{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T11:24:50Z","timestamp":1793273090711,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012676","name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARE Consortium"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARE Consortium"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014043","name":"Office of the Under Secretary of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-14-2-0151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-14-2-0151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014043","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01415-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:07:47Z","timestamp":1610363267000},"page":"1087-1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Factors Associated with Symptom Reporting in U.S. Service Academy Cadets and NCAA Student Athletes without Concussion: Findings from the CARE Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"name":"CARE Consortium Investigators","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn B.","family":"Caccese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Hunzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breton M.","family":"Asken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Clugston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan N.","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald T.","family":"McGinty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Estevez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Susmarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Enrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey N.","family":"Bryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Broglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Pasquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","volume":"51","author":"P McCrory","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:838\u201347.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1415_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100338","volume":"53","author":"KG Harmon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K, et al. American medical society for sports medicine position statement on concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(4):213\u201325.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1415_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182853","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2853","volume":"172","author":"A Lumba-Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):e182853.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1415_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097470","volume":"51","author":"M Makdissi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makdissi M, Schneider KJ, Feddermann-Demont N, et al. Approach to investigation and treatment of persistent symptoms following sport-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):958\u201368.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1415_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Lange RT. Post-concussion syndrome. In: The little black book of neuropsychology. Springer; 2011. p. 745\u201363.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76978-3_24"},{"issue":"2","key":"1415_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.974674","volume":"29","author":"DK Broshek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broshek DK, De Marco AP, Freeman JR. A review of post-concussion syndrome and psychological factors associated with concussion. Brain Inj. 2015;29(2):228\u201337.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"1415_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00489","volume":"10","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iverson GL. Network analysis and precision rehabilitation for the post-concussion syndrome. Front Neurol. 2019;10:489.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1415_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181e8f8d8","volume":"20","author":"CM Bailey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bailey CM, Samples HL, Broshek DK, et al. The relationship between psychological distress and baseline sports-related concussion testing. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(4):272\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1415_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318295a834","volume":"23","author":"JP Mihalik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mihalik JP, Lengas E, Register-Mihalik JK, et al. The effects of sleep quality and sleep quantity on concussion baseline assessment. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(5):343\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1415_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2374","volume":"169","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Silverberg ND, Mannix R, et al. Factors associated with concussion-like symptom reporting in high school athletes. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(12):1132\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1415_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1246672","volume":"31","author":"BM Asken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asken BM, Snyder AR, Smith MS, et al. Concussion-like symptom reporting in non-concussed adolescent athletes. Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;31(1):138\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1415_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx018","volume":"32","author":"BM Asken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asken BM, Snyder AR, Clugston JR, et al. Concussion-like symptom reporting in non-concussed collegiate athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;32(8):963\u201371.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1415_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.12.21","volume":"52","author":"JE Cottle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cottle JE, Hall EE, Patel K, et al. Concussion baseline testing: preexisting factors, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance. J Athl Train. 2017;52(2):77\u201381.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"5","key":"1415_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/act024","volume":"28","author":"RJ Elbin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elbin RJ, Kontos AP, Kegel N, et al. Individual and combined effects of LD and ADHD on computerized neurocognitive concussion test performance: evidence for separate norms. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;28(5):476\u201384.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1415_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.5.PEDS12524","volume":"12","author":"SL Zuckerman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zuckerman SL, Lee YM, Odom MJ, et al. Baseline neurocognitive scores in athletes with attention deficit\u2013spectrum disorders and\/or learning disability. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013;12(2):103\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1415_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0335-6","volume":"45","author":"DA Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown DA, Elsass JA, Miller AJ, et al. Differences in symptom reporting between males and females at baseline and after a sports-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(7):1027\u201340.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1415_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0707-1","volume":"47","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broglio SP, McCrea M, McAllister T, et al. A national study on the effects of concussion in collegiate athletes and US military service academy members: The NCAA\u2013DoD concussion assessment, research and education (CARE) consortium structure and methods. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1437\u201351.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1415_CR18","unstructured":"SCAT3. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(5):259."},{"issue":"9","key":"1415_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516648141","volume":"44","author":"EY Chin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chin EY, Nelson LD, Barr WB, et al. Reliability and validity of the sport concussion assessment Tool\u20133 (SCAT3) in high school and collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(9):2276\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1415_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0813-0","volume":"48","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Katz BP, Zhao S, et al. Test-retest reliability and interpretation of common concussion assessment tools: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE consortium. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1255\u201368.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1415_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000241","volume":"26","author":"ND Silverberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silverberg ND, Berkner PD, Atkins JE, et al. Relationship between short sleep duration and preseason concussion testing. Clin J Sport Med. 2016;26(3):226\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1415_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/03610911003650383","volume":"39","author":"H Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen H, Cohen P, Chen S. How big is a big odds ratio? interpreting the magnitudes of odds ratios in epidemiological studies. Commun Stat Simul Comput. 2010;39(4):860\u20134.","journal-title":"Commun Stat Simul Comput"},{"key":"1415_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer Jr DW, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied logistic regression. Wiley; 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"issue":"2","key":"1415_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709991287","volume":"16","author":"HG Belanger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Belanger HG, Spiegel E, Vanderploeg RD. Neuropsychological performance following a history of multiple self-reported concussions: a meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2010;16(2):262\u20137.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1415_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0134-x","volume":"44","author":"D King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King D, Brughelli M, Hume P, Gissane C. Assessment, management and knowledge of sport-related concussion: systematic review. Sports Med. 2014;44(4):449\u201371.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1415_CR26","unstructured":"Asken BM, Houck ZM, Bauer RM, Clugston JR. SCAT5 vs. SCAT3 symptom reporting differences and convergent validity in collegiate athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol (epub ahead of print)."}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01415-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01415-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01415-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T05:10:13Z","timestamp":1724303413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01415-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01415-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This publication was made possible, in part, with support from the Grand Alliance CARE Consortium, funded by the NCAA and the DoD. The USAMRAA, Fort Detrick, MD, USA, is the awarding and administering acquisition office. This work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Program under Award No. W81XWH-14-2-0151. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the DoD (DHP funds).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Grant Iverson, Ph.D. serves as a scientific advisor for BioDirection, Inc., Sway Operations, LLC, and Highmark, Inc. He has a clinical and consulting practice in forensic neuropsychology, including expert testimony, involving individuals who have sustained mild TBIs (including athletes). He has received research funding from several test publishing companies, including ImPACT Applications, Inc., CNS Vital Signs, and Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR, Inc.). He has received research funding as a principal investigator from the National Football League, and salary support as a collaborator from the Harvard Integrated Program to Protect and Improve the Health of National Football League Players Association Members. He acknowledges unrestricted philanthropic support from ImPACT Applications, Inc., the Heinz Family Foundation, the Mooney-Reed Charitable Foundation, and the Spaulding Research Institute. None of the other authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The local Institutional Review Board at each of the performance sites and the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Human Research Protection Office (HRPO) reviewed and approved all study procedures. This study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The CARE Consortium datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the FITBIR repository ().","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"JBC was involved in the conception and design of the study, the analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, and final approval of the version to be submitted. GLI and TAB were involved in the conception and design of the study, the interpretation of data, revising the article for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be submitted. KJH was involved in the conception and design of the study, the analysis of data, revising the article for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be submitted. All of the remaining authors were involved in the conception and design of the study, revising the article for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be submitted.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}