{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:08:56Z","timestamp":1791864536266,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004238","name":"Universit\u00e4t Potsdam","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is evidence that in older adults the combination of strength training (ST) and endurance training (ET) (i.e., concurrent training [CT]) has similar effects on measures of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) compared with single-mode ST or ET, respectively. Therefore, CT seems to be an effective method to target broad aspects of physical fitness in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim was to examine the effects of CT on measures of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength, power, balance and CRE) in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73\u00a0years. We also aimed to identify key moderating variables to guide training prescription.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched until February 2022.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We included randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of CT versus passive controls on measures of physical fitness in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifteen studies were eligible, including a total of 566 participants. CT induced moderate positive effects on muscle strength (standardized mean difference [SMD]\u2009=\u20090.74) and power (SMD\u2009=\u20090.50), with a small effect on CRE (SMD\u2009=\u20090.48). However, no significant effects were detected for balance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Older adults\u2009&gt;\u200965\u00a0years (SMD\u2009=\u20091.04) and females (SMD\u2009=\u20091.05) displayed larger improvements in muscle strength compared with adults\u2009\u2264\u200965\u00a0years old (SMD\u2009=\u20090.60) and males (SMD\u2009=\u20090.38), respectively. For CRE, moderate positive effects (SMD\u2009=\u20090.52) were reported in those\u2009\u2264\u200965\u00a0years old only, with relatively larger gains in females (SMD\u2009=\u20090.55) compared with males (SMD\u2009=\u20090.45). However, no significant differences between all subgroups were detected. Independent single training factor analysis indicated larger positive effects of 12\u00a0weeks (SMD\u2009=\u20090.87 and 0.88) compared with 21\u00a0weeks (SMD\u2009=\u20090.47 and 0.29) of CT on muscle strength and power, respectively, while for CRE, 21\u00a0weeks of CT resulted in larger gains (SMD\u2009=\u20090.62) than 12\u00a0weeks (SMD\u2009=\u20090.40). For CT frequency, three sessions per week produced larger beneficial effects (SMD\u2009=\u20090.91) on muscle strength compared with four sessions (SMD\u2009=\u20090.55), whereas for CRE, moderate positive effects were only noted after four sessions per week (SMD\u2009=\u20090.58). A session duration of\u2009&gt;\u200930\u201360\u00a0min generated larger improvements in muscle strength (SMD\u2009=\u20090.99) and power (SMD\u2009=\u20090.88) compared with\u2009&gt;\u200960\u201390\u00a0min (SMD\u2009=\u20090.40 and 0.29, respectively). However, for CRE, longer session durations (i.e.,\u2009&gt;\u200960\u201390\u00a0min) seem to be more effective (SMD\u2009=\u20090.61) than shorter ones (i.e.,\u2009&gt;\u200930\u201360\u00a0min) (SMD\u2009=\u20090.34). ET at moderate-to-near maximal intensities produced moderate (SMD\u2009=\u20090.64) and small positive effects (SMD\u2009=\u20090.49) on muscle strength and CRE, respectively, with no effects at low intensity ET (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Finally, intra-session ST before ET produced larger gains in muscle strength (SMD\u2009=\u20091.00) compared with separate sessions (SMD\u2009=\u20090.55), whereas ET and ST carried out separately induced larger improvements in CRE (SMD\u2009=\u20090.58) compared with intra-session ET before ST (SMD\u2009=\u20090.49).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CT is an effective method to improve measures of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength, power, and CRE) in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73\u00a0years, regardless of sex. Results of independent single training factor analysis indicated that the largest effects on muscle strength were observed after 12\u00a0weeks of training,\u2009&gt;\u200930\u201360\u00a0min per session, three sessions per week, higher ET intensities and when ST preceded ET within the same session. For CRE, the largest effects were noted after 21\u00a0weeks of training, four sessions per week,\u2009&gt;\u200960\u201390\u00a0min per session, higher ET intensities and when ET and ST sessions were performed separately. Regarding muscle power, the largest effects were observed after 12\u00a0weeks of training and\u2009&gt;\u200930\u201360\u00a0min per session.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01764-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T09:03:12Z","timestamp":1665565392000},"page":"437-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Effects of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Markov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmi","family":"Chaabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1764_CR1","volume-title":"World Report on Ageing and Health","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1764_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S268","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw031","volume":"56","author":"A Bauman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bauman A, et al. Updating the evidence for physical activity: summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote \u201cActive Aging.\u201d Gerontologist. 2016;56(Suppl 2):S268\u201380.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"12","key":"1764_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1","volume":"15","author":"C Fiuza-Luces","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fiuza-Luces C, et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(12):731\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-018-0065-1.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1764_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c","volume":"41","author":"WJ Chodzko-Zajko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chodzko-Zajko WJ, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1510\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"24","key":"1764_CR5","first-page":"e873","volume":"113","author":"LB Goldstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldstein LB, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2006;113(24):e873-923.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"1764_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1708","volume":"19","author":"L Diep","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diep L, et al. Association of physical activity level and stroke outcomes in men and women: a meta-analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(10):1815\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2009.1708.","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100065","volume":"101","author":"U Ekelund","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ekelund U, et al. Physical activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(3):613\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.100065.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"1764_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318213fefb","volume":"43","author":"CE Garber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garber CE, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e318213fefb.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1764_CR9","volume-title":"Global recommendations on physical activity for health","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010."},{"issue":"24","key":"1764_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","volume":"54","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull FC, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9838","key":"1764_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60898-8","volume":"380","author":"HW Kohl 3rd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kohl HW 3rd, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):294\u2013305.