{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:01:55Z","timestamp":1781823715069,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0346-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T11:39:54Z","timestamp":1434022794000},"page":"1295-1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Physical Activity and the Biliary Tract in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Roy J.","family":"Shephard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"346_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117403","volume":"141","author":"AF Attili","year":"1995","unstructured":"Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, et al. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(2):158\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30313-3","volume":"76","author":"JC Bowen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bowen JC, Brenner HI, Ferrante WA, et al. Gallstone disease. Med Clin N Am. 1992;76(5):1143\u201357.","journal-title":"Med Clin N Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80958-4","volume":"165","author":"AF Hofmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hofmann AF. Primary and secondary prevention of gallstone disease. Implications for patient management and research priorities. Am J Surg. 1993;165(4):541\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(199901)27:1<1::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"27","author":"W Kratzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kratzer W, Mason RA, Kachele V. Prevalence of gallstones in sonographic surveys worldwide. J Clin Ultrasound. 1999;27(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound."},{"issue":"11","key":"346_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02063233","volume":"40","author":"R Patankar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patankar R, Ozmen MM, Bailey IS, et al. Gall bladder motility, gallstones and the surgeon. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40(11):2323\u201335.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.32978","volume":"122","author":"RS Sandler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sandler RS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, et al. The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Gastroenterol. 2002;122(5):1500\u201311.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"346_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.172","volume":"6","author":"LM Stinton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stinton LM, Shaffer AA. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012;6(2):172\u201387.","journal-title":"Gut Liver."},{"issue":"Suppl. 212","key":"346_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529509090303","volume":"30","author":"P Portincasa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Portincasa P, Stolk MF, Van Erpecum KJ, et al. Cholesterol gallstone formation in man and potential treatments of the gallbladder motility defect. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30(Suppl. 212):63\u201378.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719360","volume":"23","author":"A Cuevas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cuevas A, Miquel JF, Reyes MS, et al. Diet as a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(3):187\u201396.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70456-7","volume":"117","author":"JD Everhart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Everhart JD, Khare M, Hill M, et al. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterol. 1999;117(3):632\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3031-6","volume":"115","author":"RJ Shephard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shephard RJ, Johnson N. Effects of physical activity upon the liver. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(1):1\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-959304","volume":"132","author":"P Deibert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deibert P, K\u00f6nig D, Allgaier H-P, et al. Sport and the digestive system [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2007;132(4):155\u201360.","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"346_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32832e6776","volume":"12","author":"EP Oliveira de","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care. 2009;12:533\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2012.59.1.27","volume":"59","author":"SU Jeong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeong SU, Lee SK. Obesity and gallbladder diseases [in Korean]. Kor J Gastroenterol. 2012;59(1):27\u201334.","journal-title":"Kor J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR15","first-page":"292","volume":"3","author":"T Khazaeinia","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khazaeinia T, Ramsey AA, Tam YK. The effect of exercise on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2000;3(3):292\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci."},{"issue":"28\u201329","key":"346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-829000","volume":"129","author":"F Lammert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lammert F, Matern S. Evidence-based prevention of cholecystolithiasis [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2004;129(28\u201329):1548\u201350.","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(02)00351-1","volume":"60","author":"MM Moga","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moga MM. Alternative treatment of gallbladder disease. Med Hypotheses. 2003;60(1):143\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.3.435","volume":"48","author":"HP Peters","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peters HP, de Vries WR, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, et al. Potential benefits and hazards of physical activity and exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 2001;48(3):435\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"346_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S635","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199911001-00024","volume":"31","author":"A Rissanen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rissanen A, Fogelholm M. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of other morbid conditions and impairments associated with obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(11 Suppl):S635\u201345.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"6","key":"346_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.004","volume":"20","author":"E Shaffer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaffer E. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981\u20136.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"10","key":"346_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200210000-00003","volume":"14","author":"M Simr\u00e9n","year":"2002","unstructured":"Simr\u00e9n M. Physical activity and the gastrointestinal tract. Eur Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14(10):1053\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199723040-00002","volume":"23","author":"AC Utter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Utter AC, Goss F. Exercise and gall bladder function. Sports Med. 1997;23(4):218\u201327.