{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:38:21Z","timestamp":1789180701002,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commonwealth Departments of Sport, Recreation and Tourism, and Health"},{"name":"Commonwealth Schools Commission"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOOH 0578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOOH 0578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1128373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1128373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1098369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1098369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veolia Environmental Services"},{"name":"Mostyn Family Foundation"},{"name":"Patricia F Gordon Scholarship in Medical Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although low child and adult grip strength is associated with adverse cardiometabolic health, how grip strength across the life course associates with type 2 diabetes is unknown. This study identified the relative contribution of grip strength measured at specific life stages (childhood, young adulthood, mid-adulthood) with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Between 1985 and 2019, 263 participants had their grip strength measured using an isometric dynamometer in childhood (9\u201315\u00a0years), young adulthood (28\u201336\u00a0years) and mid-adulthood (38\u201349\u00a0years). In mid-adulthood, a fasting blood sample was collected and tested for glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Participants were categorized as having prediabetes or type 2 diabetes if fasting glucose levels were\u2009\u2265\u20095.6\u00a0mmol or if HbA1c levels were\u2009\u2265\u20095.7% (\u2265\u200939\u00a0mmol\/mol). A Bayesian relevant life course exposure model examined the association between lifelong grip strength and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Grip strength at each time point was equally associated with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood (childhood: 37%, young adulthood: 36%, mid-adulthood: 28%). A one standard deviation increase in cumulative grip strength was associated with 34% reduced odds of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood (OR 0.66, 95% credible interval 0.40, 0.98).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Greater grip strength across the life course could protect against the development of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Strategies aimed at increasing muscular strength in childhood and maintaining behaviours to improve strength into adulthood could improve future cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Video abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01328-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T10:02:45Z","timestamp":1597831365000},"page":"175-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Association Between Grip Strength Measured in Childhood, Young- and Mid-adulthood and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes in Mid-adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1752-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooklyn J.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Blizzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Jeanne","family":"Buscot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Venn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costan G.","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.183","volume":"8","author":"L Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus-present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;8(4):228\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4867-4","volume":"62","author":"J Tarp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarp J, Stole AP, Blond K, Grontved A. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2019;62(7):1129\u201342.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4826-0","volume":"62","author":"CHC Yeung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeung CHC, Au Yeung SL, Fong SSM, Schooling CM. Lean mass, grip strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a bi-directional Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia. 2019;62(5):789\u201399.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.02.002","volume":"21","author":"BJ Fraser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Schmidt MD, Juonala M, Dwyer T, Venn AJ, et al. Childhood cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and adult measures of glucose homeostasis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(9):935\u201340.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2252","volume":"36","author":"A Gr\u00f8ntved","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8ntved A, Ried-Larsen M, Ekelund U, Froberg K, Brage S, Andersen LB. Independent and combined association of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth with insulin resistance and beta-cell function in young adulthood: the European Youth Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2575\u201381.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2002","volume":"164","author":"C Crump","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA, Sieh W, Sundquist K. Physical fitness among Swedish military conscripts and long-term risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(9):577\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198578154.001.0001","volume-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology","author":"D Kuh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuh D, Shlomo YB. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004."},{"key":"1328_CR8","unstructured":"Pyke JE, Murphy EM. Australian health and fitness survey 1985: the fitness, health and physical performance of Australian school students aged 7\u201315\u00a0years: Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation; 1987."},{"issue":"9","key":"1328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000955","volume":"48","author":"BJ Fraser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Huynh QL, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Venn AJ, Magnussen CG. Childhood muscular fitness phenotypes and adult metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(9):1715\u201322.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740060","volume":"32","author":"JV Durnin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr. 1974;32(1):77\u201397.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3110-5.50011-X","volume-title":"Gross composition of the body","author":"W Siri","year":"1956","unstructured":"Siri W. Gross composition of the body. New York: Academic Press; 1956."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"1328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002","volume":"42","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Supplement 1):S13\u201328.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1328_CR13","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01","volume":"76","author":"B Carpenter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carpenter B, Gelman A, Hoffman MD, Lee D, Goodrich B, Betancourt M, et al. Stan: a probabilistic programming language. J Stat Softw. 