{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:06:20Z","timestamp":1789059980785,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk, Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-026-01659-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:08:21Z","timestamp":1789056501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon Emission Impact of Semaglutide in People with Obesity in the UK Using a Disease Modelling Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1307-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Lund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"L\u00fcbker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Rasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loveleen","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suramya","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamaria-Vera","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuvraj","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432109","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1432109","volume":"12","author":"S Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda S, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Mas-Fontao S, Cuadrado-Soto E, Ortiz-Ramos M, Mat\u00eda-Mart\u00ednet P, et al. Body composition and CO2 dietary emissions. Front Public Health. 2025;12:1432109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1432109.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e993","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00258-3","volume":"6","author":"S McAlister","year":"2022","unstructured":"McAlister S, Morton RL, Barratt A. Incorporating carbon into health care: adding carbon emissions to health technology assessments. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6(12):e993\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00258-3.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health."},{"key":"1659_CR3","unstructured":"NHS England. Delivering a \u2018Net Zero\u2019 National Health Service. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/greenernhs\/publication\/delivering-a-net-zero-national-health-service\/. Accessed 29 Aug 2025."},{"key":"1659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.17265.1","volume":"4","author":"F D\u2019Agostino","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino F, Vliora M, Grillo E, Corsini M, Ravelli C, Simonetto A, et al. Impacts of obesity and obesogenic behaviours on climate change: a systematic review protocol. Open Res Europe. 2024;4:166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/openreseurope.17265.1.","journal-title":"Open Res Europe."},{"key":"1659_CR5","unstructured":"Official Statistics. Obesity profile: short statistical commentary. 2025. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/obesity-profile-may-2025-update\/obesity-profile-short-statistical-commentary-may-2025. Accessed 30 May 2025."},{"issue":"10481","key":"1659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1","volume":"405","author":"M Ng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ng M, Gakidou E, Lo J, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbas N, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990\u20132021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2025;405(10481):813\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018820934955","volume":"11","author":"S Ansari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ansari S, Haboubi H, Haboubi N. Adult obesity complications: challenges and clinical impact. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:2042018820934955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042018820934955.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"1659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12203","volume":"7","author":"RL Kolotkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolotkin RL, Andersen JR. A systematic review of reviews: exploring the relationship between obesity, weight loss and health-related quality of life. Clin Obes. 2017;7(5):273\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cob.12203.","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"1659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2025.31.2.179","volume":"31","author":"K Ezendu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ezendu K, Pohl G, Lee CJ, Wang H, Li X, Dunn JP. Prevalence of obesity-related multimorbidity and its health care costs among adults in the United States. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2025;31(2):179\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18553\/jmcp.2025.31.2.179.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"issue":"11","key":"1659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15785","volume":"26","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard J, Holloway S, Sommer Matthiessen K, Thompson A, Capucci S. Variations in healthcare costs by body mass index and obesity-related complications in a UK population: a retrospective open cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(11):5036\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15785.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01376-4","volume":"47","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard J, Banerji T, Capucci S, de Laguiche E, Faurby MD, Haase CL, et al. Real-world costs of obesity-related complications over eight years: a US retrospective cohort study in 28,500 individuals. Int J Obes. 2023;47(12):1239\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-023-01376-4.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1659_CR12","unstructured":"Bell M, Deyes K. Frontier economics: the annual social cost of obesity in the UK. 2022. https:\/\/www.frontier-economics.com\/uk\/en\/news-and-insights\/articles\/article-i9130-the-annual-social-cost-of-obesity-in-the-uk\/#:~:text=Tracking%20net%20zero%20financing%20in%20the%20UK%20economy&text=It%20provides%20an%20independent%20and,of%20the%202020%20UK%20GDP. Accessed 15 Jun 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"1659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22657","volume":"28","author":"F Magkos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magkos F, Tetens I, B\u00fcgel SG, Felby C, Schacht SR, Hill JO, et al. The environmental foodprint of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(1):73\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.22657.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078464","volume":"14","author":"M Keil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keil M, Frehse L, Hagemeister M, Knie\u00df M, Lange O, Kronenberg T, et al. Carbon footprint of healthcare systems: a systematic review of evidence and methods. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e078464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078464.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.107831","volume":"112","author":"Z Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhang P, Hao Y, Xiong X, Li X, et al. How obesity and overweight affect the carbon footprint of China\u2019s healthcare: a dire situation calling for urgent action. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2025;112:107831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.107831.","journal-title":"Environ Impact Assess Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59558","volume":"16","author":"P Tzoulis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tzoulis P, Batavanis M, Baldeweg S. A real-world study of the effectiveness and safety of semaglutide for weight loss. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e59558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.59558.