{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:07:51Z","timestamp":1793210871891,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001792","name":"James Cook University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies have utilised isometric, eccentric and downhill walking pre-conditioning as a strategy for alleviating the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following a bout of damaging physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of pre-conditioning strategies on indices of muscle damage and physical performance measures following a second bout of strenuous physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility Criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies meeting the PICO (population, intervention\/exposure, comparison, and outcome) criteria were included in this review: (1) general population or \u201cuntrained\u201d participants with no contraindications affecting physical performance; (2) studies with a parallel design to examine the prevention and severity of muscle-damaging contractions; (3) outcome measures were compared using baseline and post-intervention measures; and (4) outcome measures included any markers of indirect muscle damage and muscular contractility measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with no resistance training experiences in the previous 6 or more months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single bout of pre-conditioning exercises consisting of eccentric or isometric contractions performed a minimum of 24\u00a0h prior to a bout of damaging physical activity were compared to control interventions that did not perform pre-conditioning prior to damaging physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Appraisal<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kmet appraisal system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Synthesis Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Quantitative analysis was conducted using forest plots to examine standardised mean differences (SMD, i.e. effect size), test statistics for statistical significance (i.e. Z-values) and between-study heterogeneity by inspecting I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following abstract and full-text screening, 23 articles were included in this paper. Based on the meta-analysis, the pre-conditioning group exhibited lower levels of creatine kinase at 24\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20091.64; Z\u2009=\u20098.39;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 48\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20092.65; Z\u2009=\u20097.78;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 72\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20092.39; Z\u2009=\u20095.71;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001) and 96\u00a0h post-exercise (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20093.52; Z\u2009=\u20097.39;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001) than the control group. Delayed-onset muscle soreness was also lower for the pre-conditioning group at 24\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20091.89; Z\u2009=\u20096.17;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 48\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20092.50; Z\u2009=\u20097.99;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 72\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20092.73; Z\u2009=\u20097.86;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001) and 96\u00a0h post-exercise (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20093.30; Z\u2009=\u20098.47;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001). Maximal voluntary contraction force was maintained and returned to normal sooner in the pre-conditioning group than in the control group, 24\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u20091.46; Z\u2009=\u20095.49;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 48\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u20091.59; Z\u2009=\u20096.04;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 72\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u20092.02; Z\u2009=\u20096.09;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001) and 96\u00a0h post-exercise (SMD\u2009=\u20092.16; Z\u2009=\u20095.69;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001). Range of motion was better maintained by the pre-conditioning group compared with the control group at 24\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u20091.48; Z\u2009=\u20094.30;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 48\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u20092.20; Z\u2009=\u20095.64;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001), 72\u00a0h (SMD\u2009=\u20092.66; Z\u2009=\u20095.42;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001) and 96\u00a0h post-exercise (SMD\u2009=\u20092.5; Z\u2009=\u20095.46;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00001). Based on qualitative analyses, pre-conditioning activities were more effective when performed at 2\u20134\u00a0days before the muscle-damaging protocol compared with immediately prior to the muscle-damaging protocol, or 1\u20133\u00a0weeks prior to the muscle-damaging protocol. Furthermore, pre-conditioning activities performed using eccentric contractions over isometric contractions, with higher volumes, greater intensity and more lengthened muscle contractions provided greater protection from EIMD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several outcome measures showed high inter-study heterogeneity. The inability to account for differences in durations between pre-conditioning and the second bout of damaging physical activity was also limiting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-conditioning significantly reduced the severity of creatine kinase release, delayed-onset muscle soreness, loss of maximal voluntary contraction force and the range of motion decrease. Pre-conditioning may prevent severe EIMD and accelerate recovery of muscle force generation capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01839-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T06:51:24Z","timestamp":1683701484000},"page":"1537-1557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Effects of Pre-conditioning on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Lachlan","family":"Boyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen B.","family":"Deakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baily","family":"Devantier-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utkarsh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8903-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Doma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0052-y","volume":"43","author":"M-E Isner-Horobeti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Isner-Horobeti M-E, Dufour SP, Vautravers P, Geny B, Coudeyre E, Richard R. 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