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Endogenous sex hormones influence various bodily functions, including possibly exercise performance, and may influence adaptive changes in response to exercise training. Hormonal contraceptive (HC) use modulates the profile of endogenous sex hormones, and therefore, there is increasing interest in the impact, if any, of HC use on adaptive responses to resistance exercise training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim is to provide a quantitative synthesis of the effect of HC use on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, power and strength adaptations in response to resistance exercise training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted on experimental studies which directly compared skeletal muscle hypertrophy, power and strength adaptations following resistance exercise training in hormonal contraceptive users and non-users conducted before July 2023. The search using the online databases PUBMED, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Embase and other supplementary search strategies yielded 4669 articles, with 8 articles (54 effects and 325 participants) meeting the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the \u201cTool for the assessment of study quality and reporting in exercise\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All included studies investigated the influence of oral contraceptive pills (OCP), with no study including participants using other forms of HC. The articles were analysed using a meta-analytic multilevel maximum likelihood estimator model. The results indicate that OCP use does not have a significant effect on hypertrophy [0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) [\u2212\u20090.11, 0.13],\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.90), power (\u2212\u20090.04, 95% CI [\u2212\u20090.93, 0.84],\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.80) or strength (0.10, 95% CI [\u2212\u20090.08, 0.28],\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.48,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.20).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the present analysis, there is no evidence-based rationale to advocate for or against the use of OCPs in females partaking in resistance exercise training to increase hypertrophy, power and\/or strength. Rather, an individualised approach considering an individual\u2019s response to OCPs, their reasons for use and menstrual cycle history may be more appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ID number and hyperlink: CRD42022365677).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01911-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T05:02:50Z","timestamp":1695790970000},"page":"105-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Effect of Hormonal Contraceptive Use on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy, Power and Strength Adaptations to Resistance Exercise Training: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0743-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Nolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6176-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly L.","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Manninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1911_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1249\/ESM.0000000000000001","volume":"1","author":"S Abou Sawan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abou Sawan S, Nunes EA, Lim C, McKendry J, Phillips SM. 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Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51:2610\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01911-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01911-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01911-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1705649518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01911-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01911-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conceived and designed by DN, KLM, MM and BE. Data were collected by DN and KLM. Data were analysed by DN and MM. Data interpretation and manuscript preparation were undertaken by DN, KLM, MM and BE. All authors approved the final written version.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"This work was funded through an Irish Research Council Employment-based Postgraduate Programme (Grant number EBPPG\/2020\/263) awarded to DN and BE. The Irish Research Council is an associated agency of the Department of Education and Skills and operates under the aegis of the Higher Education Authority of Ireland. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors have no direct conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The aggregated dataset used for the analysis can be found on the OSF website (\n                      \n                      ). Additional information can be shared on request.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"The R-code used for the analysis can be found on the OSF website (\n                      \n                      ). Additional information can be shared on request.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Coder Availability"}}]}}