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1764_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","volume":"6","author":"R Guthold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guthold R, et al. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b79 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10):e1077\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9838","key":"1764_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60646-1","volume":"380","author":"PC Hallal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hallal PC, et al. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):247\u201357.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x","volume":"20","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aagaard P, et al. Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(1):49\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1764_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030741","author":"R Borzuola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borzuola R, et al. Central and Peripheral Neuromuscular Adaptations to Ageing. J Clin Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9030741.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00433.2003","volume":"95","author":"MV Narici","year":"2003","unstructured":"Narici MV, et al. Effect of aging on human muscle architecture. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(6):2229\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00433.2003.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"s673","key":"1764_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.02022.x","volume":"197","author":"B Danneskiold-Sams\u00f8e","year":"2009","unstructured":"Danneskiold-Sams\u00f8e B, et al. Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength in a healthy population with special reference to age and gender. Acta Physiol. 2009;197(s673):1\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.02022.x.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1764_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200109000-00022","volume":"33","author":"M Izquierdo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Izquierdo M, et al. Maximal strength and power, endurance performance, and serum hormones in middle-aged and elderly men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(9):1577\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200109000-00022.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210170006","volume":"84","author":"P Caserotti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Caserotti P, et al. Contraction-specific differences in maximal muscle power during stretch-shortening cycle movements in elderly males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;84(3):206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004210170006.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1764_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii37","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl084","volume":"35 Suppl 2","author":"LZ Rubenstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing. 2006;35 Suppl 2:ii37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afl084.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1764_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.135","volume":"222","author":"T Bekfani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bekfani T, et al. Sarcopenia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: impact on muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:41\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.135.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1764_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1665-8","volume":"25","author":"M Izquierdo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Izquierdo M, et al. International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): expert consensus guidelines. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(7):824\u201353.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"1764_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230","author":"MS Fragala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fragala MS, et al. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","volume":"39","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Sarcopenia: european consensus on definition and diagnosisreport of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afq034.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","volume":"13","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha F, et al. Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(1):86\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12783.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"5","key":"1764_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.545459","volume":"112","author":"JL Fleg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fleg JL, et al. Accelerated longitudinal decline of aerobic capacity in healthy older adults. Circulation. 2005;112(5):674\u201382.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1764_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.04.017","volume":"138","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha F, et al. Physical capability markers used to define sarcopenia and their association with cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes and all-cause mortality: A prospective study from UK Biobank. Maturitas. 2020;138:69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.04.017.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"1764_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2219","author":"R Cooper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cooper R, et al. Physical capability in mid-life and survival over 13 years of follow-up: British birth cohort study. BMJ. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g2219.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.81","volume":"89","author":"I Janssen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Janssen I, et al. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18\u201388 yr. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;89(1):81\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.81.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.3.1147","volume":"65","author":"JL Fleg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fleg JL, Lakatta EG. Role of muscle loss in the age-associated reduction in VO2 max. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65(3):1147\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.3.1147.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1764_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.02.012","volume":"48","author":"R Nilwik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nilwik R, et al. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(5):492\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2013.02.012.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"7288","key":"1764_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08983","volume":"464","author":"NA Bishop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bishop NA, Lu T, Yankner BA. Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline. Nature. 2010;464(7288):529\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08983.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-016-9915-0","volume":"38","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Watanabe K, et al. Age-related changes in motor unit firing pattern of vastus lateralis muscle during low-moderate contraction. Age (Dordr). 2016;38(3):48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-016-9915-0.","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2018.47","volume":"8","author":"R McGrath","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGrath R, et al. Decreased handgrip strength is associated with impairments in each autonomous living task for aging adults in the United States. J Frailty Aging. 