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-024-01711-2","author":"M Del Prete","year":"2025","unstructured":"Del Prete M, Gavazzi L, Disoteo OE, Vignati F, Di Sacco G, Muratori F. Real-world effectiveness of semaglutide treatment on weight loss maintenance after weight loss in patients with obesity or overweight and diabetes. Eat Weight Disord. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-024-01711-2.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15386","volume":"26","author":"W Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin W, Yang J, Deng C, Ruan Q, Duan K. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight loss in overweight or obese adults without diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the 2-year STEP 5 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(3):911\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15386.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-020-00941-3","volume":"38","author":"S Lopes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopes S, Johansen P, Lamotte M, McEwan P, Olivieri AV, Foos V. External validation of the core obesity model to assess the cost-effectiveness of weight management interventions. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38(10):1123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-020-00941-3.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.495","volume":"7","author":"S Lopes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopes S, Meincke HH, Lamotte M, Olivieri A-V, Lean MEJ. A novel decision model to predict the impact of weight management interventions: the Core Obesity Model. Obes Sci Pract. 2021;7(3):269\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/osp4.495.","journal-title":"Obes Sci Pract"},{"key":"1659_CR21","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Final appraisal document: semaglutide for managing overweight and obesity. 2022. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta875\/documents\/final-appraisal-determination-document. Accessed 8 July 2025."},{"key":"1659_CR22","unstructured":"CADTH. Reimbursement recommendation semaglutide (Wegovy). 2022. https:\/\/www.cda-amc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/DRR\/2022\/SR0725%20Wegovy%20-%20CADTH%20Final%20Recommendation-meta.pdf. Accessed 7 Oct 2025."},{"key":"1659_CR23","unstructured":"NICE. Semaglutide for managing overweight and obesity. 2023. www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta875. Accessed 15 Sep 2025."},{"issue":"11","key":"1659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","volume":"384","author":"JP Wilding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilding JP, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10278","key":"1659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00213-0","volume":"397","author":"M Davies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davies M, F\u00e6rch L, Jeppesen OK, Pakseresht A, Pedersen SD, Perreault L, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00213-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"24","key":"1659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","volume":"389","author":"AM Lincoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Esbjerg S, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1659_CR27","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics\u2014England and Wales. Census. 2021. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/. Accessed 7 Oct 2025."},{"key":"1659_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Mortality data. 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/data-collection-tools\/who-mortality-database. Accessed 1 Sept 2025."},{"key":"1659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30288-2","volume":"6","author":"K Bhaskaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhaskaran K, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, et al. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3\u00b76 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:944\u201353.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15546","volume":"26","author":"XW Luah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luah XW, Holst-Hansen T, Lubker C. The association between body mass index and health-related quality of life in the 2017 and 2018 health survey of England data: a cross-sectional observational analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(6):2318\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15546.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x11401031","volume":"31","author":"PW Sullivan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sullivan PW, Slejko JF, Sculpher MJ, Ghushchyan V. Catalogue of EQ-5D scores for the United Kingdom. Med Decis Mak. 2011;31(6):800\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989x11401031.","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"key":"1659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2147\/dmsott.s7088","volume":"2","author":"SCL Gough","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gough SCL, Kragh N, Ploug UJ, Hammer M. Impact of obesity and type 2 diabetes on health-related quality of life in the general population in England. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2009;2:179\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dmsott.s7088.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes."},{"issue":"4","key":"1659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989x0202200412","volume":"22","author":"P Clarke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clarke P, Gray A, Holman R. Estimating utility values for health states of type 2 diabetic patients using the EQ-5D (UKPDS 62). Med Decis Mak. 2002;22(4):340\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272989x0202200412.","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"issue":"12","key":"1659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq150","volume":"103","author":"A Connor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Connor A, Lillywhite R, Cooke MW. The carbon footprint of a renal service in the United Kingdom. QJM. 2010;103(12):965\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq150.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"1","key":"1659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001017","volume":"8","author":"R Fordham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fordham R, Dhatariya K, Stancliffe R, Lloyd A, Chatterjee M, Mathew M, et al. Effective diabetes complication management is a step toward a carbon-efficient planet: an economic modeling study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e001017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001017.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"1659_CR36","unstructured":"Personal Social Services Research Unit. Unit costs of health and social care. https:\/\/kar.kent.ac.uk\/100519\/. Accessed 1 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1659_CR37","unstructured":"NovoNordisk. Care pathways: guidance on appraising sustainability. Case study: type 2 diabetes management care pathway. https:\/\/shcoalition.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Type-2-Diabetes-Care-Pathway.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb 2024."},{"key":"1659_CR38","unstructured":"National Health Service Sustainable Development Unit. Goods and services carbon hotspots. 2023. https:\/\/networks.sustainablehealthcare.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-05\/Hotspot_full.