{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:38:23Z","timestamp":1790887103791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]],"date-time":"2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0956-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T23:50:05Z","timestamp":1530316205000},"page":"2179-2198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Are the Mechanical or Material Properties of the Achilles and Patellar Tendons Altered in Tendinopathy? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Obst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke J.","family":"Heales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keely A.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory J.","family":"Holzberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis B.","family":"Beavis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rod S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7338","key":"956_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7338.626","volume":"324","author":"KM Khan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Khan KM, Cook JL, Kannus P, Maffulli N, Bonar SF. Time to abandon the \u201ctendinitis\u201d myth. Br Med J. 2002;324(7338):626\u20137.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508324283","volume":"37","author":"JD Rees","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rees JD, Maffulli N, Cook J. Management of tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(9):1855\u201367.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00746.x","volume":"18","author":"U Fredberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fredberg U, Stengaard-Pedersen K. Chronic tendinopathy tissue pathology, pain mechanisms, and etiology with a special focus on inflammation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(1):3\u201315.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318227fa8c","volume":"44","author":"NL Grigg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grigg NL, Wearing SC, Smeathers JE. Achilles tendinopathy has an aberrant strain response to eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(1):12\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"956_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.01.013","volume":"20","author":"L Nuri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nuri L, Obst S, Newsham-West R, Barrett R. Three-dimensional deformation of the Achilles tendon during load in people with unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20:e71.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"issue":"Pt 17","key":"956_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.159764","volume":"220","author":"L Nuri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nuri L, Obst SJ, Newsham-West R, Barrett RS. The tendinopathic Achilles tendon does not remain iso-volumetric upon repeated loading: insights from 3D ultrasound. J Exp Biol. 2017;220(Pt 17):3053\u201361.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.05.011","volume":"39","author":"JH Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang JH. Mechanobiology of tendon. J Biomech. 2006;39(9):1563\u201382.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431359","volume":"110","author":"L Jozsa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jozsa L, Reffy A, Kannus P, Demel S, Elek E. Pathological alterations in human tendons. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1990;110(1):15\u201321.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg448","volume":"43","author":"G Riley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riley G. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective. Rheumatology. 2003;43(2):131\u201342.","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(01)00128-7","volume":"20","author":"D Ireland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ireland D, Harrall R, Curry V, Holloway G, Hackney R, Hazleman B, et al. Multiple changes in gene expression in chronic human Achilles tendinopathy. Matrix Biol. 2001;20(3):159\u201369.","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"956_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173100-00009","volume":"73","author":"P Kannus","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kannus P, Jozsa L. Histopathological changes preceding spontaneous rupture of a tendon. A controlled study of 891 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73(10):1507\u201325.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70021-0","volume":"14","author":"N Maffulli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maffulli N, Khan KM, Puddu G. Overuse tendon conditions: time to change a confusing terminology. Arthroscopy. 1998;14(8):840\u20133.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"7","key":"956_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(199809)26:7<335::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"26","author":"JM Archambault","year":"1998","unstructured":"Archambault JM, Wiley JP, Bray RC, Verhoef M, Wiseman DA, Elliott PD. Can sonography predict the outcome in patients with achillodynia? J Clin Ultrasound. 1998;26(7):335\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00259.2009","volume":"108","author":"S Arya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arya S, Kulig K. Tendinopathy alters mechanical and material properties of the Achilles tendon. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(3):670\u20135.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700305","volume":"17","author":"L Jozsa","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jozsa L, Kvist M, Balint B, Reffy A, Jarvinen M, Lehto M, et al. The role of recreational sport activity in Achilles tendon rupture: a clinical, pathoanatomical, and sociological study of 292 cases. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17(3):338\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"956_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01950","volume":"208","author":"GA Lichtwark","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hopping. J Exp Biol. 2005;208(24):4715\u201325.