2019;8(3):141\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14283\/jfa.2018.47.","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afg111","volume":"32","author":"H Syddall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Syddall H, et al. Is grip strength a useful single marker of frailty? Age Ageing. 2003;32(6):650\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afg111.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"Pt. 2","key":"1764_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00613.x","volume":"534","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aagaard P, et al. A mechanism for increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle architecture. J Physiol. 2001;534(Pt. 2):613\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00613.x.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737030-00004","volume":"37","author":"M Wernbom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thome\u00e9 R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med. 2007;37(3):225\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200737030-00004.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-009-1627-9","volume":"112","author":"U Tegtbur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tegtbur U, Busse MW, Kubis HP. K\u00f6rperliches Training und zellul\u00e4re Anpassung des Muskels. Unfallchirurg. 2009;112(4):365\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00113-009-1627-9.","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000229","volume":"48","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aagaard P, Bojsen-M\u00f8ller J, Lundbye-Jensen J. Assessment of neuroplasticity with strength training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2020;48(4):151\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000229.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1764_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01309-5","volume":"50","author":"L Maestroni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maestroni L, et al. The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care. Sports Med. 2020;50(8):1431\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01309-5.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.1137","volume":"90","author":"DA Hood","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hood DA. Invited review: contractile activity-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;90(3):1137\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.1137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"1764_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47260-6","volume-title":"Leistungsphysiologie","author":"J Tomasits","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomasits J, Haber P. Leistungsphysiologie. 5th ed. Berlin: Springer; 2016.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"8","key":"1764_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012033","volume":"5","author":"NA Burd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burd NA, et al. Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(8): e12033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012033.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000122734.25411.cf","volume":"36","author":"WJ Kraemer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kraemer WJ, et al. Changes in muscle hypertrophy in women with periodized resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):697\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000122734.25411.cf.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00307.2012","volume":"113","author":"CJ Mitchell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitchell CJ, et al. Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985). 2012;113(1):71\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00307.2012.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00789.2006","volume":"102","author":"OR Seynnes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seynnes OR, de Boer M, Narici MV. Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(1):368\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00789.2006.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01185.2001","volume":"92","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aagaard P, et al. Neural adaptation to resistance training: changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002;92(6):2309\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01185.2001.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02388334","volume":"59","author":"MV Narici","year":"1989","unstructured":"Narici MV, et al. Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1989;59(4):310\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02388334.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000053727.63505.d4","volume":"35","author":"MR Rhea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rhea MR, et al. A meta-analysis to determine the dose response for strength development. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(3):456\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000053727.63505.d4.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1497","volume":"90","author":"M Izquierdo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Izquierdo M, et al. Effects of strength training on muscle power and serum hormones in middle-aged and older men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;90(4):1497\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1497.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1764_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1280-5","volume":"94","author":"M Izquierdo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Izquierdo M, et al. Effects of combined resistance and cardiovascular training on strength, power, muscle cross-sectional area, and endurance markers in middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;94(1\u20132):70\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-004-1280-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181be9c7e","volume":"42","author":"NA Tillin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tillin NA, et al. Neuromuscular performance of explosive power athletes versus untrained individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(4):781\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181be9c7e.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00067.2013","volume":"29","author":"I Heinonen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heinonen I, et al. Organ-specific physiological responses to acute physical exercise and long-term training in humans. Physiology (Bethesda). 2014;29(6):421\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00067.2013.","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"10","key":"1764_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.100.10.1085","volume":"100","author":"PA Beere","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beere PA, et al. Aerobic exercise training can reverse age-related peripheral circulatory changes in healthy older men. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1085\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.100.10.1085.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.1024","volume":"57","author":"DR Seals","year":"1984","unstructured":"Seals DR, et al. Endurance training in older men and women. I. Cardiovascular responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984;57(4):1024\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.1024.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1764_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200110000-00021","volume":"33","author":"RH Wood","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wood RH, et al. Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(10):1751\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200110000-00021.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000117897.55226.9a","volume":"36","author":"M Izquierdo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Izquierdo M, et al. Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(3):435\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000117897.55226.9a.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1764_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.04.008","volume":"14","author":"EL Cadore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cadore EL, Izquierdo M. New strategies for the concurrent strength-, power-, and endurance-training prescription in elderly individuals. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(8):623\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.04.008.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9503-x","volume":"35","author":"C El","year":"2013","unstructured":"El C. How to simultaneously optimize muscle strength, power, functional capacity, and cardiovascular gains in the elderly: an update. Age. 2013;35(6):2329\u201344.","journal-title":"Age"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01059.x","volume":"21","author":"L Karavirta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karavirta L, et al. Effects of combined endurance and strength training on muscle strength, power and hypertrophy in 40\u201367-year-old men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(3):402\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01059.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"1764_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00849.x","volume":"106","author":"E Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 E, et al. Body composition, fitness, and metabolic health during strength and endurance training and their combination in middle-aged and older women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(2):285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00849.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e318207ed66","volume":"25","author":"EL Cadore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cadore EL, et al. Effects of strength, endurance, and concurrent training on aerobic power and dynamic neuromuscular economy in elderly men. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(3):758\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/jsc.0b013e318207ed66.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e3181dba178","volume":"24","author":"J Holviala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holviala J, et al. Effects of combined strength and endurance training on treadmill load carrying walking performance in aging men. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(6):1584\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/jsc.0b013e3181dba178.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1764_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01124-7","author":"C Hurst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hurst C, et al. The effects of same-session combined exercise training on cardiorespiratory and functional fitness in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01124-7.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1764_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","volume":"6","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7): e1000100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","volume":"10","author":"ML Rethlefsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rethlefsen ML, et al. PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1764_CR67","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Excel. 2016."},{"key":"1764_CR68","unstructured":"Higgins J, et al. editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.0. 2019. www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook.: Cochrane. Accessed 18 Apr 2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"1764_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","volume":"83","author":"CG Maher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maher CG, et al. Reliability of the PEDro Scale for Rating Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713\u201321 (PMID: 12882612).","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7109","key":"1764_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1764_CR71","volume-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"LV Hedges","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hedges LV, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando: Academic Press; 1985."},{"key":"1764_CR72","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behaviors science","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behaviors science. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1764_CR73","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borenstein M, et al. Introduction to meta-analysis. New York: Wiley; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25","volume":"14","author":"J IntHout","year":"2014","unstructured":"IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Borm GF. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14(1):25.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2.","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"1764_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer M, et al, Doing Meta-Analysis in R. A Hands-On Guide. 2019. https:\/\/bookdown.org\/MathiasHarrer\/Doing_Meta_Analysis_in_R\/. Accessed 21 Apr 2022","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"issue":"11","key":"1764_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1186.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"7414","key":"1764_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1764_CR79","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for statistical Computing; 2020."},{"key":"1764_CR80","first-page":"40","volume":"7","author":"G Schwarzer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schwarzer G. meta: An R Package for Meta-Analysis. R News. 2007;7:40\u20135.","journal-title":"R News"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3):1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M218","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52a.4.m218","volume":"52","author":"DM Buchner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Buchner DM, et al. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk, and health services use in community-living older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52(4):M218\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/52a.4.m218.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.1998","volume":"164","author":"AK Ferketich","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ferketich AK, Kirby TE, Alway SE. Cardiovascular and muscular adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in elderly women. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998;164(3):259\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-201x.1998.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"1764_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318165c854","volume":"40","author":"E Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 E, et al. Body composition and fitness during strength and\/or endurance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(5):950\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e318165c854.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00849.x","volume":"19","author":"E Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 E, et al. Effects of strength and endurance training on metabolic risk factors in healthy 40\u201365-year-old men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19(6):885\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2008.00849.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181f1bf0d","volume":"43","author":"L Karavirta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karavirta L, et al. Individual responses to combined endurance and strength training in older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(3):484\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181f1bf0d.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"7","key":"1764_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181994a91","volume":"41","author":"L Karavirta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karavirta L, et al. Heart rate dynamics after combined endurance and strength training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1436\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181994a91.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1764_CR88","first-page":"17","volume":"5","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abbasi S, Avandi SM, Haghashenas R. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Concurrent Training on Total Plasma Protein Levels and Muscle Strength of Elderly Men. Report of Health Care. 2019;5(2):17\u201326.","journal-title":"Report of Health Care"},{"key":"1764_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00451","volume":"10","author":"FJ Amaro-Gahete","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amaro-Gahete FJ, et al. Changes in physical fitness after 12 weeks of structured concurrent exercise training, high intensity interval training, or whole-body electromyostimulation training in sedentary middle-aged adults: a randomized controlled trial. Front Physiol. 2019;10:451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.00451.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1764_CR90","first-page":"437","volume":"15","author":"A Campos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campos A, et al. Effects of concurrent training on health aspects of elderly women. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. 2013;15:437\u201347.","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano"},{"issue":"9","key":"1764_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182135442","volume":"18","author":"A Figueroa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Figueroa A, et al. Combined resistance and endurance exercise training improves arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011;18(9):980\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182135442.","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.3.307","volume":"60","author":"M Haykowsky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haykowsky M, et al. Effect of exercise training on peak aerobic power, left ventricular morphology, and muscle strength in healthy older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(3):307\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/60.3.307.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1764_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1390496","volume":"36","author":"CA Libardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Libardi CA, et al. Effect of concurrent training with blood flow restriction in the elderly. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(5):395\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0034-1390496.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1764_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1193-3","volume":"93","author":"N Takeshima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takeshima N, et al. Effect of concurrent aerobic and resistance circuit exercise training on fitness in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;93(1\u20132):173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-004-1193-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1764_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13254","volume":"28","author":"JF Timmons","year":"2018","unstructured":"Timmons JF, et al. Comparison of time-matched aerobic, resistance, or concurrent exercise training in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(11):2272\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13254.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"1764_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.11.007","volume":"60","author":"EN Wilhelm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilhelm EN, et al. Concurrent strength and endurance training exercise sequence does not affect neuromuscular adaptations in older men. Exp Gerontol. 2014;60:207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2014.11.007.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1764_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1938644.322","volume":"15","author":"JR Yoon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoon JR, et al. Effects of 12-week resistance exercise and interval training on the skeletal muscle area, physical fitness, and mental health in old women. J Exerc Rehabil. 2019;15(6):839\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12965\/jer.1938644.322.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2089-7","volume":"112","author":"J Holviala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holviala J, et al. Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(4):1335\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-011-2089-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1764_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1261895","volume":"31","author":"EL Cadore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cadore EL, et al. Physiological effects of concurrent training in elderly men. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(10):689\u201397.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1764_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04355-z","volume":"120","author":"DC M\u00fcller","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller DC, et al. Adaptations in mechanical muscle function, muscle morphology, and aerobic power to high-intensity endurance training combined with either traditional or power strength training in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(5):1165\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-020-04355-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1764_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmons JF, et al. When matched for relative leg strength at baseline, male and female older adults respond similarly to concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2021. (Publish Ahead of Print).","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003987"},{"key":"1764_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.07.012","volume":"58","author":"P Arnold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arnold P, Bautmans I. The influence of strength training on muscle activation in elderly persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol. 2014;58:58\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2014.07.012.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1764_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13451","volume":"29","author":"JL Teodoro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teodoro JL, et al. Concurrent training performed with and without repetitions to failure in older men: a randomized clinical trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(8):1141\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13451.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"11","key":"1764_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0747-6","volume":"47","author":"A Lacroix","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lacroix A, et al. Effects of supervised vs. unsupervised training programs on balance and muscle strength in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017;47(11):2341\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0747-6.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1764_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.03.003","volume":"71","author":"A Dunsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dunsky A, et al. The use of step aerobics and the stability ball to improve balance and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults\u2013a randomized exploratory study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;71:66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2017.03.003.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1764_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516655857","volume":"31","author":"N Sousa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sousa N, et al. Combined exercise is more effective than aerobic exercise in the improvement of fall risk factors: a randomized controlled trial in community-dwelling older men. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(4):478\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215516655857.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"1764_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, E., et al., Demografischer Wandel und Krankheitsh\u00e4ufigkeiten. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz. 2010; 53(5): 417\u201326.