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For flexibility, moderate-to-large increases were observed (SMD\u2009=\u20090.96, [95% confidence interval 0.70\u20131.22],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Subgroup analyses, taking the participants\u2019 training status into account, revealed a larger muscle strength improvement for sedentary (SMD\u2009=\u20090.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with recreationally active participants (SMD\u2009=\u20090.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029). Additionally, larger flexibility gains were observed following passive (SMD\u2009=\u20090.97,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with active SS exercises (SMD\u2009=\u20090.59,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). The chronic effects of SS on muscle strength were moderated by the proportion of female individuals in the sample (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042), with higher proportions experiencing larger gains. Other moderating variables included mean age (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with older individuals showing larger muscle strength gains, and the number of repetitions per stretching exercise and session (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004 and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008, respectively), with more repetitions associated with larger muscle strength improvements. Muscle power was also moderated by mean age (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007) with larger gains in older individuals. The meta-regression analysis indicated larger flexibility gains with more repetitions per session (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.094,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016), more time under stretching per session (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.090,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026), and more total time under stretching (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.078,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.034).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main findings indicated that chronic SS exercises have the potential to improve muscle strength and power. Such improvements appear to benefit sedentary more than recreationally active participants. Likewise, chronic SS exercises result in a marked enhancement in flexibility with larger effects of passive, as compared with active, SS. The results of the meta-regression analysis for muscle strength indicated larger benefits of chronic SS exercises in samples with higher proportions of female, older participants, and a higher number of repetitions per stretching exercise and session. For muscle power, results suggested larger gains for older participants. Regarding flexibility, findings indicated larger benefits following a higher number of repetitions per exercise and a longer time under stretching per session as well as a longer total time under stretching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01806-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T10:03:33Z","timestamp":1675159413000},"page":"723-745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Muscle Strength and Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Multi-level Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Arntz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Markov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Behm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yassine","family":"Negra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmi","family":"Chaabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1806_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0235","volume":"41","author":"DG Behm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD et al. 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