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However, there has been little investigation into whether AD risk genes associate with concussion severity\/recovery, and the limited findings are mixed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We used AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> genotypes to investigate any such associations in the NCAA-DoD Grand Alliance CARE Consortium (CARE) dataset.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We assessed six concussion outcomes in 931 participants, including two recovery measures (number of days to asymptomatic and to return to play (RTP)) and four severity measures (scores on SAC and BESS, SCAT symptom severity and total number of symptoms). We calculated the\u00a0PRS using a published score and performed multiple linear regression to assess the relationship of the\u00a0PRS with outcomes. We also used ANOVAs, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests, and chi-square tests to examine outcomes by <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic> genotype.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Higher PRS was associated with longer injury to RTP time in the normal RTP (&lt;\u200924\u00a0days) subgroup (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024). A one standard deviation increase in the PRS resulted in a 9.89\u00a0hour increase to RTP time. This result was no longer significant after inclusion of covariates. There were no other consistently significant effects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings suggest high AD genetic risk is not associated with more severe concussions or poor recovery in young adults. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings in larger samples with longer follow-up using PRS calculated from diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02150-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T11:27:53Z","timestamp":1737026873000},"page":"1487-1503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Polygenic Risk Score with Concussion Severity and Recovery Metrics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn M.","family":"Dybing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chien","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna C.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Broglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Mihalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8682-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Guskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Saykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Risacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly N. 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The US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick MD 21702-5014 is the awarding and administering acquisition office. This work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Combat Casualty Care Research Program, endorsed by the Department of Defense, through the Joint Program Committee 6\/ Combat Casualty Care Research Program\u2014Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Program under award nos. W81XWH1420151 and W81XWH1820047. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"K.D., T.M., B.M., Y.C.W., S.B., K.G., J.G., J.J., S.R., and K.N. have no relevant disclosures. Dr. Mihalik receives funding from the Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Football League, and Football Research Inc, and is the Co-Founder and Chief Science Officer for Senaptec Inc. Dr. Saykin receives support from multiple NIH grants (P30 AG010133, P30 AG072976, R01 AG019771, R01 AG057739, U19 AG024904, R01 LM013463, R01 AG068193, T32 AG071444, and U01 AG068057 and U01 AG072177). He has also received support from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Eli Lilly (in kind contribution of PET tracer precursor); Bayer Oncology (Scientific Advisory Board); Eisai (Scientific Advisory Board); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. (Dementia Advisory Board); NIH NHLBI (MESA Observational Study Monitoring Board); Springer-Nature Publishing (Editorial Office Support as Editor-in-Chief, Brain Imaging and Behavior).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"K.M.D. was responsible for data analysis and drafting the manuscript. K.N. contributed to study conceptualization and design, data analysis, and revision of the manuscript. T.W.M., Y.C.W., B.C.M., S.L.R. and A.J.S. contributed to study conception and revision of the manuscript. M.M., S.B., P.P., M.B., J.M., K.G., C.G., J.G., S.D., S.R., S.S., K.C., M.H., D.C., G.M., and J.J. contributed to data collection and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}},{"value":"Patient data are accessible as part of CARE 1.0 on the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System (FITBIR, ftbir.nih.gov). Criteria for access are determined by each of the entities hosting the data and the governance of their respective regulatory committees.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability statement"}},{"value":"Site-level (Indiana University IRB no. IU IRB 1406400404.) Institutional review board (IRB) and DoD Human Research Protections Office (HRPO) approval was obtained (Broglio et al., 2017) for this study. All study operations were in accordance with the standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Code is available upon request.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}