{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1781154159325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021670","name":"Defence Innovation Network","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Investigators have proposed that various physical head and neck characteristics, such as neck strength and head and neck size, are associated with protection from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI\/concussion).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To systematically review the literature and investigate potential relationships between physical head and neck characteristics and mTBI risk in athletic and military populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A comprehensive search of seven databases was conducted: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Potential studies were systematically screened and reviewed. Studies on military and athletic cohorts were included if they assessed the relationship between physical head-neck characteristics and mTBI risk or proxy risk measures such as head impact kinematics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The systematic search yielded a total of 11,723 original records. From these, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria (10 longitudinal, 12 cross-sectional). Relevant to our PECO (Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes) question, exposures included mTBI incidence and head impact kinematics (acceleration, velocity, displacement) for impacts during sport play and training and in controlled laboratory conditions. Outcome characteristics included head and neck size (circumference, mass, length, ratios between these measures), neck strength and endurance, and rate of force development of neck muscles.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found mixed evidence for head and neck characteristics acting as risk factors for and protective factors against mTBI and increased susceptibility to head impacts. Head-neck strength and size variables were at times associated with protection against mTBI incidence and reduced impact kinematics (14\/22 studies found one or more head-neck variable to be associated with protection); however, some studies did not find these relationships (8\/22 studies found no significant associations or relationships). Interestingly, two studies found stronger and larger athletes were more at risk of sustaining high impacts during sport. Strength and size metrics may have some predictive power, but impact mitigation seems to be influenced by many other variables, such as behaviour, sex, and impact anticipation. A meta-analysis could not be performed due to heterogeneity in study design and reporting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is mixed evidence in the literature for the protective capacity of head and neck characteristics. We suggest field-based mTBI research in the future should include more dynamic anthropometric metrics, such as neck stiffness and response to perturbation. In addition, laboratory-based mTBI studies should aim to standardise design and reporting to help further uncover these complicated relationships.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01683-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T10:12:06Z","timestamp":1651831926000},"page":"2221-2245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Head and Neck Characteristics as Risk Factors For and Protective Factors Against Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Military and Sporting Populations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Cooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Schilaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Hewett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim L. A.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.08.009","volume":"30","author":"DF Meaney","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meaney DF, Smith DH. Biomechanics of concussion. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(1):19\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1683_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000165601.29047.ae","volume":"18","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Iverson GL. Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18(3):301\u201317.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1683_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117906951983228","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069519832286","volume":"13","author":"H Atif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atif H, Hicks SD. A review of MicroRNA biomarkers in traumatic brain injury. J Exp Neurosci. 2019;13:1179069519832286.","journal-title":"J Exp Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1683_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.023","volume":"90","author":"RD Vanderploeg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vanderploeg RD, Belanger HG, Curtiss G. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and their associations with health symptoms. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(7):1084\u201393.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"1683_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0B013E31822C8A5C","volume":"21","author":"JP Mihalik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mihalik JP, et al. Does cervical muscle strength in youth ice hockey players affect head impact biomechanics? Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(5):416\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1683_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513517869","volume":"42","author":"JT Eckner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eckner JT, et al. Effect of neck muscle strength and anticipatory cervical muscle activation on the kinematic response of the head to impulsive loads. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(3):566\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1683_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514536685","volume":"42","author":"JD Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt JD, et al. The influence of cervical muscle characteristics on head impact biomechanics in football. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(9):2056\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1683_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.04.002","volume":"42","author":"M Baker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baker M, et al. Exploring the role of cervical spine endurance as a predictor of concussion risk and recovery following sports related concussion. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;42:193\u20137.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1683_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000152734.47516.AA","volume":"37","author":"RT Tierney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tierney RT, et al. Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):272\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1683_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-014-0355-2","volume":"35","author":"CL Collins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins CL, et al. Neck strength: a protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports. J Prim Prev. 2014;35(5):309\u201319.","journal-title":"J Prim Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1683_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8760","volume":"49","author":"B Alsalaheen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alsalaheen B, et al. Women and men use different strategies to stabilize the head in response to impulsive loads: implications for concussion injury risk. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(11):779\u201386.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1683_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113480935","volume":"5","author":"ZD Dezman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dezman ZD, Ledet EH, Kerr HA. Neck strength imbalance correlates with increased head acceleration in soccer heading. Sports Health. 2013;5(4):320\u20136.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1683_CR13","first-page":"729","volume":"18","author":"S Becker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becker S, et al. Effects of a 6-week strength training of the neck flexors and extensors on the head acceleration during headers in soccer. J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(4):729\u201337.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1683_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116678615","volume":"9","author":"AC Bretzin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bretzin AC, et al. Sex Differences in anthropometrics and heading kinematics among division i soccer athletes. Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach. 2017;9(2):168\u201373.","journal-title":"Sports Health Multidiscipl Approach"},{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2017.1393756","volume":"26","author":"JB Caccese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caccese JB, et al. Sex and age differences in head acceleration during purposeful soccer heading. Res Sports Med. 2018;26(1):64\u201374.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2013-0102","volume":"26","author":"GM Gutierrez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gutierrez GM, Conte C, Lightbourne K. The relationship between impact force, neck strength, and neurocognitive performance in soccer heading in adolescent females. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2014;26(1):33\u201340.","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5812\/atr.5399","volume":"1","author":"M Teymouri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Teymouri M, et al. The relationship between biomechanical-anthropometrical parameters and the force exerted on the head when heading free kicks in soccer. Arch Trauma Res. 2012;1(1):44\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Trauma Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1683_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.6.578","volume":"43","author":"RT Tierney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tierney RT, et al. Sex differences in head acceleration during heading while wearing soccer headgear. J Athl Train. 2008;43(6):578\u201384.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"6","key":"1683_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0268","volume":"34","author":"C Debison-Larabie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Debison-Larabie C, Murphy BA, Holmes MWR. Difference between male and female ice hockey players in muscle activity, timing, and head kinematics during sudden head perturbations. J Appl Biomech. 2018;34(6):454\u201361.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR20","first-page":"32","volume":"63","author":"SV Mawn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mawn SV, Lambert JJ, Catyb JL Jr. The relationship between head and neck anthropometry and kinematic response during impact acceleration. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1992;63(1):32\u20136.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1683_CR21","first-page":"851","volume":"70","author":"CE Morris","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morris CE, Popper SE. Gender and effect of impact acceleration on neck motion. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999;70(9):851\u20136.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"1683_CR22","first-page":"18","volume":"18","author":"C Esopenko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esopenko C, et al. Bigger necks are not enough: an examination of neck circumference in incoming college athletes. J Prim Prev. 2020;18:18.","journal-title":"J Prim Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1683_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1123\/ijatt.2017-0102","volume":"23","author":"P Kelshaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelshaw P, et al. Isometric cervical muscle strength does not affect head impact kinematics in high school boys\u2019 lacrosse. Int J Athlet Ther Train. 2018;23(6):234\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Athlet Ther Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"1683_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLOS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182440","volume":"35","author":"P Pluye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pluye P, Hong QN. Combining the power of stories and the power of numbers: mixed methods research and mixed studies reviews. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35(1):29\u201345.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1683_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2021.1905667","volume":"28","author":"D Fitzpatrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick D, et al. Head impact forces in blind football are greater in competition than training and increased cervical strength may reduce impact magnitude. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2021;28(2):194\u2013200.","journal-title":"Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot"},{"key":"1683_CR27","first-page":"581","volume":"35","author":"C M\u00fcller","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller C, Zentgraf K. Neck and trunk strength training to mitigate head acceleration in youth soccer players. J Strength Condition Res. 2020;35:581.","journal-title":"J Strength Condition Res"},{"key":"1683_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams EMP et al. Sex differences in neck strength and head impact kinematics in university rugby union players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021;1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1973573"},{"issue":"4","key":"1683_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsb.4.4.358","volume":"4","author":"K Schneider","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schneider K, Zernicke RF. Computer simulation of head impact: estimation of head-injury risk during soccer heading. Int J Sport Biomech. 