{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T08:58:37Z","timestamp":1772701117995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR301711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR301711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People\u2019s time is a finite resource and a valuable input that ought to be considered in economic evaluations taking a broad, societal perspective. Yet, evaluations of interventions focusing on children and young people (CYP) rarely account for the opportunity cost of time in this population. As a key reason for this, health economists have pointed to uncertainty around when it is appropriate to include CYP time-related costs in an economic evaluation and highlighted the lack of clear guidance on the topic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>With this in mind, we carried out a Delphi study to establish a list of relevant considerations for researchers to utilise whilst making decisions about whether and when to include CYP time in their economic evaluations. Delphi panellists were asked to propose and rate a set of possible considerations and provide additional thoughts on their ratings. Ratings were summarised using descriptive statistics, and text comments were interrogated through thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 73 panellists across 16 countries completed both rounds of a two-round Delphi study. Panellists\u2019 ratings showed that, when thinking about whether to include displaced CYP time in an economic evaluation, it is very important to consider whether: (1) inclusion would be in line with specified perspective(s) (median score: 9), (2) CYP\u2019s time may already be accounted for in other parts of the evaluation (median score: 8), (3) the amount of forgone time is substantial, either in absolute or relative terms (median score: 7) and (4) inclusion of CYP\u2019s time costs would be of interest to decision-makers (median score: 7). Respondents thought that considerations such as (1) whether inclusion would be of interest to the research community (median score: 6), (2) whether CYP\u2019s time displaced by receiving treatment is \u2018school\u2019 or \u2018play\u2019 time (median score: 5), and (3) whether CYP\u2019s are old enough for their time to be considered valuable (median score: 5) are moderately important. A range of views was offered to support beliefs and ratings, many of which were underpinned by compelling normative questions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-024-01411-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T15:02:05Z","timestamp":1723906925000},"page":"1267-1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Considerations Around the Inclusion of Children and Young People\u2019s Time in Economic Evaluation: Findings from an International Delphi Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7411-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4670-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cam","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2404-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Lancsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3121-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazaros","family":"Andronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624110-00009","volume":"24","author":"MJ Buxton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buxton MJ. 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L. Andronis NIHR301711). Views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors have no known competing financial or non-financial interests that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Anonymised data underpinning the reported study can be accessed following a formal request, in accordance with terms and conditions set by the NIHR (funder) and the University of Warwick (contractor).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"This study received favourable ethical approval from the University of Warwick Biomedical and Scientific Research Ethics Committee (BSREC: 48\/22-23).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"Conceptualisation: L.A., C.M., C.D., E.L. and S.P.; Methodology: L.A. and C.M.; formal analysis and investigation: C.M.; writing\u2014original draft preparation: C.M.; writing\u2014review and editing: C.M., L.A., C.D., E.L. and S.P.; and funding acquisition: L.A. All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}