{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:46:00Z","timestamp":1790847960553,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001621","name":"University of the West of Scotland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Walking outdoors can be used by many individuals to meet public health guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity. The speed at which adults walk may be a proxy for intensity. Traditional estimates of indoor walking speed are unlikely to reflect self-selected usual or other instructed paces of outdoor walking speed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To inform estimates of pace-based walking speed of apparently healthy adults in outdoor settings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We searched four electronic databases for articles published in English between January 1970 and March 2019. Studies that reported walking speed (m\/s), cadence (steps\/min), or intensity (mL\/kg\/min) of ambulatory, apparently healthy, and community-dwelling adults (&gt;\u200918\u00a0years) were included. Walking speed categories were defined according to the description provided in each study. Meta-analysis was used to synthesise speed, cadence, and intensity data by slow, usual, medium, fast, and maximal pace (where reported).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thirty-five studies, representing 14,015 participants (6808 women, 5135 men, and 2072 sex not specified), were identified. The mean (95% CI) walking speed for slow, usual, medium, fast, and maximal pace was 0.82 (0.77\u20130.86), 1.31 (1.27\u20131.35), 1.47 (1.44\u20131.49), 1.72 (1.64\u20131.81), and 1.62 (1.45\u20131.79) m\/s, respectively. Mean cadence (95% CI) for usual and fast paces were 116.65 (114.95\u2013118.35) and 126.75 (121.87\u2013131.63) steps\/min, respectively. The mean oxygen consumption (95% CI) for the usual and medium paces was 11.97 (11.69\u201312.25) and 13.34 (12.94\u201313.73) mL\/kg\/min, respectively<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings provide greater clarity with regard to how various indicators of enacted walking pace, speed, and intensity overlap and how each can be best communicated in the real-world setting to optimise health-related outcomes. Pace-based instructions can be used to support walking in outdoor settings within public health guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01351-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T10:03:06Z","timestamp":1602151386000},"page":"125-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Outdoor Walking Speeds of Apparently Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4232-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine M.","family":"Murtagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1466-8680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline L.","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elroy","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrine","family":"Tudor-Locke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie H.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1351_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.11.027","volume":"95","author":"RM Hulteen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hulteen RM, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Barnett LM, Hallal PC, Colyvas K, et al. 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JM carried out the search. EA carried out the data analysis. All authors drafted and critically revised the work.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}