1988;4(4):358\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"1683_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2005\/8\/391","volume":"8","author":"MJ Mehnert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mehnert MJ, Agesen T, Malanga GA. \u201cHeading\u201d and neck injuries in soccer: a review of biomechanics and potential long-term effects. Pain Physician. 2005;8(4):391\u20137.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"1683_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01501-1","volume":"51","author":"J Elliott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elliott J, et al. Injury reduction programs for reducing the incidence of sport-related head and neck injuries including concussion: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2021;51(11):2373\u201388.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1683_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092216","volume":"47","author":"B Benson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benson B, et al. What are the most effective risk-reduction strategies in sport concussion? Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:321\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1683_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist I et al. Neck muscle strength training in the risk management of concussion in contact sports: critical appraisal of application to practice. J Athlet Enhance. 2015;04.","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-9080.1000195"},{"issue":"13","key":"1683_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922813518429","volume":"53","author":"E Hanson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hanson E, et al. Management and prevention of sport-related concussion. Clin Pediatr. 2014;53(13):1221\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1683_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836416.208","volume":"14","author":"J Honda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Honda J, Chang SH, Kim K. The effects of vision training, neck musculature strength, and reaction time on concussions in an athletic population. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(5):706\u201312.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"1683_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0490-4","volume":"46","author":"C Hrysomallis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hrysomallis C. Neck Muscular Strength, Training, Performance and Sport Injury Risk: A Review. Sports Med. 2016;46(8):1111\u201324.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1683_CR37","first-page":"1590161","volume":"2016","author":"M Morin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morin M, Langevin P, Fait P. Cervical spine involvement in mild traumatic brain injury: a review. Sports Med. 2016;2016:1590161.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1683_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000121","volume":"24","author":"S Rowson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowson S, et al. Biomechanical perspectives on concussion in sport. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2016;24(3):100\u20137.","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"key":"1683_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8582","volume":"49","author":"M Streifer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Streifer M, et al. The potential role of the cervical spine in sports-related concussion: clinical perspectives and considerations for risk reduction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49:1\u201322.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"1683_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2018.11.005","volume":"68","author":"D Waltzman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waltzman D, Sarmiento K. What the research says about concussion risk factors and prevention strategies for youth sports: a scoping review of six commonly played sports. J Saf Res. 2019;68:157\u201372.","journal-title":"J Saf Res"},{"key":"1683_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00053","volume":"6","author":"TA Wood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wood TA, Morrison S, Sosnoff JJ. The role of neck musculature in traumatic brain injuries in older adults: implications from sports medicine. Front Med. 2019;6:53.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1683_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0984-3","volume":"48","author":"E Le Flao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le Flao E, et al. Assessing head\/neck dynamic response to head perturbation: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2018;48(11):2641\u201358.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1683_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.11.004","volume":"23","author":"K Peek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peek K, Elliott JM, Orr R. Higher neck strength is associated with lower head acceleration during purposeful heading in soccer: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(5):453\u201362.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"1683_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000153","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2017-000153","volume":"3","author":"TM Enniss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enniss TM, et al. Primary prevention of contact sports-related concussions in amateur athletes: a systematic review from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2018;3(1):e000153\u2013e000153.","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01683-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01683-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01683-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T11:09:23Z","timestamp":1660820963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01683-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01683-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. Financial support for this review was provided by the Defence Innovation Network and a Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship (MQRES) awarded to Nicholas Cooney.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Nathaniel Bates, Nicholas J. Cooney, Tim L. A. Doyle, Timothy E. Hewett, Nathan Schilaty, and Paul Sowman declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article or the studies it cites.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}}]}}