{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:35:22Z","timestamp":1793165722714,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Load\u2013velocity relationships are commonly used to estimate one-repetition maximums (1RMs). Proponents suggest these estimates can be obtained at high frequencies and assist with manipulating loads according to session-by-session fluctuations. Given their increasing popularity and development of associated technologies, a range of load\u2013velocity approaches have been investigated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis sought to quantify the predictive validity of individualised load\u2013velocity relationships for the purposes of 1RM prediction.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In September 2022, a search of MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted for published research, with Google Scholar, CORE and British Ethos also searched for unpublished research. Studies were eligible if they were written in English, and directly compared a measured and predicted 1RM using load\u2013velocity relationships in the squat, bench press, deadlift, clean or snatch. IPD were obtained through requests to primary authors and through digitisation of in-text plots (e.g. Bland\u2013Altman plots). Risk of bias was assessed using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and the review conducted in accordance with PRISMA-IPD guidelines and an a priori protocol. Absolute and scaled standard error of the estimates (SEE\/SEE%) were calculated for two-stage aggregate analyses, with bootstrapping performed for sampling variances. Estimates were pooled using three-level hierarchical models with robust 95% confidence intervals (CIs). One-stage analyses were conducted with random intercepts to account for systematic differences across studies and prediction residuals calculated in the absolute scale (kg) and as a percentage of the measured 1RM. Moderator analyses were conducted by including a priori defined categorical variables as fixed effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One hundred and thirty-seven models from 26 studies were included with each identified as having low, unclear or high risk of bias. Twenty studies comprising 434 participants provided sufficient data for meta-analyses, with raw data obtained for 8 (32%) studies. Two-stage analyses identified moderate predictive validity [SEE% 9.8, 95% CI 7.4% to 12.2%, with moderator analyses demonstrating limited differences based on the number of loads (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2Loads:&gt;2Loads<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.006, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20091.6 to 1.6%) or the use of individual or group data to determine 1RM velocity thresholds (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Group<\/jats:sub>:<jats:sub>Individualised<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.4, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u20091.9 to 1.0%)]. One-stage analyses identified that predictions tended to be overestimations (4.5, 95% CI 1.5\u00a0to 7.4\u00a0kg), which expressed as a percentage of measured 1RM was equal to 3.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 6.9% 1RM). Moderator analyses were consistent with those conducted for two-stage analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Load\u2013velocity relationships tend to overestimate 1RMs irrespective of the modelling approach selected. On the basis of the findings from this review, practitioners should incorporate direct assessment of 1RM wherever possible. However, load\u2013velocity relationships may still prove useful for general monitoring purposes (e.g. assessing trends across a training cycle), by providing high-frequency estimates of 1RM when direct assessment may not be logistically feasible. Given limited differences in predictions across popular load\u2013velocity approaches, it is recommended that practitioners opting to incorporate this practice select the modelling approach that best suits their practical requirements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/agpfm\/\">https:\/\/osf.io\/agpfm\/<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01854-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1690372951000},"page":"1693-1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Predictive Validity of Individualised Load\u2013Velocity Relationships for Predicting 1RM: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Greig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo R.","family":"Aspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Swinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01309-5","volume":"50","author":"L Maestroni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, et al. The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care. Sports Med. 2020;50:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1854_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","volume":"46","author":"TJ Suchomel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med. 2016;46:1419\u201349.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1854_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636030-00004","volume":"36","author":"B Crewther","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crewther B, Keogh J, Cronin J, Cook C. Possible stimuli for strength and power adaptation. Sports Med. 2006;36:215\u201338.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1854_CR4","unstructured":"Haff GG, Triplett NT. Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition. Human kinetics; 2015."},{"key":"1854_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00260-z","volume":"6","author":"J Grgic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grgic J, Lazinica B, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic Z. Test-Retest reliability of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength assessment: a systematic review. Sports Med Open. 2020;6:31.","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"1854_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01241-3","volume":"50","author":"SW Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson SW, Rogerson D, Ruddock A, Barnes A. The effectiveness of two methods of prescribing load on maximal strength development: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2020;50:919\u201338.