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"346_CR23","volume-title":"Textbook of physiological chemistry","author":"O Hammarsten","year":"1906","unstructured":"Hammarsten O, Mandel JA. Textbook of physiological chemistry. New York: Wiley; 1906."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.40.1.25","volume":"40","author":"PD McMaster","year":"1924","unstructured":"McMaster PD. Studies on the total bile: VI. The influence of diet upon the output of cholesterol in the bile. J Exp Med. 1924;40(1):25\u201342.","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.37.3.395","volume":"37","author":"PD McMaster","year":"1923","unstructured":"McMaster PD, Broun GO, Rous P. Studies on the total bile: I. The effects of operation, exercise, hot weather, relief of obstruction, intercurrent disease, and other normal and pathological influences. J Exp Med. 1923;37(3):395\u2013420.","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90564-5","volume":"89","author":"RS Fisher","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Rock E, Malmud S. Cholinergic effects on gall bladder emptying in humans. Gastroenterology. 1985;89(4):716\u201322.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)29370-3","volume":"183","author":"MS Amer","year":"1972","unstructured":"Amer MS. Studies with cholecystokinin in vitro: III. Mechanism of the effect on the isolated gall bladder strips. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1972;183(3):527\u201334.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"346_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1928.86.3.599","volume":"86","author":"AC Ivy","year":"1928","unstructured":"Ivy AC, Oldberg E. A hormone mechanism for gallbladder contraction and evacuation. Am J Physiol. 1928;86:599\u2013613.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR29","first-page":"469","volume":"99","author":"KM Strah","year":"1986","unstructured":"Strah KM, Melendez RL, Pappas TN, et al. Interactions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin octapeptide on the control of gall bladder contraction. Surgery. 1986;99(4):469\u20134763.","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.4.440","volume":"34","author":"LJ O\u2019Donnell","year":"1993","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell LJ, Fairclough PD. Gall stones and gallbladder motility. Gut. 1993;34(4):440\u20133.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR31","first-page":"280","volume":"28","author":"AC Utter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Utter AC, Goss FL, Whitcomb DC, et al. The effects of acute exercise on gall bladder function in an adult female population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(3):280\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80444-1","volume":"71","author":"JR Malagelada","year":"1976","unstructured":"Malagelada JR, Holtermuller KH, Sizemore GW, et al. The influence of hypercalcemia on basal and CCK stimulated pancreatic, gall bladder and gastric function in man. Gastroenterology. 1976;71(3):405\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"8653","key":"346_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90255-9","volume":"2","author":"BM Meyer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Meyer BM, Werth BA, Berlinger C, et al. Role of cholecystokinin in regulation of gastrointestinal motor function. Lancet. 1989;2(8653):12\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"346_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)46191-8","volume":"37","author":"S Tierney","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tierney S, Pitt HA, Lillemoe KD. Physiology and pathophysiology of gall bladder motility. Surg Clin N Am. 1993;37(6):1267\u201391.","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(92)90150-2","volume":"13","author":"E Philipp","year":"1992","unstructured":"Philipp E, Wilckens T, Friess E, et al. Cholecystokinin, gastrin and stress hormone responses in marathon runners. Peptides. 1992;13(1):125\u20138.","journal-title":"Peptides."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90025-V","volume":"98","author":"WC Vezina","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vezina WC, Paradis RL, Grace DM, et al. Increased volume and decreased emptying of the gallbladder in large (morbidly obese, tall normal, and muscular normal) people. Gastroenterology. 1990;98(4):1000\u20137.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000011595.39555.c0","volume":"49","author":"EMH Mathus-Vliegen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mathus-Vliegen EMH, Van lerland-Van Leeuwen ML, Terpstra A. Determinants of gallbladder kinetics in obesity. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49(1):9\u201316.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00007","volume":"32","author":"AC Utter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Utter AC, Whitcomb DC, Butterworth DE, et al. Effects of exercise training on gallbladder function in an obese female population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):41\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20117","volume":"33","author":"R Sari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sari R, Balci N, Balci MK. Effects of exercise on gallbladder volume and motility in obese women. J Clin Ultrasound. 2005;33(5):218\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290515","volume":"29","author":"J Choi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Choi J, Klinkspoor JH, Yoshida T, et al. Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli stimulates mucin secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Hepatology. 1999;29(5):1352\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"6","key":"346_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01783.x","volume":"261","author":"HU Marschall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marschall HU, Einarsson C. Gallstone disease. J Intern Med. 2007;261(6):529\u201342.","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"346_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.2.138","volume":"41","author":"P Portincasa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Portincasa P, Van Erpecum KJ, Vaberge-Hengouwen GP. Cholesterol crystallization in bile. Gut. 1997;41(2):138\u201341.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"9531","key":"346_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69044-2","volume":"368","author":"P Portincasa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Portincasa P, Moschewtta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet. 2006;368(9531):230\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"346_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2010.02.010","volume":"39","author":"NG Vennemann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vennemann NG, van Erpecum KJ. Pathogenesis of gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2010;39(2):171\u201383.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am."},{"key":"346_CR45","first-page":"139","volume":"10","author":"MC Carey","year":"1992","unstructured":"Carey MC, Lamont JT. Cholesterol gallstone formation: 1. Physical chemistry of bile and biliary lipid secretion. Prog Liver Dis. 1992;10:139\u201363.","journal-title":"Prog Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.127","volume":"37","author":"JN Plevris","year":"1995","unstructured":"Plevris JN, Bouchier IAD. Defective acid base regulation by the gallbladder epithelium and its significance for gallstone formation. Gut. 1995;37(1):127\u201331.