{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:31:36Z","timestamp":1791772296061,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2320-B-039-020-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2320-B-039-020-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012544","name":"China Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU113-MF-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU113-MF-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02179-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T07:33:06Z","timestamp":1738135986000},"page":"937-951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Non-surgical Treatments with or without Exercise for Diastasis Recti Abdominis in Postpartum Women: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4970-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chieh","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Fen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5553-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2461-474X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Kang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Yi","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7699-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/2000656X.2013.859145","volume":"48","author":"J Akram","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akram J, Matzen SH. Rectus abdominis diastasis. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2014;48(3):163\u20139.","journal-title":"J Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2179_CR2","first-page":"5","volume":"43","author":"B Ranney","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ranney B. Diastasis recti and umbilical hernia causes, recognition and repair. S D J Med. 1990;43(10):5\u20138.","journal-title":"S D J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2179_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096065","volume":"50","author":"JB Sperstad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sperstad JB, Tennfjord MK, Hilde G, Ellstr\u00f6m-Engh M, B\u00f8 K. Diastasis recti abdominis during pregnancy and 12 months after childbirth: prevalence, risk factors and report of lumbopelvic pain. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(17):1092\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2179_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.09.013","volume":"21","author":"van de Water AT, Benjamin DR","year":"2016","unstructured":"van de Water AT, Benjamin DR. Measurement methods to assess diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle (DRAM): a systematic review of their measurement properties and meta-analytic reliability generalisation. Man Ther. 2016;21:41\u201353.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"2179_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.4115","volume":"42","author":"P Mota","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mota P, Pascoal AG, Sancho F, B\u00f8 K. Test-retest and intrarater reliability of 2-dimensional ultrasound measurements of distance between rectus abdominis in women. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(11):940\u20136.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2179_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20836","volume":"22","author":"GM Beer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beer GM, Schuster A, Seifert B, Manestar M, Mihic-Probst D, Weber SA. The normal width of the linea alba in nulliparous women. Clin Anat. 2009;22(6):706\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.10.001","volume":"13","author":"Y Coldron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coldron Y, Stokes MJ, Newham DJ, Cook K. Postpartum characteristics of rectus abdominis on ultrasound imaging. Man Ther. 2008;13(2):112\u201321.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx117","volume":"98","author":"N Keshwani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keshwani N, Mathur S, McLean L. Relationship between interrectus distance and symptom severity in women with diastasis recti abdominis in the early postpartum period. Phys Ther. 2018;98(3):182\u201390.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-014-0272-z","volume":"38","author":"P Ver\u00edssimo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ver\u00edssimo P, Nahas FX, Barbosa MV, de Carvalho Gomes HF, Ferreira LM. Is it possible to repair diastasis recti and shorten the aponeurosis at the same time? Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2014;38(2):379\u201386.","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"2179_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.03.014","volume":"174","author":"G Sokunbi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sokunbi G, Camino-Willhuber G, Paschal PK, Olufade O, Hussain FS, Shue J, et al. Is diastasis recti abdominis associated with low back pain? A systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2023;174:119\u201325.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2179_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2018.07.002","volume":"105","author":"Benjamin DR, Frawley HC, Shields N, van de Water ATM, Taylor NF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin DR, Frawley HC, Shields N, van de Water ATM, Taylor NF. Relationship between diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle (DRAM) and musculoskeletal dysfunctions, pain and quality of life: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2019;105(1):24\u201334 (2019\/03\/01\/).","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101995","volume":"50","author":"L Fuentes Aparicio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuentes Aparicio L, Rejano-Campo M, Donnelly GM, Vicente-Campos V. Self-reported symptoms in women with diastasis rectus abdominis: a systematic review. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2021;50(7): 101995.","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-021-02478-6","volume":"25","author":"M Mughal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mughal M, Ross D. Management of the post-pregnancy abdomen: the plastic surgical perspective. Hernia. 2021;25(4):929\u201338.","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s002669900127","volume":"21","author":"FX Nahas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nahas FX, Augusto SM, Ghelfond C. Should diastasis recti be corrected? Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1997;21(4):285\u20139.","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2179_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181882493","volume":"122","author":"D Brauman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brauman D. Diastasis recti: clinical anatomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(5):1564\u20139.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2179_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10373","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S348135","volume":"14","author":"J Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu J, Gu J, Yu Z, Yang X, Fan J, You L, et al. Efficacy of standardized rehabilitation in the treatment of diastasis rectus abdominis in postpartum women. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:10373\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.3.465","volume":"41","author":"DM Kamel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamel DM, Yousif AM. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and strength recovery of postnatal diastasis recti abdominis muscles. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41(3):465\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2179_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2022.05.001","volume":"117","author":"P Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang P, Liang M, Shi S, Liu Y, Xiong R. Rehabilitation programme including EMG-biofeedback- assisted pelvic floor muscle training for rectus diastasis after childbirth: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2022;117:16\u201321.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.18311\/jeoh\/2021\/28267","volume":"21","author":"G Situt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Situt G, Kanase S. Effectiveness of NMES and taping on diastasis recti in postnatal women. J Ecophysiol Occup Health. 2021;21(3):105\u201311.","journal-title":"J Ecophysiol Occup Health"},{"key":"2179_CR20","first-page":"63","volume":"346","author":"S Tadmare","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tadmare S, Bhatnagar G, Kamble R, Phad S, Landge K, Pawadshetty V. Comparison of abdominal exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on diastasis recti abdominis muscle in postnatal females with caesarean section. Georgian Med News. 2024;346:63\u20137.","journal-title":"Georgian Med News"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2812","volume":"53","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Feng X, Liu Z, Liu Y, Xiong R. A rehabilitation programme focussing on pelvic floor muscle training for persistent lumbopelvic pain after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2021;53(4): jrm00180.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2179_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2021.67.5.12","volume":"67","author":"R Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei R, Yu F, Ju H, Jiang Q. Effect of electrical stimulation followed by exercises in postnatal diastasis recti abdominis via MMP2 gene expression. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2022;67(6):82\u20138.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"2179_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003361","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1003361","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhu Y, Jiang L, Lu C, Xiao L, Wang T, et al. Efficacy of electro-acupuncture in postpartum with diastasis recti abdominis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1003361.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR24","first-page":"139","volume":"44","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Yang X, Zhao Y, Xie D, Wang L. Acupuncture for postpartum diastasis recti abdominis and its effects on abdominal circumference, separation distance of rectus abdominis. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2024;44(2):139\u201343.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR25","first-page":"S395","volume":"16","author":"E Awad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Awad E, Mobark A, Zidan AA, Hamada HA, Shousha TM. Effect of progressive prone plank exercise program on diastasis of rectus abdominis muscle in postpartum women: a randomized controlled trial. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2021;16(2):S395\u2013S403.","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5114\/areh.2018.80964","volume":"32","author":"P\u017b Bobowik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bobowik P\u017b, D\u0105bek A. Physiotherapy in women with diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles. Adv Rehabil. 2018;32(3):11\u20137.","journal-title":"Adv Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR27","first-page":"7","volume":"6","author":"H Dave","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dave H, AratiMahishale MPT. Effect of structured abdominal exercise programme on diastasis of rectus abdominis muscle in postpartum women-an experimental study. IOSR J Sports Phys Educ 2019;6(3):7\u201315.","journal-title":"IOSR J Sports Phys Educ"},{"key":"2179_CR28","first-page":"75","volume":"7","author":"HS El-Mekawy","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Mekawy HS, Eldeeb AME, Lythy MAE, Elbegawy AF. Effect of abdominal exercises versus abdominal supporting belt on post-partum abdominal efficiency and rectus separation. Int J Med Health Sci. 2013;7:75\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Med Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2023.05.017","volume":"69","author":"SB Gluppe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gluppe SB, Ellstr\u00f6m Engh M, B\u00f8 K. Curl-up exercises improve abdominal muscle strength without worsening inter-recti distance in women with diastasis recti abdominis postpartum: a randomised controlled trial. J Physiother. 2023;69(3):160\u20137.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy008","volume":"98","author":"SL Gluppe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gluppe SL, Hilde G, Tennfjord MK, Engh ME, Bo K. Effect of a postpartum training program on the prevalence of diastasis recti abdominis in postpartum primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2018;98(4):260\u20138.