{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:16:54Z","timestamp":1788491814429,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Rugby","award":["471320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["471320"]}]},{"name":"Rugby Football Union"},{"name":"Premiership Rugby"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate head kinematic variables in elite men\u2019s and women\u2019s rugby union and their ability to predict player removal for an off-field (HIA1) head injury assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Instrumented mouthguard (iMG) data were collected for 250 men and 132 women from 1865 and 807 player-matches, respectively, and synchronised to video-coded match footage. Head peak resultant linear acceleration (PLA), peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA) and peak change in angular velocity (dPAV) were extracted from each head acceleration event (HAE). HAEs were linked to documented HIA1 events, with ten logistical regression models for men and women, using a random subset of non-case HAEs, calculated to identify kinematic variables associated with HIA1 events. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to describe thresholds for HIA1 removal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increases in PLA and dPAV were significantly associated with an increasing likelihood of HIA1 removal in the men\u2019s game, with an OR ranging from 1.05\u20131.12 and 1.13\u20131.18, respectively. The optimal values to maximise for both sensitivity and specificity for detecting an HIA1 were 1.96\u00a0krad\u22c5s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 24.29 g and 14.75 rad\u22c5s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively. Only one model had any significant variable associated with increasing the likelihood of a HIA1 removal in the women\u2019s game\u2014PAA with an OR of 8.51 (1.23\u201358.66). The optimal values for sensitivity and specificity for women were 2.01 krad\u22c5s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 25.98 g and 15.38\u00a0rad\u22c5s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PLA and dPAV were predictive of men\u2019s HIA1 events. Further HIA1 data are needed to understand the role of head kinematic variables in the women\u2019s game. The calculated spectrum of sensitivity and specificity of iMG alerts for HIA1 removals in men and women present a starting point for further discussion about using iMGs as an additional trigger in the existing HIA process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02146-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T08:47:24Z","timestamp":1731746844000},"page":"1317-1327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Head Kinematics Associated with Off-Field Head Injury Assessment (HIA1) Events in a Season of English Elite-Level Club Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s Rugby Union Matches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Allan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tooby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9anna","family":"Falvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"O\u2019Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Bussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.2016929","author":"G Tierney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tierney G. 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IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2024;71:2781\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02146-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02146-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02146-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T06:51:17Z","timestamp":1748242277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02146-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02146-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.10.01.24314695","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"G.T. and B.J. have received research funding from Prevent Biometrics and World Rugby. K.S. and M.B. have received research funding from World Rugby. L.S., R.T., E.F., D.S. and J.B. are employed by or contracted as consultants to World Rugby. G.T. previously conducted consultancy work for World Rugby. K.S. and S.K. are employed by the Rugby Football Union. S.H. receives funding for his PhD studies from the Rugby Football Union and Premiership Rugby. B.J. is a consultant with Premiership Rugby and the Rugby Football League. M.C. is employed by Premiership Rugby and was previously employed by the Rugby Football Union. P.O.H. has previously been contracted by the Rugby Football Union and is employed by Marker Diagnostics UK Ltd, a company developing salivary biomarker testing for sport related concussion. D.A. and J.T. declare they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Funding was provided by World Rugby, the Rugby Football Union and Premiership Rugby.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Anonymised data available upon reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Sharing"}},{"value":"This project was approved by the University\u2019s Research Ethics Committee, University of Ulster (#REC-21-0061). The study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Patients and\/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient and Public Involvement"}},{"value":"D.A., L.S., R.T., E.F. and G.T. conceptualised the research project. All authors were involved in the design and data collection for the study. D.A., J.T., L.S., R.T., E.F. and G.T. were responsible for the analysis and interpretation of the results. D.A. and G.T. drafted the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript prior to submission.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}}]}}