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR47","first-page":"90","volume":"1733","author":"DQ Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang DQ, Zhang I, Wang HH. High cholesterol absorption efficiency and rapid biliary secretion of chylomicron remnant cholesterol enhance cholelithogenesis in gallstone-susceptible mice. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2005;1733(1):90\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(66)90132-9","volume":"19","author":"GD Friedman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Friedman GD, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. The epidemiology of gall bladder disease: observations in the Framingham study. J Chronic Dis. 1966;19(3):273\u201392.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"346_CR49","first-page":"664","volume":"122","author":"CN Williams","year":"1980","unstructured":"Williams CN, Johnston JL. Prevalence of gallstones and risk factors in Caucasian women in a rural Canadian community. Can Med Assoc J. 1980;122(6):664\u20138.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"issue":"10","key":"346_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300256","volume":"31","author":"SK Sarin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Kapur BML, Tandon RK. Cholesterol and pigment stones in Northern India: a prospective analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31(10):1041\u20135.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080434","volume":"8","author":"GREPCO","year":"1988","unstructured":"GREPCO. The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part II: factors associated with the disease. Hepatology. 1988;8(4):907\u201313.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.4.528","volume":"30","author":"T J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen T. Gall stones in a Danish population. Relation to weight, physical activity, smoking, coffee consumption, and diabetes mellitus. Gut. 1989;30(4):528\u201334.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"346_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909089221","volume":"24","author":"T J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen T, J\u00f8rgensen L. Gallstones and diet in a Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1989;24(7):821\u20136.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145375","volume":"8","author":"L Basso","year":"1992","unstructured":"Basso L, McCollum PT, Darling MRN, et al. A descriptive study of pregnant women with gallstones, relation to dietary and social habits, education, physical activity, height and weight. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992;8(5):629\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5 Suppl.","key":"346_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199505001-00325","volume":"32","author":"AC Utter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Utter AC, Kriska AM, Fernandes RJ, et al. The association between physical activity and gallbladder disease among Pima Indians [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;32(5 Suppl.):S57.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"7","key":"346_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009505","volume":"147","author":"T Sahi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sahi T, Paffenbarger RS, Gsieh CC, et al. Body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported, physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(7):644\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"346_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00001","volume":"128","author":"MF Leitzmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, et al. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(6):417\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"346_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411101","volume":"341","author":"MF Leitzmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, et al. Recreational physical activity and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(11):777\u201384.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"346_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03884.x","volume":"96","author":"CZ Chuang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chuang CZ, Martin LF, LeGardeur BY, et al. Physical activity, biliary lipids, and gallstones in obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(6):1860\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"34","key":"346_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5282","volume":"14","author":"D Festi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Festi D, Dormi A, Capodicasa S, et al. Incidence of gallstone disease in Italy: results from a multicenter, population-based Italian study (the MICOL project). World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(34):5282\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"346_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2003.10.007","volume":"36","author":"M Pagliarulo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pagliarulo M, Fornari F, Fraquelli M, et al. Gallstone disease and related risk factors in a large cohort of diabetic patients. Dig Liv Dis. 2004;36(2):130\u20134.","journal-title":"Dig Liv Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"346_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-005-1691-z","volume":"40","author":"H Sakuta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sakuta H, Suzuki T. Plasma total homocysteine and gallstone in middle-aged Japanese men. J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(11):1061\u20134.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"346_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2005.04.002","volume":"41","author":"KL Storti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Storti KL, Brauch JS, Fitzgerald SJ, et al. Physical activity and decreased risk of clinical gallstone disease among post-menopausal women. Prev Med. 2005;41(3\u20134):772\u20137.","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"346_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181484d0e","volume":"39","author":"AM Kriska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kriska AM, Brach JS, Jarvis BJ, et al. Physical activity and gallbladder disease determined by ultrasonography. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(11):1927\u201332.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"346_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-74","volume":"9","author":"T Walcher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walcher T, Haenle MM, Kron M, et al. Vitamin C supplement use may protect against gallstones: an observational study on a randomly selected population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009;9:74.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"8","key":"346_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32833732c3","volume":"22","author":"PJR Banim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Banim PJR, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, et al. Physical activity reduces the risk of symptomatic gallstones: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(8):983\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"346_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01944.x","volume":"103","author":"PT Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Williams PT. Independent effects of cardiorespiratory fitness, vigorous physical activity, and body mass index on clinical gallbladder disease risk. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(9):2239\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2008.12.002","volume":"19","author":"L Hou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hou L, Shu X-O, Gao Y-T, et al. Anthropometric measurements, physical activity, and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in Chinese women. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(5):344\u201350.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"346_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02232927","volume":"14","author":"H Sarles","year":"1969","unstructured":"Sarles H, Chabert C, Pommeau Y, et al. Diet and cholesterol gallstones: a study of 101 patients with cholelithiasis compared to 101 matched controls. Am J Dig Dis. 1969;14(8):531\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.11.5.430","volume":"11","author":"M Wheeler","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wheeler M, Hills LL, Laby B. Cholelithiasis: a clinical and dietary survey. Gut. 1970;11(5):430\u20137.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1155\/1989\/56539","volume":"1","author":"AS Linos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Linos AS, Daras V, Linos DA, et al. Dietary and other risk factors in aetiology of cholelithiasis: a case control study. HPB Surg. 1989;1(3):221\u20137.","journal-title":"HPB Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.1.120","volume":"69","author":"G Misciagna","year":"1999","unstructured":"Misciagna G, Centonze S, Leoci C, et al. Diet, physical activity, and gallstones- a population-based, case-control study in southern Italy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):120\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR73","first-page":"461","volume":"47","author":"L Ostrowska","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ostrowska L, Karczewski J, Serwin AB. Occupational-social influence in the course of cholelithiasis [in Polish]. Med Pr. 1996;47(5):461\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Pr."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1997.10718655","volume":"16","author":"RM Ortega","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ortega RM, Fernandez-Azuela M, Encinas-Sortillos A, et al. Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;16(1):88\u201395.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.10.007","volume":"6","author":"CW Ko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ko CW, Beresford SAA, Schilte SJ, et al. Insulin resistance and incident gallbladder disease in pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"346_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805001-00758","volume":"30","author":"AR Rexroad","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rexroad AR, Fitzgerald AS, Pereira MA, et al. Effect of walking intervention on ten-year cumulative incidence of gallbladder disease [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5 Suppl):S134.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR77","first-page":"39","volume":"31","author":"CW Ko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ko CW, Napolitano PG, Lee SP, et al. Physical activity, maternal metabolic measures, and the incidence of gallbladder sludge or stones during pregnancy: a randomized trial. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(1):39\u201348.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"346_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01292.2007","volume":"104","author":"KR Wilund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilund KR, Feeney LA, Tomayko EJ, et al. Endurance exercise training reduces gallstone development in mice. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(3):761\u20135.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"346_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9767-1","volume":"28","author":"G Behrens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Behrens G, Matthews CE, Moore SC, et al. The association between frequency of vigorous physical activity and hepatobiliary cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(1):55\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"346_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-366","volume":"8","author":"YH Yun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yun YH, Lim MK, Won YJ, et al. Dietary preference, physical activity, and cancer risk in men: national health insurance corporation study. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:366.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer."},{"issue":"4","key":"346_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0846","volume":"18","author":"JB Peel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peel JB, Sui X, Matthews CE, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and digestive cancer mortality: findings from the aerobics center longitudinal study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(4):1111\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev."},{"issue":"8","key":"346_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.8.941","volume":"32","author":"GJ Oettle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Oettle GJ. Effect of moderate exercise on bowel habit. Gut. 1991;32(8):941\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"5","key":"346_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.5.675","volume":"44","author":"MJ Veysey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Veysey MJ, Thomas LA, Mallet AI, et al. Prolonged large bowel transit time increases serum deoxycholic acid: a risk factor for octreide-induced gallstones. Gut. 1999;44(5):675\u201381.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"7","key":"346_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1984.11701902","volume":"12","author":"SN Sullivan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sullivan SN, Champion MC, Christofides ND, et al. Gastrointestinal regulatory peptide responses in long distance runners. Phys Sports Med. 1984;12(7):77\u201382.","journal-title":"Phys Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"346_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v4.i2.18","volume":"4","author":"VI Reshetnyak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reshetnyak VI. Concept of the pathogenesis and treatment of cholelithiasis. World J Hepatol. 2012;4(2):18\u201334.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"346_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181cfcb02","volume":"42","author":"M Meissner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meissner M, Havinga R, Bovweerhof R, et al. Exercise enhances whole-body cholesterol turnover in mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(8):1460\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0346-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0346-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0346-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T14:47:54Z","timestamp":1748443674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0346-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0346-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]]}}}