2017;76(1):1\u201332.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy107","volume":"47","author":"S Madathil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madathil S, Joseph L, Hardy R, Rousseau MC, Nicolau B. A Bayesian approach to investigate life course hypotheses involving continuous exposures. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(5):1623\u201335.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00515","volume":"8","author":"S Madathil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madathil S, Blaser C, Nicolau B, Richard H, Parent ME. Disadvantageous socioeconomic position at specific life periods may contribute to prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness. Front Oncol. 2018;8:515.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"1328_CR17","volume-title":"Australia\u2019s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2014","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. Australia\u2019s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2014."},{"key":"1328_CR18","volume-title":"Global recommendations on physical activity for health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: WHO Press; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001410","volume":"50","author":"SG Kennedy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Peralta LR, Hilland TA, Eather N, et al. Implementing resistance training in secondary schools: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(1):62\u201372.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1679575","volume":"38","author":"BJ Fraser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Cleland V, Schmidt MD, Smith KJ, Gall SL, et al. Factors associated with muscular fitness phenotypes in Australian children: a cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(1):38\u201345.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1523672","volume":"37","author":"BJ Fraser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Tomkinson GR, Lycett K, Wake M, Burgner D, et al. The great leap backward: changes in the jumping performance of Australian children aged 11- to 12-years between 1985 and 2015. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(7):748\u201354.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.03.021","volume":"20","author":"BJ Fraser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fraser BJ, Schmidt MD, Huynh QL, Dwyer T, Venn AJ, Magnussen CG. Tracking of muscular strength and power from youth to young adulthood: longitudinal findings from the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(10):927\u201331.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2165\/11531380-000000000-00000","volume":"40","author":"B Strasser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strasser B, Siebert U, Schobersberger W. Resistance training in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of resistance training on metabolic clustering in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism. Sports Med. 2010;40(5):397\u2013415.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00005","volume":"147","author":"RJ Sigal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud\u2019homme D, Fortier M, et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(6):357\u201369.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.294","volume":"53","author":"MK Holten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holten MK, Zacho M, Gaster M, Juel C, Wojtaszewski JF, Dela F. Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(2):294\u2013305.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"1328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1010-4","volume":"169","author":"AE Wind","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wind AE, Takken T, Helders PJ, Engelbert RH. Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults? Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(3):281\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1199","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0445","volume":"126","author":"M Behringer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Behringer M, Vom Heede A, Yue Z, Mester J. Effects of resistance training in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):e1199\u2013210.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434050-00005","volume":"34","author":"GR Hunter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 2004;34(5):329\u201348.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"1328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058321","volume":"44","author":"J Castro-Pinero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Castro-Pinero J, Artero EG, Espana-Romero V, Ortega FB, Sjostrom M, Suni J, et al. Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(13):934\u201343.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31817393b1","volume":"22","author":"LA Milliken","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milliken LA, Faigenbaum AD, Loud RL, Westcott WL. Correlates of upper and lower body muscular strength in children. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(4):1339\u201346.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res."}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01328-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01328-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01328-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T23:13:26Z","timestamp":1629328406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01328-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01328-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The CDAH Study was supported by Grants and fellowships from the Commonwealth Departments of Sport, Recreation and Tourism, and Health, the Commonwealth Schools Commission, the National Heart Foundation (GOOH 0578), the National Health and Medical Research Council (211316, 1128373, 1098369), Veolia Environmental Services and the Mostyn Family Foundation. CGM is supported by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship (100849) and BJF was supported by the Patricia F Gordon Scholarship in Medical Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The ASHFS was approved by the State Directors General of Education. Follow-up studies were approved by the Southern Tasmania Health and Medical Human Research Ethics Committee and the Tasmania Health and Medical Human Research Ethics Committee.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent. The authors declare that the study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"BJF and CGM contributed to the conceptualization of the paper, analysed data and wrote the manuscript. LB and MJB provided general and statistical advice, assisted with interpretation, and critically reviewed the manuscript. MDS contributed to discussion and critically reviewed the manuscript. TD and AJV participated in the study design, contributed to discussion and critically reviewed the manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}},{"value":"The datasets generated during and\/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability statement"}}]}}