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.07.025","volume":"40","author":"GA Lichtwark","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. Is Achilles tendon compliance optimised for maximum muscle efficiency during locomotion? J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1768\u201375.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12466","volume":"26","author":"SJ Obst","year":"2016","unstructured":"Obst SJ, Newsham-West R, Barrett RS. Changes in Achilles tendon mechanical properties following eccentric heel drop exercise are specific to the free tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(4):421\u201331.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318289d821","volume":"45","author":"SJ Obst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Obst SJ, Barrett RS, Newsham-West R. Immediate effect of exercise on Achilles tendon properties: systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(8):1534\u201344.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"Pt 24","key":"956_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127175","volume":"218","author":"SJ Obst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Obst SJ, Newsham-West R, Barrett RS. Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the human Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise. J Exp Biol. 2015;218(Pt 24):3894\u2013900.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"956_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12742","volume":"27","author":"L Nuri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nuri L, Obst SJ, Newsham-West R, Barrett RS. Regional three-dimensional deformation of human Achilles tendon during conditioning. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27:1263\u201372.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"956_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.016","volume":"21","author":"L Nuri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nuri L, Obst SJ, Newsham-West R, Barrett RS. Recovery of human Achilles tendon three-dimensional deformation following conditioning. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21:473\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"issue":"Pt 23","key":"956_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.094219","volume":"216","author":"GA Lichtwark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lichtwark GA, Cresswell AG, Newsham-West RJ. Effects of running on human Achilles tendon length-tension properties in the free and gastrocnemius components. J Exp Biol. 2013;216(Pt 23):4388\u201394.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01442.2005","volume":"100","author":"GL Onambele","year":"2006","unstructured":"Onambele GL, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Calf muscle-tendon properties and postural balance in old age. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(6):2048\u201356.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000165347.55638.23","volume":"15","author":"UM Kujala","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Cumulative incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy in male former elite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(3):133\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"956_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.5987","volume":"45","author":"P Malliaras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malliaras P, Cook J, Purdam C, Rio E. Patellar tendinopathy: clinical diagnosis, load management, and advice for challenging case presentations. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):887\u201398.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.08.009","volume":"40","author":"LE DeFrate","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeFrate LE, Nha KW, Papannagari R, Moses JM, Gill TJ, Li G. The biomechanical function of the patellar tendon during in vivo weight-bearing flexion. J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1716\u201322.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158441","volume":"11","author":"H-P Wiesinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiesinger H-P, Rieder F, K\u00f6sters A, M\u00fcller E, Seynnes OR. Are sport-specific profiles of tendon stiffness and cross-sectional area determined by structural or functional integrity? PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0158441.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000603","volume":"47","author":"H-P Wiesinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wiesinger H-P, K\u00f6sters A, M\u00fcller E, Seynnes OR. Effects of increased loading on in vivo tendon properties: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(9):1885\u201395.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"20\u201322","key":"956_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701831058","volume":"30","author":"MV Narici","year":"2008","unstructured":"Narici MV, Maffulli N, Maganaris CN. Ageing of human muscles and tendons. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(20\u201322):1548\u201354.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"20\u201322","key":"956_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701785494","volume":"30","author":"CN Maganaris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maganaris CN, Narici MV, Maffulli N. Biomechanics of the Achilles tendon. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(20\u201322):1542\u20137.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.038026","volume":"213","author":"G Lichtwark","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lichtwark G, Barclay C. The influence of tendon compliance on muscle power output and efficiency during cyclic contractions. J Exp Biol. 2010;213(5):707\u201314.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"22","key":"956_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.126235","volume":"218","author":"GS Sawicki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sawicki GS, Sheppard P, Roberts TJ. Power amplification in an isolated muscle\u2013tendon unit is load dependent. J Exp Biol. 2015;218(22):3700\u20139.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1523","key":"956_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2403","volume":"270","author":"A Galantis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Galantis A, Woledge RC. The theoretical limits to the power output of a muscle\u2013tendon complex with inertial and gravitational loads. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003;270(1523):1493\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1569267","volume":"31","author":"TA Wren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wren TA, Lindsey DP, Beaupre GS, Carter DR. Effects of creep and cyclic loading on the mechanical properties and failure of human Achilles tendons. Ann Biomed Eng. 2003;31(6):710\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.12.015","volume":"44","author":"DJ Farris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farris DJ, Trewartha G, McGuigan MP. Could intra-tendinous hyperthermia during running explain chronic injury of the human Achilles tendon? J Biomech. 2011;44(5):822\u20136.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01150.2009","volume":"109","author":"A Four\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Four\u00e9 A, Nordez A, Cornu C. Plyometric training effects on Achilles tendon stiffness and dissipative properties. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(3):849\u201354.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"956_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336\u201341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.05.022","volume":"30","author":"B Galna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galna B, Peters A, Murphy AT, Morris ME. Obstacle crossing deficits in older adults: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2009;30(3):270\u20135.","journal-title":"Gait Posture."},{"key":"956_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):37\u201346.","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR41","first-page":"98","volume":"1","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis current directions. Psychol Sci. 1992;1(3):98\u2013101.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0539-4","volume":"46","author":"LJ Heales","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heales LJ, Bergin MJ, Vicenzino B, Hodges PW. Forearm muscle activity in lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review with quantitative analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(12):1833\u201345.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140434","volume":"274","author":"S Aubry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aubry S, Nueffer JP, Tanter M, Becce F, Vidal C, Michel F. Viscoelasticity in Achilles tendonopathy: quantitative assessment by using real-time shear-wave elastography. Radiology. 2015;274(3):821\u20139.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"15","key":"956_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270220","volume":"593","author":"YJ Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang YJ, Kulig K. The neuromechanical adaptations to Achilles tendinosis. J Physiol. 2015;593(15):3373\u201387.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510366234","volume":"38","author":"S Child","year":"2010","unstructured":"Child S, Bryant AL, Clark RA, Crossley KM. Mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon aponeurosis are altered in athletes with Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(9):1885\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5369","volume":"44","author":"RL Chimenti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chimenti RL, Flemister AS, Tome J, McMahon JM, Flannery MA, Xue Y, et al. Altered tendon characteristics and mechanical properties associated with insertional Achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44(9):680\u20139.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108198","volume":"37","author":"K Intziegianni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Intziegianni K, Cassel M, Rauf S, White S, Rector M, Kaplick H, et al. Influence of age and pathology on Achilles tendon properties during a single-leg jump. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(12):973\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.11.013","volume":"42","author":"K Kulig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kulig K, Chang YJ, Winiarski S, Bashford GR. Ultrasound-based tendon micromorphology predicts mechanical characteristics of degenerated tendons. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016;42(3):664\u201373.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.019","volume":"41","author":"CC Ooi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ooi CC, Schneider ME, Malliaras P, Chadwick M, Connell DA. Diagnostic performance of axial-strain sonoelastography in confirming clinically diagnosed Achilles tendinopathy: comparison with B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(1):15\u201325.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01511.x","volume":"22","author":"HK Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang HK, Lin KH, Su SC, Shih TT, Huang YC. Effects of tendon viscoelasticity in Achilles tendinosis on explosive performance and clinical severity in athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(6):e147\u201355.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23338","volume":"35","author":"RL Chimenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chimenti RL, Bucklin M, Kelly M, Ketz J, Flemister AS, Richards MS, et al. Insertional Achilles tendinopathy associated with altered transverse compressive and axial tensile strain during ankle dorsiflexion. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(4):910\u20135.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12023","volume":"23","author":"C Couppe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Couppe C, Kongsgaard M, Aagaard P, Vinther A, Boesen M, Kjaer M, et al. Differences in tendon properties in elite badminton players with or without patellar tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(2):e89\u201395.