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-010-1050-y"},{"issue":"12","key":"1764_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0375-y","volume":"45","author":"M Lesinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lesinski M, et al. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-015-0375-y.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01388-4","volume":"51","author":"MD Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones MD, et al. Sex differences in adaptations in muscle strength and size following resistance training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021;51(3):503\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-020-01388-4.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1764_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.849","volume":"75","author":"RJ Spina","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spina RJ, et al. Differences in cardiovascular adaptations to endurance exercise training between older men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75(2):849\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.849.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1764_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoenfeld B, et al. Resistance training recommendations to maximize muscle hypertrophy in an athletic population: position stand of the IUSCA. Int J Strength Cond. 2021; 1(1).","DOI":"10.47206\/ijsc.v1i1.81"},{"issue":"11","key":"1764_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.07.016","volume":"48","author":"R Ferrari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrari R, et al. Efficiency of twice weekly concurrent training in trained elderly men. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(11):1236\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2013.07.016.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1764_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0975-9471","volume":"40","author":"AC Sousa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sousa AC, et al. Concurrent training and detraining: brief review on the effect of exercise intensities. Int J Sports Med. 2019;40(12):747\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0975-9471.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1764_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1297","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00479.2015","volume":"310","author":"JJ Fyfe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fyfe JJ, et al. Concurrent exercise incorporating high-intensity interval or continuous training modulates mTORC1 signaling and microRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;310(11):R1297\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00479.2015.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010639","volume":"241","author":"P Gollnick","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gollnick P, Piehl K, Saltin B. Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates. J Physiol. 1974;241(1):45\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010639.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00622912","volume":"379","author":"JA Thomson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Thomson JA, Green HJ, Houston ME. Muscle glycogen depletion patterns in fast twitch fibre subgroups of man during submaximal and supramaximal exercise. Pflugers Arch. 1979;379(1):105\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00622912.","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0784-1","volume":"48","author":"L Eddens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eddens L, van Someren K, Howatson G. The role of intra-session exercise sequence in the interference effect: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(1):177\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0784-1.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1764_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1364405","volume":"36","author":"Z Murlasits","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murlasits Z, Kneffel Z, Thalib L. The physiological effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(11):1212\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2017.1364405.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1764_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000004","volume":"18","author":"J Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang J, Ratamess N. Which comes first? Resistance before aerobic exercise or vice versa? ACSM\u2019s Health & Fitness Journal. 2014;18(1):9\u201314.","journal-title":"ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1764_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9405-y","volume":"35","author":"EL Cadore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cadore EL, et al. Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent training in the elderly: effects of intrasession exercise sequence. Age (Dordr). 2012;35(3):891\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-012-9405-y.","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1764_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2011.11.013","volume":"47","author":"EL Cadore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cadore EL, et al. Strength prior to endurance intra-session exercise sequence optimizes neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains in elderly men. Exp Gerontol. 2012;47(2):164\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2011.11.013.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1764_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0377-7","volume":"14","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Higgins J. Meta-analysis and subgroups. Prev Sci. 2013;14(2):134\u201343.","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1764_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000523","volume":"136","author":"G Rao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao G, et al. Methodological standards for meta-analyses and qualitative systematic reviews of cardiac prevention and treatment studies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136(10):e172\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000523.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1764_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4040","author":"P Sedgwick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sedgwick P. Meta-analyses: heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. BMJ. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f4040.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1764_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pigott TD. Power of statistical tests for subgroup analysis in meta-analysis. In: Ting N, Cappelleri JC, Ho S, Ding-Geng C (eds) Design and analysis of subgroups with biopharmaceutical applications. 2020; Springer, p. 347\u201368.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40105-4_17"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01764-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01764-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01764-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1674703392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01764-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01764-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding source"}},{"value":"Adrian Markov, Lukas Hauser and Helmi Chaabene declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this systematic review.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest\/Competing interests"}},{"value":"The data and R code and analysis documentation are freely available on repositories of the Open Science Framework ().","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"AM, LH and HC made substantial contributions to conception and design; LH and AM contributed to data collection; LH carried out data analysis; AM, LH and HC interpreted the data; AM and LH wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors were involved in revising it critically for important intellectual content; all authors provided the final approval of the version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 contributions"}}]}}