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"2179_CR31","first-page":"71","volume":"21","author":"F Izadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Izadi F, Khalkhali Zaviyeh M, Akbarzadeh BA. Structural response of abdominal muscles to six weeks of strengthening training in women with diastasis recti. Iran J Obst Gynecol Infertility. 2018;21(9):71\u201382.","journal-title":"Iran J Obst Gynecol Infertility"},{"key":"2179_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.03.040","volume":"285","author":"AK Kaya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaya AK, Menek MY. Comparison of the efficiency of core stabilization exercises and abdominal corset in the treatment of postpartum diastasis recti abdominis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2023;285:24\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2179_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2019.1675207","volume":"37","author":"N Keshwani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keshwani N, Mathur S, McLean L. The impact of exercise therapy and abdominal binding in the management of diastasis recti abdominis in the early post-partum period: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract. 2021;37(9):1018\u201333.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR34","first-page":"400","volume":"14","author":"FC Laframboise","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laframboise FC, Schlaff RA, Baruth M. Postpartum exercise intervention targeting diastasis recti abdominis. Int J Exerc Sci. 2021;14(3):400.","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2179_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02775-5","volume":"23","author":"N Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee N, Bae YH, Fong SSM, Lee WH. Effects of Pilates on inter-recti distance, thickness of rectus abdominis, waist circumference and abdominal muscle endurance in primiparous women. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):626.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2179_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-72031999000500004","volume":"21","author":"LA Mesquita","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mesquita LA, Machado AV, Andrade AV. Physiotherapy for reduction of diastasis of the recti abdominis muscles in the postpartum period. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 1999;21:267\u201372.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"key":"2179_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9789\/2175-5361.rpcfo.v13.9555","author":"G Pampolim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pampolim G, Ribeiro dos Santos B, Gadiolli Verzola I, Ferres AM, Rodrigues da Silva GB, Silva Sarmento S. Physiotherapy in the reduction of diastasis of the recti abdominis in immediate postpartum. Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado e Fundamental. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9789\/2175-5361.rpcfo.v13.9555.","journal-title":"Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado e Fundamental."},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR38","first-page":"202","volume":"15","author":"Z Saleem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saleem Z, Khan AA, Farooqui SI, Yasmeen R, Rizvi J. Effect of exercise on inter-recti distance and associated low back pain among post-partum females: a randomized controlled trial. J Family Reprod Health. 2021;15(3):202.","journal-title":"J Family Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.22.0035","volume":"44","author":"S Shohaimi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shohaimi S, Husain NRN, Zaki FM, Atan IK. Split tummy exercise program for reducing diastasis recti in postpartum primigravidae: a randomized controlled trial. Korean J Fam Med. 2023;44(2):102\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2179_CR40","first-page":"62","volume":"19","author":"AA Thabet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thabet AA, Alshehri MA. Efficacy of deep core stability exercise program in postpartum women with diastasis recti abdominis: a randomised controlled trial. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2019;19(1):62\u20138.","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/JWH.0000000000000101","volume":"42","author":"LJ Tuttle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tuttle LJ, Fasching J, Keller A, Patel M, Saville C, Schlaff R, et al. Noninvasive treatment of postpartum diastasis recti abdominis: a pilot study. J Women\u2019s Health Phys Ther. 2018;42(2):65\u201375.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2179_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.7243\/2055-2386-3-3","volume":"3","author":"LM Walton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walton LM, Costa A, LaVanture D, McIlrath S, Stebbins B. The effects of a 6 week dynamic core stability plank exercise program compared to a traditional supine core stability strengthening program on diastasis recti abdominis closure, pain, oswestry disability index (ODI) and pelvic floor disability index scores (PFDI). Phys Ther Rehabil. 2016;3(1):3.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rehabil"},{"issue":"21","key":"2179_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215043","volume":"10","author":"L Ptaszkowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ptaszkowska L, Gorecka J, Paprocka-Borowicz M, Walewicz K, Jarzab S, Majewska-Pulsakowska M, et al. Immediate effects of kinesio taping on rectus abdominis diastasis in postpartum women-preliminary report. J Clin Med. 2021;10(21):5043.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2179_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin DR, Frawley HC, Shields N, Peiris CL, van de Water ATM, Bruder AM, et al. Conservative interventions may have little effect on reducing diastasis of the rectus abdominis in postnatal women - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2023;119:54\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2023.02.002"},{"key":"2179_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.05.014","volume":"262","author":"D Di Mascio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Mascio D, Caruso G, Prata G, Saccone G, Terrin G, Giancotti A, et al. The efficacy of abdominal binders in reducing postoperative pain and distress after cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;262:73\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2179_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2021.06.006","volume":"25","author":"S Gluppe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gluppe S, Engh ME, B\u00f8 K. What is the evidence for abdominal and pelvic floor muscle training to treat diastasis recti abdominis postpartum? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Braz J Phys Ther. 2021;25(6):664\u201375.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"9994","key":"2179_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61478-7","volume":"386","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Welton NJ. Network meta-analysis: a norm for comparative effectiveness? Lancet. 2015;386(9994):628\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7): e1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2179_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li T, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Collecting data. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions https:\/\/www.trainingcochraneorg\/handbook\/current\/chapter-05 (accessed April 30, 2024); 2019. p. 109\u201341.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch5"},{"issue":"366","key":"2179_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"28","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;28(366): l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003082","volume":"17","author":"A Nikolakopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikolakopoulou A, Higgins JPT, Papakonstantinou T, Chaimani A, Del Giovane C, Egger M, et al. CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(4): e1003082.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"10128","key":"2179_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","volume":"391","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391(10128):1357\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR53","first-page":"951","volume":"15","author":"IR White","year":"2015","unstructured":"White IR. Network meta-analysis. Stand Genomic Sci. 2015;15(4):951\u201385.","journal-title":"Stand Genomic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v2.i4.27","volume":"2","author":"GA Kelley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Statistical models for meta-analysis: a brief tutorial. World J Methodol. 2012;2(4):27.","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2179_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1164","volume":"7","author":"AA Veroniki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veroniki AA, Jackson D, Viechtbauer W, Bender R, Bowden J, Knapp G, et al. Methods to estimate the between-study variance and its uncertainty in meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2016;7(1):55\u201379.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2179_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1316","volume":"10","author":"D Langan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langan D, Higgins JPT, Jackson D, Bowden J, Veroniki AA, Kontopantelis E, et al. A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses. Res Synth Methods. 2019;10(1):83\u201398.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"2179_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cesm.12033","volume":"1","author":"E Axon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Axon E, Dwan K, Richardson R. Multiarm studies and how to handle them in a meta-analysis: a tutorial. Cochrane Evidence Synth Methods. 2023;1(10): e12033.","journal-title":"Cochrane Evidence Synth Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"2179_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076654","volume":"8","author":"A Chaimani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaimani A, Higgins JP, Mavridis D, Spyridonos P, Salanti G. Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA. PLoS\u00a0One. 2013;8(10): e76654.","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"2179_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG, Group obotCSM. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; 2019. p. 241\u201384.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch10"},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","volume":"6","author":"J IntHout","year":"2016","unstructured":"IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7): e010247.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"2179_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1651","volume":"14","author":"H Noma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noma H, Hamura Y, Sugasawa S, Furukawa TA. Improved methods to construct prediction intervals for network meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods. 2023;14(6):794\u2013806.","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90054-Q","volume":"45","author":"D Follmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Follmann D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J. Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45(7):769\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2179_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.12.009","volume":"145","author":"P-Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu P-Y, Huang K-S, Chen K-M, Chou C-P, Tu Y-K. Exercise, nutrition, and combined exercise and nutrition in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2021;145:38\u201348.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099682","volume":"9","author":"G Salanti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salanti G, Del Giovane C, Chaimani A, Caldwell DM, Higgins JP. Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. PLoS\u00a0One. 2014;9(7): e99682.","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","volume":"64","author":"G Salanti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salanti G, Ades A, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(2):163\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy009","volume":"47","author":"C-C Lai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lai C-C, Tu Y-K, Wang T-G, Huang Y-T, Chien K-L. Effects of resistance training, endurance training and whole-body vibration on lean body mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47(3):367\u201373.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.08.572","volume":"17","author":"J Higgins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Higgins J, Del Giovane C, Chaimani A, Caldwell D, Salanti G. Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. Value Health. 2014;17(7):A324.