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In the first part of this review, the evidence for and against (1) lactic acidosis, (2) increased muscle temperature, (3) O2<\/jats:sub> delivery, (4) altered motor unit recruitment patterns and (5) enhanced intracellular O2<\/jats:sub> utilisation in underpinning the priming effect is discussed. Lactic acidosis and increased muscle temperature are most likely not key determinants of the priming effect. Whilst priming increases muscle O2<\/jats:sub> delivery, many studies have demonstrated that an increased muscle O2<\/jats:sub> delivery is not a prerequisite for the priming effect. Motor unit recruitment patterns are altered by prior exercise, and these alterations are consistent with some of the observed changes in $$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>O2<\/jats:sub> kinetics in humans. Enhancements in intracellular O2<\/jats:sub> utilisation likely play a central role in mediating the priming effect, probably related to elevated mitochondrial calcium levels and parallel activation of mitochondrial enzymes at the onset of the second bout. In the latter portion of the review, the implications of priming on the parameters of the power\u2013duration relationship are discussed. The effect of priming on subsequent endurance performance depends critically upon which phases of the $$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>O2<\/jats:sub> response are altered. A reduced $$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>O2<\/jats:sub> slow component or increased fundamental phase amplitude tend to increase the work performable above critical power (i.e. W\u00b4), whereas a reduction in the fundamental phase time constant following priming results in an increased critical power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01832-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1680517519000},"page":"959-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["How Priming Exercise Affects Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: From Underpinning Mechanisms to Endurance Performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richie P.","family":"Goulding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Burnley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob C. 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This work has been completed honestly and without falsification or fabrication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required for this review paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"RPG and RW conceived the idea for this review. RPG conducted the literature search and wrote the first draft and all authors revised it critically. All of the authors have contributed substantially to the manuscript and have approved the final submission.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions"}}]}}