02559.x.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"1236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/canlivj-2021-0029","author":"N Nanwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nanwa N, Kwong J, Feld J, Wu C, Sander B. The mean attributable healthcare costs associated with hepatitis B virus in Ontario, Canada: a matched cohort study. Can Liver J. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/canlivj-2021-0029.","journal-title":"Can Liver J."},{"key":"1236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/736452","volume":"26","author":"G Woo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woo G, Tomlinson G, Yim C, et al. Health state utilities and quality of life in patients with hepatitis B. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012;26:445\u201351.","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12010","volume":"28","author":"CL Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin CL, Kao JH. Risk stratification for hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;28(1):10\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.12010.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1236_CR25","unstructured":"Hepatitis B Foundation. Risk factors. https:\/\/www.hepb.org\/research-and-programs\/liver\/risk-factors-for-liver-cancer\/. Accessed 7 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"1236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.005","volume":"58","author":"M Blachier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blachier M, Leleu H, Peck-Radosavljevic M, et al. The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data. J Hepatol. 2013;58(3):593\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.005.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1236_CR27","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Brief report: hepatitis B infection in Canada. https:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/id-mi\/pdf\/hepB-eng.pdf. Accessed 4 Dec 2020."},{"issue":"11","key":"1236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2013.0167","volume":"17","author":"J Potosek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Potosek J, Curry M, Buss M, et al. Integration of palliative care in end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation. J Palliat Med. 2014;17(11):1271\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2013.0167.","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"1236_CR29","unstructured":"Kim JJ, Forouzannia F, Wong WWL. Model-based estimation of the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in Canada. Unpublished work."},{"key":"1236_CR30","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Life tables, Canada, provinces, and territories, 1980\/1982 to 2017\/2019. Updated November 26, 2020. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/catalogue\/84-537-X. Accessed 7 Dec 2020."},{"key":"1236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2006.00810.x","volume":"14","author":"CM Chu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chu CM, Liaw YF. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection acquired in childhood: special emphasis on prognostic and therapeutic implication of delayed HBeAg seroconversion. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:147\u201352.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"1236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200725110-00006","volume":"25","author":"DL Veenstra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veenstra DL, Sullivan SD, Clarke L, et al. Cost effectiveness of entecavir versus lamivudine with adefovir salvage in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25:963\u201377.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"1236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080310","volume":"8","author":"YF Liaw","year":"1988","unstructured":"Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM, et al. The development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study. Hepatology. 1988;8:493\u20136.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290312","volume":"29","author":"S-M Lin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin S-M, Sheen I-S, Chien R-N, et al. Long-term beneficial effect of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 1999;29:971\u20135.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30024-3","volume":"1","author":"HLY Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan HLY, Fung S, Seto WK, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1:185\u201395.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1126-1","volume":"8","author":"WWL Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong WWL, Pechivanoglou P, Wong J, et al. Antiviral treatment for treatment-na\u00efve chronic hepatitis B: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev. 2019;8:207.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33638","volume":"35","author":"YS Hsu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2002;35:1522\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR38","first-page":"19","volume":"16","author":"E Gigi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gigi E, Lalla T, Orphanou E, et al. Long term follow-up of a large cohort of inactive HBsAg (+)\/HBeAg (\u2212)\/ anti-HBe (+) carriers in Greece. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:19\u201322.","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis."},{"key":"1236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00006","volume":"135","author":"BJ Mcmahon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mcmahon BJ, Holck P, Bulkow L, et al. Serologic and clinical outcomes of 1536 Alaska Natives chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:759\u201368.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.016","volume":"130","author":"UH Iloeje","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:678\u201386.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1236_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03691.x","volume":"27","author":"DL Veenstra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Veenstra DL, Spackman DE, Bisceglie A, et al. Evaluating anti-viral drug selection and treatment duration in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:1240\u201352.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"1236_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-019-00852-y","volume":"38","author":"F Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian F, Houle SKD, Alsabbagh MW, Wong WWL. Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir alafenamide for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in Canada. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38:181\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-019-00852-y.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"1236_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.11.022","volume":"144","author":"WH Wen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wen WH, Chang MH, Hsu HY, Ni YH, Chen HL. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma among prospectively followed children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Pediatr. 2004;144:397\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1236_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90919-4","volume":"90","author":"YF Liaw","year":"1986","unstructured":"Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM, et al. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:263\u20137.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1236_CR45","unstructured":"Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Touloumi G, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with or without cirrhosis treated with oral antivirals: results of the nationwide HEPNET. Greece Cohort Study. Boston, (MA): AASLD; 2009."},{"key":"1236_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.1.65","volume":"295","author":"CJ Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006;295:65\u201373.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.020263","volume":"53","author":"L Benvegn\u00f9","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benvegn\u00f9 L, Gios M, Boccato S, et al. Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis: a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications. Gut. 2004;53:744\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1236_CR48","first-page":"77","volume":"21","author":"G Fattovich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fattovich G, Giustina G, Schalm SW, et al. Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in Western European patients with cirrhosis type B. Hepatology. 1995;21:77\u201382.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00769.x","volume":"101","author":"F Kanwal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanwal F, Farid M, Martin P, et al. Treatment alternatives for hepatitis B cirrhosis: a cost effectiveness analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2076\u201389.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1236_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07057.x","volume":"97","author":"G Fattovich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fattovich G, Pantalena M, Zagni I, et al. Effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections on the natural history of compensated cirrhosis: a cohort study of 297 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2886\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00004","volume":"147","author":"DW Hutton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hutton DW, Tan D, So SK, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening and vaccinating Asian and Pacific Islander adults for hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:460\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1236_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-10-200505170-00007","volume":"142","author":"F Kanwal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanwal F, Gralnek IM, Martin P, et al. Treatment alternatives for chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:821\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1236_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E97","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20160161","volume":"5","author":"WWL Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong WWL, Lee KM, Singh S, et al. Drug therapies for chronic hepatitis C infection: a cost-effectiveness analysis. CMAJ Open. 2017;5:E97-108.","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"1236_CR54","first-page":"257","volume":"24","author":"A Craxi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Craxi A, Colombo P, D\u2019Amico G, et al. Hepatitis B infection and liver cirrhosis: a reappraisal from the Mediterranean area. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1987;24:257\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita."},{"key":"1236_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320309","volume":"31","author":"G D\u2019Amico","year":"1986","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L, et al. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:468\u201375.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1236_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6","volume":"3","author":"TPO Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"Collaborators TPO. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(6):383\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"1236_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.042","volume":"139","author":"G Woo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woo G, Tomlinson G, Nishikawa Y, et al. Tenofovir and entecavir are the most effective antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analyses. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1218\u201329.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1236_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802878","volume":"359","author":"P Marcellin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2442\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1236_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2010.00782.x","volume":"13","author":"H Dakin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dakin H, Bentley A, Dusheiko G. Cost-utility analysis of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Value Health. 2010;13:922\u201333.","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"key":"1236_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26180","volume":"58","author":"T Hosaka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosaka T, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, et al. Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2013;58:98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26301","volume":"58","author":"GL Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong GL, Chan HL, Mak CW, et al. Entecavir treatment reduces hepatic events and deaths in chronic hepatitis B patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2013;58:1537\u201347.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1236_CR62","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Health care in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2004."},{"key":"1236_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-020-00241-8","volume":"5","author":"AN Webb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Webb AN, Izquierdo DL, Eurich DT, et al. The actual operative costs of liver transplantation and normothermic machine perfusion in a Canadian setting. Pharmacoecon Open. 2021;5:311\u20138.","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"1236_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E167","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20200162","volume":"9","author":"WWL Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong WWL, Haines A, Bremner KE, et al. Health care costs associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study. Can Med Assoc J Open. 2021;9(1):E167\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9778\/cmajo.20200162.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J Open."},{"key":"1236_CR65","unstructured":"Ontario Drug Benefit. eFormulary. Prices are effective as of November 30, 2020. http:\/\/www.health.gov.on.ca\/en\/pro\/programs\/drugs\/odbf_eformulary.aspx. Accessed 7 Dec 2020."},{"key":"1236_CR66","unstructured":"BC Centre for Disease Control. Immunization coverage in children by the seventh birthday: 2012-2020. Published March 23, 2021. http:\/\/www.bccdc.ca\/resource-gallery\/Documents\/Statistics%20and%20Research\/Statistics%20and%20Reports\/Immunization\/Coverage\/7yo%20Coverage%20Results.pdf. Accessed July 2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"1236_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2217\/14750708.5.4.451","volume":"5","author":"R Gugig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gugig R, Rosenthal P. Fulminant hepatic failure in children. Future Med. 2008;5(4):451\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/14750708.5.4.451.","journal-title":"Future Med"}],"container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01236-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01236-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01236-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T14:46:10Z","timestamp":1678977970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01236-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01236-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1170-7690","1179-2027"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1170-7690"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1179-2027"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"John J. Kim was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. William W.L. Wong\u2019s research program was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Science Early Researcher Award.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"John J. Kim was an employee of Sanofi Pasteur during the time of this research and is currently an employee of Merck Canada Inc. The employers had no relationship with this research project and the work was performed independently by the listed authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"JJK: study conception, data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing, final approval of manuscript. WA: data analysis, manuscript writing, final approval of manuscript. WWLW: study conception, data analysis, manuscript writing, supervision, final approval of manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions"}}]}}