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"13","key":"956_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092275","volume":"47","author":"C Helland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Helland C, Bojsen-Moller J, Raastad T, Seynnes OR, Moltubakk MM, Jakobsen V, et al. Mechanical properties of the patellar tendon in elite volleyball players with and without patellar tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(13):862\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509350915","volume":"38","author":"M Kongsgaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kongsgaard M, Qvortrup K, Larsen J, Aagaard P, Doessing S, Hansen P, et al. Fibril morphology and tendon mechanical properties in patellar tendinopathy: effects of heavy slow resistance training. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(4):749\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3593-1","volume":"117","author":"WC Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee WC, Zhang ZJ, Masci L, Ng GYF, Fu SN. Alterations in mechanical properties of the patellar tendon is associated with pain in athletes with patellar tendinopathy. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(5):1039\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"956_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108337","volume":"9","author":"ZJ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang ZJ. Ng GY-f, Lee WC, Fu SN. Changes in morphological and elastic properties of patellar tendon in athletes with unilateral patellar tendinopathy and their relationships with pain and functional disability. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e108337.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"956_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coombes BK, Tucker K, Vicenzino B, Vuvan V, Mellor R, Heales L, et al. Achilles and patellar tendinopathy display opposite changes in elastic properties: a shear wave elastography study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12986\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12986"},{"issue":"10","key":"956_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2016.05.012","volume":"23","author":"T Dirrichs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dirrichs T, Quack V, Gatz M, Tingart M, Kuhl CK, Schrading S. Shear wave elastography (SWE) for the evaluation of patients with tendinopathies. Acad Radiol. 2016;23(10):1204\u201313.","journal-title":"Acad Radiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000139895.94846.8D","volume":"36","author":"N Maffulli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maffulli N, Testa V, Capasso G, Ewen SW, Sullo A, Benazzo F, et al. Similar histopathological picture in males with Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(9):1470\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679608994688","volume":"67","author":"J Leppilahti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leppilahti J, Puranen J, Orava S. Incidence of Achilles tendon rupture. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67(3):277\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24809","volume":"110","author":"T Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang T, Lin Z, Day RE, Gardiner B, Landao-Bassonga E, Rubenson J, et al. Programmable mechanical stimulation influences tendon homeostasis in a bioreactor system. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2013;110(5):1495\u2013507.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"14","key":"956_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434140-00005","volume":"34","author":"CN Maganaris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maganaris CN, Narici MV, Almekinders LC, Maffulli N. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of overuse tendon injuries: ideas on insertional tendinopathy. Sports Med. 2004;34(14):1005\u201317.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x","volume":"208","author":"M Benjamin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs J, Bydder G, Best T, Milz S. Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (\u2018entheses\u2019) in relation to exercise and\/or mechanical load. J Anat. 2006;208(4):471\u201390.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200607000-00008","volume":"16","author":"N Maffulli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maffulli N, Reaper J, Ewen SW, Waterston SW, Barrass V. Chondral metaplasia in calcific insertional tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16(4):329\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"956_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.08.022","volume":"53","author":"I Bah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bah I, Kwak ST, Chimenti RL, Richards MS, Ketz JP, Flemister AS, et al. Mechanical changes in the Achilles tendon due to insertional Achilles tendinopathy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;53:320\u20138.","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR66","first-page":"135","volume":"37","author":"TA Wren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wren TA, Beaupre GS, Carter DR. Mechanobiology of tendon adaptation to compressive loading through fibrocartilaginous metaplasia. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37(2):135.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12491","volume":"26","author":"SI Docking","year":"2016","unstructured":"Docking SI, Cook J. Pathological tendons maintain sufficient aligned fibrillar structure on ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC). Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(6):675\u201383.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.01.2013.03","volume":"3","author":"S Docking","year":"2013","unstructured":"Docking S, Samiric T, Scase E, Purdam C, Cook J. Relationship between compressive loading and ECM changes in tendons. Muscle Ligaments Tendons J. 2013;3(1):7\u201311.","journal-title":"Muscle Ligaments Tendons J."},{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.08.929","volume":"43","author":"SJ Obst","year":"2017","unstructured":"Obst SJ, Boyd R, Read F, Barber L. Quantitative 3-D ultrasound of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in children with unilateral spastic Cerebral Palsy. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017;43(12):2814\u201323.