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1854_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01330-8","volume":"50","author":"L Greig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greig L, Stephens Hemingway BH, Aspe RR, Cooper K, Comfort P, Swinton PA. Autoregulation in resistance training: addressing the inconsistencies. Sports Med. 2020;50:1873\u201387.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"1854_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954120911312","volume":"15","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Castilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla A, Jerez-Mayorga D, Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda D, Rodr\u00edguez-Perea \u00c1, Chirosa-R\u00edos LJ, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A. Comparison of the bench press one-repetition maximum obtained by different procedures: direct assessment vs. lifts-to-failure equations vs. two-point method. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2020;15:337\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"1854_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.1993.10606684","volume":"64","author":"M Brzycki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brzycki M. Strength testing\u2014predicting a one-rep max from reps-to-fatigue. J Phys Educ Recreat Dance. 1993;64:88\u201390.","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Recreat Dance"},{"key":"1854_CR10","first-page":"584","volume":"20","author":"JM Reynolds","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reynolds JM, Gordon TJ, Robergs RA. Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:584\u201392.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000560","volume":"43","author":"J Weakley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weakley J, Mann B, Banyard H, McLaren S, Scott T, Garcia-Ramos A. Velocity-based training: from theory to application. Strength Cond J. 2021;43:31\u201349.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"key":"1854_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0454-0","volume":"46","author":"BR Scott","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scott BR, Duthie GM, Thornton HR, Dascombe BJ. Training monitoring for resistance exercise: theory and applications. Sports Med Springer. 2016;46:687\u201398.","journal-title":"Sports Med Springer"},{"key":"1854_CR13","first-page":"58","volume":"22","author":"M Jovanovi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jovanovi\u0107 M, Flanagan EP. Researched applications of velocity based strength training. J Aust Strength Cond. 2014;22:58\u201369.","journal-title":"J Aust Strength Cond"},{"key":"1854_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1248333","volume":"31","author":"JJ Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Badillo JJ, S\u00e1nchez-Medina L. Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31:347\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"1854_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003609","volume":"36","author":"A Jim\u00e9nez-Alonso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Alonso A, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A, Cepero M, Miras-Moreno S, Rojas FJ, P\u00e9rez-Castilla A. Velocity performance feedback during the free-weight bench press testing procedure: an effective strategy to increase the reliability and one repetition maximum accuracy prediction. J Strength Cond Res. 2022;36:1077\u201383.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003731","volume":"34","author":"BS Nickerson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nickerson BS, Williams TD, Snarr RL, Garza JM, Salinas G. Evaluation of load-velocity relationships and repetitions-to-failure equations in the presence of male and female spotters. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34:2427\u201333.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002550","volume":"33","author":"LJ Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes LJ, Banyard HG, Dempsey AR, Scott BR. Using a load-velocity relationship to predict one repetition maximum in free-weight exercise: a comparison of the different methods. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33:2409\u201319.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003007","volume":"33","author":"LJ Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes LJ, Banyard HG, Dempsey AR, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Using load-velocity relationships to quantify training-induced fatigue. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33:762\u201373.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Ramos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos A, P\u00e9rez-Castilla A, Villar Macias FJ, Latorre-Rom\u00e1n P\u00c1, P\u00e1rraga AJ, Garc\u00eda-Pinillos F. Differences in the one-repetition maximum and load-velocity profile between the flat and arched bench press in competitive powerlifters. Sports Biomech. 2018;20:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"1854_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9070088","volume":"9","author":"SW Thompson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thompson SW, Rogerson D, Ruddock A, Greig L, Dorrell HF, Barnes A. A novel approach to 1RM prediction using the load-velocity profile: a comparison of models. Sports. 2021;9:88.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"1854_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilgallon J, Cushion E, Joffe S, Tallent J. Reliability and validity of velocity measures and regression methods to predict maximal strength ability in the back-squat using a novel linear position transducer. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part P J Sports Eng Technol. 2022.","DOI":"10.1177\/17543371221093189"},{"key":"1854_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"D Janicijevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janicijevic D, Jukic I, Weakley J, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A. bench press 1-repetition maximum estimation through the individualized load\u2013velocity relationship: Comparison of different regression models and minimal velocity thresholds. