{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T05:32:19Z","timestamp":1793251939929,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many sports require maximal strength and endurance performance. Concurrent strength and endurance training can lead to suboptimal training adaptations. However, how adaptations differ between males and females is currently unknown. Additionally, current training status may affect training adaptations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We aimed to assess sex-specific differences in adaptations in strength, power, muscle hypertrophy, and maximal oxygen consumption (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mover>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) to concurrent strength and endurance training in healthy adults. Second, we investigated how training adaptations are influenced by strength and endurance training status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and a Cochrane risk of bias was evaluated. ISI Web of science, PubMed\/MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched using the following inclusion criteria: healthy adults aged 18\u201350 years, intervention period of\u2009\u2265\u20094\u00a0weeks, and outcome measures were defined as upper- and lower-body strength, power, hypertrophy, and\/or\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mover>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      . A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and reported in standardized mean differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 59 studies with 1346 participants were included. Concurrent training showed blunted lower-body strength adaptations in males, but not in females (male:\u2009\u2212\u20090.43, 95% confidence interval [\u2212\u20090.64 to\u2009\u2212\u20090.22], female: 0.08 [\u2212\u20090.34 to 0.49], group difference:\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03). No sex differences were observed for changes in upper-body strength (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.67), power (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37), or\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mover>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.13). Data on muscle hypertrophy were insufficient to draw any conclusions. For training status, untrained but not trained or highly trained endurance athletes displayed lower\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mover>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      gains with concurrent training (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). For other outcomes, no differences were found between untrained and trained individuals, both for strength and endurance training status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Concurrent training results in small interference for lower-body strength adaptations in males, but not in females. Untrained, but not trained or highly trained endurance athletes demonstrated impaired improvements in\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\dot{V}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mover>\n                              <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mo>\u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n                            <\/mml:mover>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      following concurrent training. More studies on females and highly strength-trained and endurance-trained athletes are warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO: CRD42022370894.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01943-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T05:02:20Z","timestamp":1697518940000},"page":"485-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Sex and Training Status"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Raven O.","family":"Huiberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3781-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob C. 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Huiberts, Rob C.I. W\u00fcst, and Stephan van der Zwaard have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The datasets analyzed during the current study are available in a GitHub repository (\n                      \n                      ).","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"The code is available in a GitHub repository (\n                      \n                      ).","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"RH and SZ conceived and designed the work. RH and SZ performed the literature search and the data screening and extraction. RH and RW evaluated the risk of bias. RH and SZ performed the statistical analyses. SZ was responsible for the visualizations and RH, RW, and SZ interpreted the data. SZ wrote the manuscript. All authors read and revised the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}