{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:26:17Z","timestamp":1792441577968,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01545-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T07:03:09Z","timestamp":1630479789000},"page":"75-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["The Effects of Exercise Interventions on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen H. S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond K. W.","family":"Sum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binrang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy H. P.","family":"Sit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013."},{"key":"1545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.239","volume":"5","author":"M Elsabbagh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh Y, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marc\u00edn C, Fombonne E. Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res. 2012;5:160\u201379.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"1545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1955","volume":"11","author":"S Healy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Healy S, Nacario A, Braithwaite RE, Hopper C. The effect of physical activity interventions on youth with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Autism Res. 2018;11:818\u201333.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"1545_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000031","volume":"22","author":"C Curtin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Curtin C, Jojic M, Bandini LG. Obesity in children with autism spectrum disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22:93\u2013103.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"1545_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03928-y","volume":"50","author":"SL Calhoun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calhoun SL, Pearl AM, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Durica KC, Mayes SD, Murray MJ. Sleep disturbances increase the impact of working memory deficits on learning problems in adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50:1701\u201313.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101147","volume":"19","author":"X Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang X, Li R, Wong SHS, Sum RKW, Sit CHP. Accelerometer-measured physical activity levels in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep. 2020;19:101147.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"1545_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1526334","volume":"42","author":"C-H Chu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chu C-H, Tsai C-L, Chen F-C, Sit CHP, Chen P-L, Pan C-Y. The role of physical activity and body-related perceptions in motor skill competence of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42:1373\u201381.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"1545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1668-8","volume":"43","author":"M Sachse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sachse M, Schlitt S, Hainz D, Ciaramidaro A, Schirman S, Walter H, Freitag CM. Executive and visuo-motor function in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:1222\u201335.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000901","volume":"48","author":"JE Donnelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski P, Szabo-Reed AN. Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1197\u2013222.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","volume":"64","author":"A Diamond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:135\u201368.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"1545_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.06.012","volume":"56","author":"C \u00c1lvarez-Bueno","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Bueno C, Pesce C, Cavero-Redondo I, S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez M, Mart\u00ednez-Hortelano JA, Mart\u00ednez-Vizca\u00edno V. The effect of physical activity interventions on children\u2019s cognition and metacognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56:729\u201338.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1545_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099825","volume":"53","author":"Y Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue Y, Yang Y, Huang T. Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:1397\u2013404.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1545_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00626","volume":"10","author":"CM Stillman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stillman CM, Cohen J, Lehman ME, Erickson KI. Mediators of physical activity on neurocognitive function: a review at multiple levels of analysis. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:626.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.08.011","volume":"42","author":"SJH Biddle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biddle SJH, Ciaccioni S, Thomas G, Vergeer I. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019;42:146\u201355.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"1545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204529","volume":"333","author":"A Diamond","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diamond A, Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science. 2011;333:959\u201364.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1545_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000195","volume":"145","author":"ZK Takacs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takacs ZK, Kassai R. The efficacy of different interventions to foster children\u2019s executive function skills: a series of meta-analyses. Psychol Bull. 2019;145:653\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1545_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2010.08.001","volume":"30","author":"JR Best","year":"2010","unstructured":"Best JR. Effects of physical activity on children\u2019s executive function: contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Dev Rev. 2010;30:331\u201351.","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"1545_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.07.011","volume":"19","author":"V Carson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Wiebe SA, Spence JC, Friedman A, Hinkley T. Systematic review of physical activity and cognitive development in early childhood. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19:573\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"1545_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015249","volume":"66","author":"RS Prakash","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prakash RS, Voss MW, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Physical activity and cognitive vitality. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:769\u201397.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"1545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001936","volume":"51","author":"KI Erickson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erickson KI, Hillman C, Stillman CM, Ballard RM, Bloodgood B, Conroy DE, Powell KE. Physical activity, cognition, and brain outcomes: a review of the 2018 physical activity guidelines. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2019;51:1242\u201351.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"1545_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091441","volume":"48","author":"L Verburgh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verburgh L, K\u00f6nigs M, Scherder EJA, Oosterlaan J. Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:973\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.03.007","volume":"23","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Zhang J, Cao M, Hu W, Zhou T, Huang T, et al. The effect of chronic physical activity interventions on executive function in children aged 3\u20137 years: a meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23:949\u201354.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"1545_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.595","volume":"21","author":"JW de Greeff","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Greeff JW, Bosker RJ, Oosterlaan J, Visscher C, Hartman E. Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21:501\u20137.