{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:52:55Z","timestamp":1791309175167,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-026-01672-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:07:15Z","timestamp":1791306435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Methods in Systematic Reviews of Health Economic Evaluations in Submissions to Health Technology Assessment Agencies: How Systematic Are They, and Does This Matter?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0767-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"McCool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526629.001.0001","volume-title":"Decision modelling for health economic evaluation","author":"AH Briggs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Briggs AH, Claxton K, Sculpher MJ. Decision modelling for health economic evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006."},{"key":"1672_CR2","unstructured":"Shemilt I, Aluko P, Gray AM. Chapter 20: Economic evidence. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, version 6.4. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/9781119536604.ch20."},{"issue":"5","key":"1672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00502.x","volume":"12","author":"L Bojke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bojke L, Claxton K, Sculpher M, Palmer S. Characterizing structural uncertainty in decision analytic models: a review and application of methods. Value Health. 2009;12(5):739\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00502.x.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.04.012","volume":"15","author":"DM Eddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eddy DM, Hollingworth W, Caro JJ, Tsevat J, McDonald KM, Wong JB. Model transparency and validation: a report of the ISPOR-SMDM modeling good research practices task force-7. Value Health. 2012;15(6):843\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2012.04.012.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"1672_CR5","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE technology appraisal and highly specialised technologies guidance: the manual. NICE processes and methods PMG36. London: January 2026. PMG36. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg36."},{"key":"1672_CR6","unstructured":"The Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. 3A.2.1: computational methods and structure of the economic evaluation. Woden, Canberra, Australia: Department of Health, Disability and Ageing National Office; 2016. Last updated September 2016. [cited 4 March 2026]. Available from: https:\/\/pbac.pbs.gov.au\/section-3a\/3a-2-computational-methods-and-structure-of-economic_analysis.html#:~:text=Provide%20a%20fully%20editable%20electronic,structure%20of%20the%20existing%20models."},{"key":"1672_CR7","unstructured":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies: Canada 4th edition. 2017. 64. Available from: https:\/\/www.cda-amc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/guidelines_for_the_economic_evaluation_of_health_technologies_canada_4th_ed.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"1672_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462309990523","volume":"25","author":"J Glanville","year":"2009","unstructured":"Glanville J, Kaunelis D, Mensinkai S. How well do search filters perform in identifying economic evaluations in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2009;25(4):522\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0266462309990523.","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-019-00878-2","volume":"38","author":"E Jacobsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobsen E, Boyers D, Avenell A. Challenges of systematic reviews of economic evaluations: a review of recent reviews and an obesity case study. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38(3):259\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-019-00878-2.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"1672_CR10","unstructured":"CEESP (French Economic Committee for Public Health). Format du rapport technique\u2014Analyse co\u00fbt-r\u00e9sultat. Document support pour le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d\u2019un dossier aupr\u00e8s de la CEESP dans le cadre de l\u2019article R. 161-71-3 du Code de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale. 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037008543\/2018-06-07. https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/c_419565\/fr\/commission-d-evaluation-economique-et-de-sante-publique-ceesp."},{"key":"1672_CR11","unstructured":"Institut f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4t und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen. General methods: Version 7.0. 19 September 2023. Section 7. Available from: https:\/\/www.iqwig.de\/methoden\/general-methods_version-7-0.pdf."},{"key":"1672_CR12","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE technology appraisal and highly specialised technologies guidance: the manual. London: January 2022. PMG36\u2014Section 3.3.26. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg36\/chapter\/evidence-2."},{"key":"1672_CR13","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE technology appraisal and highly specialised technologies guidance: the manual. London: January 2022. PMG36\u2014Section 3.4.4 and 3.4.5. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg36\/chapter\/evidence-2."},{"key":"1672_CR14","unstructured":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies: Canada 4th edition. 2017. 68 (model validation). Available from: https:\/\/www.cda-amc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/guidelines_for_the_economic_evaluation_of_health_technologies_canada_4th_ed.pdf."},{"key":"1672_CR15","unstructured":"Canada\u2019s Drug Agency. Methods guide for health technology assessment. 2025. 6 onwards. Available from: https:\/\/www.cda-amc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/MG%20Methods\/MG0030-Quantitative-Methods-Manual_Mar%202025.pdf."},{"key":"1672_CR16","unstructured":"\u00c9valuer les Technologies Sante. Format du rapport technique - Efficience. Document support pour le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d\u2019un dossier d\u2019analyse de l\u2019efficience aupr\u00e8s de la CEESP. January 2021. Sections 3.1 and 3.2. Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/c_2639155\/fr\/format-du-rapport-technique-de-l-analyse-de-l-efficience."},{"key":"1672_CR17","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de sant\u00e9. Choices in methods for economic evaluation\u2014HAS. April 2020. Annex 2. Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/upload\/docs\/application\/pdf\/2020-11\/methodological_guidance_2020_-choices_in_methods_for_economic_evaluation.pdf."},{"issue":"7052","key":"1672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7052.275","volume":"313","author":"M Drummond","year":"1996","unstructured":"Drummond M, Jefferson T. Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. The BMJ Economic Evaluation Working Party. BMJ. 1996;313(7052):275\u201383.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1672_CR19","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de sant\u00e9. Choices in methods for economic evaluation\u2014HAS. April 2020. Guideline 12 Section 2.2.1. Available from: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/upload\/docs\/application\/pdf\/2020-11\/methodological_guidance_2020_-choices_in_methods_for_economic_evaluation.pdf."},{"key":"1672_CR20","unstructured":"The Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. Appendix 2: literature search methods. Woden, Canberra, Australia: Department of Health, Disability and Ageing National Office; 2016. Last updated September 2016. [cited 4 March 2026]. Available from: https:\/\/pbac.pbs.gov.au\/appendixes\/appendix-2-literature-search-methods.html."},{"issue":"7","key":"1672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.08.918","volume":"16","author":"B Witt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Witt B, Bakker K, Volmer T. Analysis of the IQWiG comments on the evidence searches of dossiers in the German AMNOG process. Value Health. 2013;16(7):A481\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2013.08.918.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"1672_CR22","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pembrolizumab for treating relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Technology appraisal guidance TA540: 1 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta540."},{"key":"1672_CR23","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pembrolizumab for treating relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma in people 3 years and over. Technology appraisal guidance TA967: 1 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta967."},{"key":"1672_CR24","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Selinexor with dexamethasone for treating relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma after 4 or more treatments. Technology appraisal guidance TA970: 8 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta970."