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;16:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1854_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002369","volume":"32","author":"L Ruf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruf L, Chery C, Taylor K-L. Validity and reliability of the load-velocity relationship to predict the one-repetition maximum in deadlift. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32:681\u20139.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003596","volume":"36","author":"I Jukic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jukic I, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A, Malecek J, Omcirk D, Tufano JJ. Validity of load\u2013velocity relationship to predict 1 repetition maximum during deadlifts performed with and without lifting straps. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;36:902\u201310.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR25","first-page":"452","volume":"19","author":"A Benavides-Ubric","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benavides-Ubric A, Diez-Fernandez DM, Rodriguez-Perez MA, Ortega-Becerra M, Pareja-Blanco F. Analysis of the load-velocity relationship in deadlift exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19:452\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"1854_CR26","unstructured":"Dahlin M. The use of velocity-based training in strength and power training\u2014a systematic review. 2018;"},{"key":"1854_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000496","volume":"41","author":"AJ McBurnie","year":"2019","unstructured":"McBurnie AJ, Allen KP, Garry M, Martin M, Thomas D, Jones PA, et al. The benefits and limitations of predicting one repetition maximum using the load-velocity relationship. Strength Cond J. 2019;41:28\u201340.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J."},{"key":"1854_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01823246-200920030-00004","volume":"20","author":"PB Palmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Palmer PB, O\u2019Connell DG. Regression analysis for prediction: understanding the process. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2009;20:23\u20136.","journal-title":"Cardiopulm Phys Ther J"},{"key":"1854_CR29","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Munn Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/jbi-global-wiki.refined.site\/space\/MANUAL"},{"key":"1854_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3656","volume":"313","author":"LA Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart LA, Clarke M, Rovers M, Riley RD, Simmonds M, Stewart G, et al. Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data: The PRISMA-IPD statement. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2015;313:1657\u201365.","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"1854_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0468-4","volume":"18","author":"Z Munn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munn Z, Stern C, Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Jordan Z. What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18:5.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1854_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1376","volume":"170","author":"RF Wolff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolff RF, Moons KGM, Riley RD, Whiting PF, Westwood M, Collins GS, et al. PROBAST: a tool to assess the risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:51.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1854_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1377","volume":"170","author":"KGM Moons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moons KGM, Wolff RF, Riley RD, Whiting PF, Westwood M, Collins GS, et al. PROBAST: a tool to assess risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies: Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:W1-33.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1854_CR34","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. New York: Wiley; 2011."},{"key":"1854_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09415-6","volume":"29","author":"MW-L Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung MW-L. A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with non-independent effect sizes. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019;29:387\u201396.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"1854_CR36","unstructured":"Pustejovsky J. clubSandwich: Cluster-robust (sandwich) variance estimators with small-sample corrections (0.4. 2)[R package]. 2020;"},{"key":"1854_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw UCLA Statistics. 2010;36:1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw UCLA Statistics"},{"key":"1854_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","volume":"1","author":"LV Hedges","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hedges LV, Tipton E, Johnson MC. Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1:39\u201365.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"1854_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1316","volume":"10","author":"D Langan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langan D, Higgins JPT, Jackson D, Bowden J, Veroniki AA, Kontopantelis E, et al. A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses. Res Synth Methods. 2019;10:83\u201398.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"1854_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0630-4","volume":"6","author":"B Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen B, Benedetti A. Quantifying heterogeneity in individual participant data meta-analysis with binary outcomes. Syst Rev. 2017;6:243.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1854_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001049","volume":"30","author":"MC Zourdos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zourdos MC, Klemp A, Dolan C, Quiles JM, Schau KA, Jo E, et al. Novel resistance training\u2013specific rating of perceived exertion scale measuring repetitions in reserve. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:267\u201375.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001901","volume":"33","author":"MJ Ormsbee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ormsbee MJ, Carzoli JP, Klemp A, Allman BR, Zourdos MC, Kim J-S, et al. Efficacy of the repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion for the bench press in experienced and novice benchers. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33:337\u201345.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.08.010","volume":"64","author":"R Fu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fu R, Gartlehner G, Grant M, Shamliyan T, Sedrakyan A, Wilt TJ, et al. Conducting quantitative synthesis when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1187\u201397.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1854_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J Stat Softw. 2017;82:1\u201326.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1854_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1854_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swinton PA, Hemingway BS, Saunders B, Gualano B, Dolan E. A statistical framework to interpret individual response to intervention: Paving the way for personalized nutrition and exercise prescription. Front Nutr. 2018;41.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00041"},{"key":"1854_CR47","unstructured":"Medrano NF, Park K-S, Nickerson BS. Validation of various load-velocity relationships for estimation of bench press 1-repetition maximum. Int J Exerc Sci Conf Proc. 2020. p. 4."},{"key":"1854_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9030039","volume":"9","author":"C Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez C, Kipp K. Use of machine-learning and load\u2013velocity profiling to estimate 1-repetition maximums for two variations of the bench-press exercise. Sports. 2021;9:39.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"1854_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001657","volume":"31","author":"HG Banyard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banyard HG, Nosaka K, Haff GG. Reliability and validity of the load-velocity relationship to predict the 1rm back squat. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:1897\u2013904.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5030070","volume":"5","author":"J Lake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lake J, Naworynsky D, Duncan F, Jackson M. Comparison of different minimal velocity thresholds to establish deadlift one repetition maximum. Sports. 2017;5:70.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"1854_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8090129","volume":"8","author":"GG Haff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haff GG, Garcia-Ramos A, James LP. Using velocity to predict the maximum dynamic strength in the power clean. Sports. 2020;8:129.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"1854_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.26582\/k.53.2.4","volume":"53","author":"R Berton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berton R, Soriano M, da Silva DD, dos Santos ML, Teixeira G, Reiser F, et al. Concurrent validity and reliability of the load-velocity relationship to predict the one-repetition maximum during three weightlifting derivatives. Kinesiology. 2021;53:215\u201325.","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"1854_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caven EJG, Bryan TJE, Dingley AF, Drury B, Garcia-Ramos A, 67 A, et al. Group versus individualised minimum velocity thresholds in the prediction of maximal strength in trained female athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217811"},{"key":"1854_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0374","volume":"13","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Ramos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos A, Haff GG, Pesta\u00f1a-Melero FL, P\u00e9rez-Castilla A, Rojas FJ, Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez C, et al. Feasibility of the 2-point method for determining the 1-repetition maximum in the bench press exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13:474\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1854_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003835","volume":"34","author":"TD Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams TD, Esco MR, Fedewa MV, Bishop PA. Bench press load-velocity profiles and strength after overload and taper microcyles in male powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34:3338\u201345.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0266","volume":"34","author":"F Luis Pestana-Melero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luis Pestana-Melero F, Haff GG, Javier Rojas F, Perez-Castilla A, Garcia-Ramos A. Reliability of the load-velocity relationship obtained through linear and polynomial regression models to predict the 1-repetition maximum load. J Appl Biomech. 2018;34:184\u201390.","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"1854_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b62c5f","volume":"25","author":"B Jidovtseff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jidovtseff B, Harris NK, Crielaard J-M, Cronin JB. Using the load-velocity relationship for 1RM prediction. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:267\u201370.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8760","volume":"8","author":"A Garcia-Ramos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Ramos A, Janicijevic D, Gonzalez-Hernandez JM, Keogh JWL, Weakley J. Reliability of the velocity achieved during the last repetition of sets to failure and its association with the velocity of the 1-repetition maximum. PeerJ. 2020;8: e8760.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1854_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0801","volume":"14","author":"A Perez-Castilla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez-Castilla A, Piepoli A, Garrido-Blanca G, Delgado-Garcia G, Balsalobre-Fernandez C, Garcia-Ramos A. Precision of 7 commercially available devices for predicting bench-press 1-repetition maximum from the individual load-velocity relationship. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14:1442\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1854_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003609","volume":"36","author":"A Jim\u00e9nez-Alonso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Alonso A, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A, Cepero M, Miras-Moreno S, Rojas FJ, P\u00e9rez-Castilla A. Velocity performance feedback during the free-weight bench press testing procedure: an effective strategy to increase the reliability and one repetition maximum accuracy prediction. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;36:1077\u201383.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1280610","volume":"36","author":"C Balsalobre-Fernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balsalobre-Fernandez C, Marchante D, Munoz-Lopez M, Jimenez SL. Validity and reliability of a novel iPhone app for the measurement of barbell velocity and 1RM on the bench-press exercise. J Sports Sci. 2018;36:64\u201370.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"1854_CR62","unstructured":"Macarilla CT. The accuracy of predicting one-repetition maximum from submaximal velocity in the back squat and bench press. Florida Atlantic University; 2020."},{"key":"1854_CR63","first-page":"511","volume":"37","author":"D Callaghan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Callaghan D, Guy J, Stanton R, Scanlan A, Kean C. Validation of two mobile apps to predict maximal strength. ISBS Proc Arch. 2019;37:511.","journal-title":"ISBS Proc Arch"},{"key":"1854_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1626071","volume":"37","author":"A Garcia-Ramos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia-Ramos A, Barboza-Gonzalez P, Ulloa-Diaz D, Rodriguez-Perea A, Martinez-Garcia D, Guede-Rojas F, et al. Reliability and validity of different methods of estimating the one-repetition maximum during the free-weight prone bench pull exercise. J Sports Sci. 2019;37:2205\u201312.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"1854_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003739","volume":"35","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Castilla","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla A, Suzovic D, Domanovic A, Fernandes JFT, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A. Validity of different velocity-based methods and repetitions-to-failure equations for predicting the 1 repetition maximum during 2 upper-body pulling exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2021;35:1800\u20138.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"1854_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139161879","volume-title":"Regression and other stories","author":"A Gelman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gelman A, Hill J, Vehtari A. Regression and other stories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020."},{"key":"1854_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0801","volume":"14","author":"A P\u00e9rez-Castilla","year":"2019","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla A, Piepoli A, Garrido-Blanca G, Delgado-Garc\u00eda G, Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez C, Garc\u00eda-Ramos A. Precision of 7 commercially available devices for predicting bench-press 1-repetition maximum from the individual load\u2013velocity relationship. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14:1442\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"1854_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000496","volume":"41","author":"AJ McBurnie","year":"2019","unstructured":"McBurnie AJ, Allen KP, Garry M, Martin M, Jones PA, Comfort P, et al. The benefits and limitations of predicting one repetition maximum using the load-velocity relationship. Strength Cond J. 2019;41:28\u201340.","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"key":"1854_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.182","volume":"3","author":"T Hesterberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hesterberg T. Bootstrap. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Comput Stat. 2011;3:497\u2013526.","journal-title":"Comput Stat"},{"key":"1854_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6","volume":"45","author":"W Van den Noortgate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van den Noortgate W, L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez JA, Mar\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez F, S\u00e1nchez-Meca J. Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes. Behav Res Methods. 2013;45:576\u201394.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01854-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01854-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01854-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T19:12:19Z","timestamp":1692213139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01854-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01854-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No funding was received during, before or after completion of the project herein.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Aggregate data are available on the Open Science Framework, and can be accessed using the following link .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"All code produced as part of this review can be found at the following link .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"LG and PS conceptualised the work. LG and PS designed the methodology. LG performed all searches. LG and AH screened all eligible studies. Data were curated by LG and RA, and all formal analyses were then conducted by LG. LG wrote the first draft with initial critical input from PS, AH and RA. All authors provided critical feedback, appraised the intellectual content provided herein, and contributed to subsequent versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}},{"value":"Leon Greig, Rodrigo Aspe, Andy Hall, Paul Comfort, Kay Cooper and Paul Swinton declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}