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"956_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.06.008","volume":"41","author":"JA Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin JA, Biedrzycki AH, Lee KS, DeWall RJ, Brounts SH, Murphy WL, et al. In vivo measures of shear wave speed as a predictor of tendon elasticity and strength. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(10):2722\u201330.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"19","key":"956_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092535","volume":"48","author":"L Heales","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heales L, Lim E, Hodges P, Vicenzino B. Sensory and motor deficits exist on the non-injured side of patients with unilateral tendon pain and disability\u2014implications for central nervous system involvement: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(19):1400\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31827795a7","volume":"45","author":"NL Grigg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grigg NL, Wearing SC, O\u2019Toole JM, Smeathers JE. Achilles tendinopathy modulates force frequency characteristics of eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(3):520\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W713","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6971","volume":"197","author":"G Girish","year":"2011","unstructured":"Girish G, Lobo LG, Jacobson JA, Morag Y, Miller B, Jamadar DA. Ultrasound of the shoulder: asymptomatic findings in men. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(4):W713\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000247006.24965.74","volume":"39","author":"K Kubo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kubo K, Morimoto M, Komuro T, Tsunoda N, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, et al. Age-related differences in the properties of the plantar flexor muscles and tendons. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(3):541\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0744-8","volume":"88","author":"K Kubo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Gender differences in the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;88(6):520\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.5.B441","volume":"59","author":"J Ochala","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ochala J, Valour D, Pousson M, Lambertz D, Van Hoecke J. Gender differences in human muscle and joint mechanical properties during plantar flexion in old age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(5):441\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20404","volume":"25","author":"GN Onambele","year":"2007","unstructured":"Onambele GN, Burgess K, Pearson SJ. Gender-specific in vivo measurement of the structural and mechanical properties of the human patellar tendon. J Orthop Res. 2007;25(12):1635\u201342.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090414","volume":"46","author":"JL Cook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook JL, Purdam C. Is compressive load a factor in the development of tendinopathy? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(3):163.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"956_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.06.038","volume":"61","author":"SJ Pearson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pearson SJ, Mohammed ASA, Hussain SR. Patellar tendon in vivo regional strain with varying knee angle. J Biomech. 2017;61:45\u201350.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0019-z","volume":"43","author":"P Malliaras","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malliaras P, Barton CJ, Reeves ND, Langberg H. Achilles and patellar tendinopathy loading programmes: a systematic review comparing clinical outcomes and identifying potential mechanisms for effectiveness. Sports Med. 2013;43(4):267\u201386.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051193","volume":"43","author":"J Cook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cook J, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(6):409\u201316.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"956_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2017.00096","author":"C Pizzolato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pizzolato C, Lloyd DG, Barrett RS, Cook JL, Zheng MH, Besier TF, et al. Bioinspired technologies to connect musculoskeletal mechanobiology to the person for training and rehabilitation. Front Comput Neurosc. 2017. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2017.00096\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosc."},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2003.11.021","volume":"59","author":"M Robson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robson M, Benjamin M, Gishen P, Bydder G. Magnetic resonance imaging of the Achilles tendon using ultrashort TE (UTE) pulse sequences. Clin Radiol. 2004;59(8):727\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1229","volume":"5","author":"DW Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith DW, Rubenson J, Lloyd D, Zheng M, Fernandez J, Besier T, et al. A conceptual framework for computational models of Achilles tendon homeostasis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2013;5(5):523\u201338.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00849.2014","volume":"118","author":"OR Seynnes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seynnes OR, Bojsen-M\u00f8ller J, Albracht K, Arndt A, Cronin NJ, Finni T, et al. Ultrasound-based testing of tendon mechanical properties: a critical evaluation. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118(2):133\u201341.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0956-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0956-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0956-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T19:14:50Z","timestamp":1561835690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0956-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-018-0956-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Steven Obst, Luke Heales, Benjamin Schrader, Scott Davis, Keely Dodd, Cory Holzberger, Louis Beavis and Rod Barrett declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}