},{"key":"1672_CR25","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atogepant for preventing migraine. 15 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta973."},{"key":"1672_CR26","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Selinexor with bortezomib and dexamethasone for previously treated multiple myeloma. Technology appraisal guidance TA974: 15 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta974."},{"key":"1672_CR27","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dabrafenib with trametinib for treating BRAF V600E mutation-positive glioma in children and young people aged 1 year and over. Technology appraisal guidance TA977: 29 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta977."},{"key":"1672_CR28","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Voxelotor for treating haemolytic anaemia caused by sickle cell disease. Technology appraisal guidance TA981: 12 June 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta981."},{"key":"1672_CR29","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pembrolizumab with trastuzumab and chemotherapy for untreated locally advanced unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Technology appraisal guidance TA983: 12 June 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta983."},{"issue":"1","key":"1672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01536-x","volume":"9","author":"GE Shields","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shields GE, Elvidge J. Challenges in synthesising cost-effectiveness estimates. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01536-x.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1486","volume":"19","author":"R Anderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson R. Systematic reviews of economic evaluations: utility or futility? Health Econ. 2010;19(3):350\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.1486.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"1672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-025-00624-9","author":"EJ Manalastas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manalastas EJ, Hombali A, Thompson JC, Scott DA. Retractions of health economic evaluations: a systematic review. PharmacoEconomics - Open. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41669-025-00624-9.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics - Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"1672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-018-0683-9","volume":"36","author":"L Hernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez L, O\u2019Donnell M, Postma M. Modeling approaches in cost-effectiveness analysis of disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and recommendations for future economic evaluations. Pharmacoeconomics. 2018;36(10):1223\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-018-0683-9.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1672_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-025-00606-x","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhao F, Newby D, Gao L, Li S. The consistency and transferability of economic evaluations of disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: analysis of cost-effectiveness assessments from Australia, England, Canada and Scotland. Pharmacoecon Open. 2026;10(1):97\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41669-025-00606-x.","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"1672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-021-00264-1","volume":"10","author":"A Wiyani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiyani A, Badgujar L, Khurana V, Adlard N. How have economic evaluations in relapsing multiple sclerosis evolved over time? A systematic literature review. Neurol Ther. 2021;10(2):557\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40120-021-00264-1.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"1672_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.05.020","volume":"24","author":"S Huygens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huygens S, Versteegh M. Modeling the cost-utility of treatment sequences for multiple sclerosis. Value Health. 2021;24(11):1612\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2021.05.020.","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"issue":"12","key":"1672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2023.09.467","volume":"26","author":"T Kloska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kloska T, Wright S, Slater D, Baban S, van Hest N. A Targeted literature review of treatment sequencing approaches in economic analyses in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Value Health. 2023;26(12):S89\u2013S89.","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"1672_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.05.006","volume":"18","author":"F Allen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allen F, Montgomery S, Maruszczak M, Kusel J, Adlard N. Convergence yet continued complexity: a systematic review and critique of health economic models of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom. Value Health. 2015;18(6):925\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2015.05.006.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1672_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1342","volume":"10","author":"M Luhnen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luhnen M, Prediger B, Neugebauer EAM, Mathes T. Systematic reviews of health economic evaluations: a structured analysis of characteristics and methods applied. Res Synth Methods. 2019;10(2):195\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1342.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"1672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-025-01481-4","volume":"43","author":"S van Mossel","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Mossel S, Oude-Wolcherink MJ, Cardet RED, de Geus-Oei LF, Vriens D, Koffijberg H, et al. Artificial intelligence as a new research ally? Performing AI-assisted systematic literature reviews in health economics. Pharmacoeconomics. 2025;43(6):647\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-025-01481-4.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"1672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072254","author":"SHB van Dijk","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Dijk SHB, Brusse-Keizer MGJ, Bucs\u00e1n CC, van der Palen J, Doggen CJM, Lenferink A. Artificial intelligence in systematic reviews: promising when appropriately used. BMJ Open. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072254.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"1672_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113559","volume":"28","author":"M Moens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moens M, Nagels G, Wake N, Goudman L. Artificial intelligence as team member versus manual screening to conduct systematic reviews in medical sciences. iScience. 2025;28(10):113559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113559.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"1672_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-022-01229-4","volume":"41","author":"P Thokala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thokala P, Srivastava T, Smith R, Ren SJ, Whittington MD, Elvidge J, et al. Living health technology assessment: issues, challenges and opportunities. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41(3):227\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-022-01229-4.","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"}],"container-title":["PharmacoEconomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01672-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01672-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01672-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:07:21Z","timestamp":1791306441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01672-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["1672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-026-01672-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1170-7690","1179-2027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1170-7690","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2027","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data are included in this Article and its supplementary materials and in the relevant references. Any additional data are available on request from authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Availability of Data and Material","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Code Availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the conceptualisation and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by C.B. The first draft of the manuscript was written by C.B. and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Author Contributions","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}