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2025."},{"key":"1659_CR39","unstructured":"UK Health Alliance on Climate Change. Green surgery report. https:\/\/ukhealthalliance.org\/resource\/green-surgery-report\/. Accessed 7 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"7","key":"1659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05473","volume":"7","author":"AG Parvatker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parvatker AG, Tunceroglu H, Sherman JD, Coish P, Anastas P, Zimmerman JB, et al. Cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas emissions for twenty anesthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients based on process scale-up and process design calculations. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2019;7(7):6580\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05473.","journal-title":"ACS Sustain Chem Eng"},{"key":"1659_CR41","unstructured":"World Resources Institute, World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Pharmaceutical product and medical device GHG accounting and reporting standard: summary document. Washington, DC: Greenhouse Gas Protocol; 2012. https:\/\/ghgprotocol.org\/sites\/default\/files\/tools\/Summary-Document_Pharmaceutical-Product-and-Medical-Device-GHG-Accounting_November-2012.pdf. Accessed 7 Aug 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"1659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-023-00839-z","volume":"22","author":"M Kindred","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kindred M, Shabrina Z, Zakiyah N. Exploratory approach to incorporating carbon footprint in health technology assessment (HTA) modelling: cost-effectiveness analysis of health interventions in the United Kingdom. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2024;22(1):49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40258-023-00839-z.","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"1659_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2024.02.019","volume":"27","author":"JT Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams JT, Bell KJ, Morton RL, Dieng M. Methods to include environmental impacts in health economic evaluations and health technology assessments: a scoping review. Value Health. 2024;27(6):794\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2024.02.019.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1659_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-018-0749-8","volume":"37","author":"LM de Vries","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Vries LM, van Baal PH, Brouwer WB. Future costs in cost-effectiveness analyses: past, present, future. Pharmacoeconomics. 2019;37(2):119\u201330.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"1659_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-022-01501-6","volume":"24","author":"H Mokri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mokri H, Kvamme I, de Vries L, Versteegh M, van Baal P. Future medical and non-medical costs and their impact on the cost-effectiveness of life-prolonging interventions: a comparison of five European countries. Eur J Health Econ. 2023;24:701\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"1659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044016","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab7461","volume":"15","author":"JK Steinberger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steinberger JK, Lamb WF, Sakai M. Your money or your life? The carbon-development paradox. Environ Res Lett. 2020;15:044016.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"1659_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-024-00434-x","volume":"11","author":"E Hough","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hough E, Cohen Tanugi-Carresse A. Supporting decarbonization of health systems: a review of international policy and practice on health care and climate change. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2024;11(2):266\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-024-00434-x.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"1659_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal A, K\u00e4nzig DR. The macroeconomic impact of climate change: Global vs. local temperature. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w32450. Accessed 7 Oct 2025.","DOI":"10.3386\/w32450"}],"container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01659-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01659-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01659-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:08:28Z","timestamp":1789056508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01659-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["1659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01659-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1170-7690","1179-2027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1170-7690","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2027","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Christopher\u00a0L\u00fcbker and Niels Lund are employees and shareholders of Novo Nordisk A\/S. Andreas Rasche is a member of the Novo Nordisk Sustainability Advisory Council (contract-based). Weiwei Xu, Loveleen Taneja, Anamaria-Vera Olivieri, Suramya Shukla, and Yuvraj Sharma are full-time employees of IQVIA. Matthew Taylor is employed by York Health Economics Consortium which has received funding from Novo Nordisk in the last three years.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work is based on previously conducted studies and publicly available data sources. It does not involve any original experiments or studies with human or animal subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The data supporting the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available because of privacy or ethical restrictions.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of data and material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"NL: conception and study design, acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation; CL: acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation; AR: data interpretation; MT: data interpretation; WX: conception and study design, acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation; LT: conception and study design, acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation; SS: conception and study design, acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation; AO: conception and study design, acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation; YS: conception and study design, acquisition of data, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation. All authors contributed to the manuscript development and approved the final version. NL is the guarantor of this work.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Microsoft Copilot, an AI-powered writing tool, was used to support language refinement, improve clarity and enhance the logical flow of some of the content of the manuscript. All content generated by the AI tool was critically reviewed, edited and approved by the authors to ensure accuracy, scientific integrity and compliance with ethical standards. The authors take full responsibility for the final content.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of AI use","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Patients and\/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination of the plans of this research.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","label":"Patient and public involvement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}