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"1545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2854-x","volume":"46","author":"BWZ Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan BWZ, Pooley JA, Speelman CP. A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of physical exercise interventions on cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46:3126\u201343.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564886","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.564886","volume":"14","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang M, Liu Z, Ma H, Smith DM. Chronic physical activity for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and\/or autism spectrum disorder in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:564886.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S24016","volume":"4","author":"C Anderson-Hanley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson-Hanley C, Tureck K, Schneiderman RL. Autism and exergaming: effects on repetitive behaviors and cognition. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2011;4:129\u201337.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"1545_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316633562","volume":"21","author":"C-Y Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan C-Y, Chu C-H, Tsai C-L, Sung M-C, Huang C-Y, Ma W-Y. The impacts of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2017;21:190\u2013202.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"1545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318823910","volume":"23","author":"CYA Tse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tse CYA, Lee HP, Chan KSK, Edgar BV, Wilkinson-Smith A, Lai WHE. Examining the impact of physical activity on sleep quality and executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Autism. 2019;23:1699\u2013710.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"1545_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","volume":"6","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000100.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1545_CR30","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Handbook Res Synth","author":"RG Orwin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Orwin RG. Evaluating coding decisions. In: Cooper H, Hedges LV, editors. Handbook Res Synth. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994. p. 139\u201362."},{"key":"1545_CR31","first-page":"186","volume":"28","author":"R Herbert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Herbert R, Moseley A, Sherrington C. PEDro: a database of randomised controlled trials in physiotherapy. Heal Inf Manag. 1998;28:186\u20138.","journal-title":"Heal Inf Manag"},{"key":"1545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0032","volume":"8","author":"Q Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang Q, Aiken CA, Fang C, Pan Z. Effects of exergaming on physical and cognitive functions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Games Health J. 2019;8:74\u201384.","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"1545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","volume":"83","author":"CG Maher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83:713\u201321.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1545_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.066357","volume":"44","author":"C Sherrington","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sherrington C, Moseley AM, Herbert RD, Elkins MR, Maher CG. Ten years of evidence to guide physiotherapy interventions: physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro). Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:836\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1545_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0132634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132634","volume":"10","author":"S Armijo-Olivo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Armijo-Olivo S, da Costa BR, Cummings GG, Ha C, Fuentes J, Saltaji H, et al. PEDro or Cochrane to assess the quality of clinical trials? A meta-epidemiological study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:0132634.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1545_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2009."},{"key":"1545_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","volume":"4","author":"D Lakens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1545_CR38","volume-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"LV Hedges","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando: Academic Press; 1985."},{"key":"1545_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1545_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.17105\/SPR-2017-0124.V48-2","volume":"48","author":"SN Nakutin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakutin SN, Gutierrez G. Effect of physical activity on academic engagement and executive functioning in children with ASD. Sch Psychol Rev. 2019;48:177\u201384.","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1545_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04072-3","volume":"49","author":"JN Phung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phung JN, Goldberg WA. Promoting executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts training. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49:3669\u201384.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2019.0180","volume":"10","author":"H Rafiei Milajerdi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rafiei Milajerdi H, Sheikh M, Najafabadi MG, Saghaei B, Naghdi N, Dewey D. The effects of physical activity and exergaming on motor skills and executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder. Games Health J. 2021;10:33\u201342.","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"key":"1545_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2015.1080352","volume":"40","author":"SDR Ringenbach","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ringenbach SDR, Lichtsinn KC, Holzapfel SD. Assisted cycling therapy (ACT) improves inhibition in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2015;40:376\u201387.","journal-title":"J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"1545_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00084","volume":"14","author":"E Bremer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bremer E, Graham JD, Heisz JJ, Cairney J. Effect of acute exercise on prefrontal oxygenation and inhibitory control among male children with autism spectrum disorder: an exploratory study. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:84.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549254","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/549254","volume":"2011","author":"AS Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan AS, Sze SL, Cheung MC, Han YMY, Leung WWM, Shi D. Dejian mind-body intervention improves the cognitive functions of a child with autism. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2011;2011:549254.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"1545_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068184","volume":"8","author":"AS Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan AS, Sze SL, Siu NY, Lau EM, Cheung M. A Chinese mind-body exercise improves self-control of children with autism: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:68184.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1545_CR47","first-page":"26","volume":"5","author":"G Greco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greco G. Multilateral training using physical activity and social games improves motor skills and executive function in children with autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Spec Educ Res. 2020;5:26\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Spec Educ Res"},{"key":"1545_CR48","first-page":"1637","volume":"20","author":"G Greco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greco G, De Ronzi R. Effect of karate training on social, emotional, and executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Phys Educ Sport. 2020;20:1637\u201345.","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Sport"},{"key":"1545_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2014.008664","volume":"68","author":"CL Hilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilton CL, Cumpata K, Klohr C, Gaetke S, Artner A, Johnson H, Dobbs S. Effects of exergaming on executive function and motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study. Am J Occup Ther. 2014;68:57\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"1545_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"017","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5718\/1510017","volume":"1","author":"C Hilton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hilton C, Attal A, Best JR, Reistetter TA, Trapani P, Collins D. Exergaming to improve physical and mental fitness in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Pilot study. Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015;1:017.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Exerc Med"},{"key":"1545_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01674-1","volume":"54","author":"LD Wiggins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiggins LD, Rice CE, Barger B, Soke GN, Lee L-C, Moody E, et al. DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder maximizes diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in preschool children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54:693\u2013701.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"1545_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.6.3.235.3152","volume":"6","author":"GA Gioia","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. Test review behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol. 2000;6:235\u20138.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1545_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.15.3.243","volume":"15","author":"BA Sibley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sibley BA, Etnier JL. The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2003;15:243\u201356.","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"1545_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2136-4","volume":"44","author":"RC Leung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leung RC, Zakzanis KK. Brief report: cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders: a quantitative review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:2628\u201345.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718757647","volume":"24","author":"S Ludyga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ludyga S, Gerber M, M\u00fccke M, Brand S, Weber P, Brotzmann M, et al. The acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility and task-related heart rate variability in children with ADHD and healthy controls. J Atten Disord. 2020;24:693\u2013703.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.29.6.783","volume":"29","author":"BA Sibley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sibley BA, Beilock SL. Exercise and working memory: an individual differences investigation. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007;29:783\u201391.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"1545_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.11.001","volume":"7","author":"ES Drollette","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Moore RD, Saliba BJ, Pontifex MB, et al. Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: an ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2014;7:53\u201364.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00420","volume":"9","author":"DR Hampson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hampson DR, Blatt GJ. Autism spectrum disorders and neuropathology of the cerebellum. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:420.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0355-9","volume":"11","author":"SH Fatemi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fatemi SH, Aldinger KA, Ashwood P, Bauman ML, Blaha CD, Blatt GJ, et al. Consensus paper: pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. Cerebellum. 2012;11:777\u2013807.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1545_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00117","volume":"71","author":"A Diamond","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diamond A. Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Dev. 2000;71:44\u201356.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"1545_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20500","volume":"20","author":"SH Mostofsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mostofsky SH, Simmonds DJ. Response inhibition and response selection: two sides of the same coin. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008;20:751\u201361.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0259-y","volume":"37","author":"SE Christ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Christ SE, Holt DD, White DA, Green L. Inhibitory control in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1155\u201365.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2003.08.005","volume":"19","author":"A Scheres","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scheres A, Oosterlaan J, Geurts H, Morein-Zamir S, Meiran N, Schut H, et al. Executive functioning in boys with ADHD: primarily an inhibition deficit? Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19:569\u201394.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1545_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.06.011","volume":"8","author":"S Kercood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kercood S, Grskovic JA, Banda D, Begeske J. Working memory and autism: a review of literature. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8:1316\u201332.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"1545_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9336-y","volume":"27","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Cui J, Wang J, Shum DHK, et al. A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2017;27:46\u201361.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1545_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216198","volume":"14","author":"A Habib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Habib A, Harris L, Pollick F, Melville C. A meta-analysis of working memory in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0216198.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1545_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-010-0034-0","volume":"18","author":"AB Morrison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morrison AB, Chein JM. Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychon Bull Rev. 2011;18:46\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"1545_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2298","volume":"9","author":"CH Hillman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:58\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1545_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.10.001","volume":"81","author":"V Labelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Labelle V, Bosquet L, Mekary S, Bherer L. Decline in executive control during acute bouts of exercise as a function of exercise intensity and fitness level. Brain Cogn. 2013;81:10\u20137.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"1545_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.067","volume":"98","author":"K Byun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Byun K, Hyodo K, Suwabe K, Ochi G, Sakairi Y, Kato M, et al. Positive effect of acute mild exercise on executive function via arousal-related prefrontal activations: an fNIRS study. Neuroimage. 2014;98:336\u201345.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1545_CR71","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. ICF","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. ICF. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 2020."}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01545-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01545-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01545-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T22:09:36Z","timestamp":1675634976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01545-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01545-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Xiao Liang, Ru Li, Stephen H. S. Wong, Raymond K.W. Sum, Peng Wang, Bingrang Yang and Cindy H.P. Sit have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All data generated or analyzed during this systematic review and meta-analysis were included in the article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent"}},{"value":"XL and CHPS were responsible for the conceptualization, investigation, and hypothesis of the research. XL and RL conducted the systematic search, data extraction, and assessment of risk of bias and completed all statistical analyses. CHPS, SHSW, RKWS, PW, and BY reviewed and edited the initial draft and its revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}