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2024.02.002","volume":"70","author":"NM Theodorsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Theodorsen NM, B\u00f8 K, Fersum KV, Haukenes I, Moe-Nilssen R. Pregnant women may exercise both abdominal and pelvic floor muscles during pregnancy without increasing the diastasis recti abdominis: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2024;70(2):142\u20138.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"2","key":"2179_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110124","volume":"92","author":"JE Stevens-Lapsley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stevens-Lapsley JE, Balter JE, Wolfe P, Eckhoff DG, Kohrt WM. Early neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve quadriceps muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2012;92(2):210\u201326.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2179_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181fcd95c","volume":"113","author":"Y Guan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guan Y, Wacnik PW, Yang F, Carteret AF, Chung CY, Meyer RA, et al. Spinal cord stimulation-induced analgesia: electrical stimulation of dorsal column and dorsal roots attenuates dorsal horn neuronal excitability in neuropathic rats. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(6):1392\u2013405.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2011.35.3.316","volume":"35","author":"GJ Yun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yun GJ, Chun MH, Park JY, Kim BR. The synergic effects of mirror therapy and neuromuscular electrical stimulation for hand function in stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011;35(3):316\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2179_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.8.12.567","volume":"8","author":"G Alon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Alon G, McCombe SA, Koutsantonis S, Stumphauzer LJ, Burgwin KC, Parent MM, et al. Comparison of the effects of electrical stimulation and exercise on abdominal musculature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1987;8(12):567\u201373.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.4.358","volume":"85","author":"CM Gregory","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gregory CM, Bickel CS. Recruitment patterns in human skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation. Phys Ther. 2005;85(4):358\u201364.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050609","volume":"80","author":"GA Dudley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dudley GA, Castro MJ, Rogers S, Apple DF Jr. A simple means of increasing muscle size after spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;80(4):394\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2179_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306298932","volume":"21","author":"SK Stackhouse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Stackhouse CA, McCarthy JJ, Prosser LA, Lee SC. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation versus volitional isometric strength training in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(6):475\u201385.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2091-y","volume":"161","author":"M Tinazzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tinazzi M, Zarattini S, Valeriani M, Romito S, Farina S, Moretto G, et al. Long-lasting modulation of human motor cortex following prolonged transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of forearm muscles: evidence of reciprocal inhibition and facilitation. Exp Brain Res. 2005;161(4):457\u201364.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2179_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1695-y","volume":"154","author":"TJ Kimberley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, Auerbach EJ, Dorsey LL, Lojovich JM, Carey JR. Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154:450\u201360.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2179_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802997","volume":"29","author":"CH Hsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsu CH, Hwang KC, Chao CL, Lin JG, Kao ST, Chou P. Effects of electroacupuncture in reducing weight and waist circumference in obese women: a randomized crossover trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(11):1379\u201384.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR79","volume":"3","author":"CA Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith CA, Armour M, Lee MS, Wang LQ, Hay PJ. Acupuncture for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3(3): Cd004046.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2179_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin DR, Frawley HC, Shields N, Peiris CL, van de Water ATM, Bruder AM, et al. Conservative interventions may have little effect on reducing diastasis of the rectus abdominis in postnatal women\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2023;119:54\u201371 (2023\/06\/01\/).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2023.02.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/JWH.0b013e318276f35f","volume":"36","author":"J Keeler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Keeler J, Albrecht M, Eberhardt L, Horn L, Donnelly C, Lowe D. Diastasis recti abdominis: a survey of women\u2019s health specialists for current physical therapy clinical practice for postpartum women. J Women\u2019s & Pelvic Health Phys Therapy. 2012;36(3):131\u201342.","journal-title":"J Women's & Pelvic Health Phys Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2179_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-024-05727-1","volume":"35","author":"A Skoura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Skoura A, Billis E, Papanikolaou DT, Xergia S, Tsarbou C, Tsekoura M, et al. Diastasis recti abdominis rehabilitation in the postpartum period: a scoping review of current clinical practice. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(3):491\u2013520.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2179_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2013.11.006","volume":"100","author":"AG Pascoal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pascoal AG, Dionisio S, Cordeiro F, Mota P. Inter-rectus distance in postpartum women can be reduced by isometric contraction of the abdominal muscles: a preliminary case\u2013control study. Physiotherapy. 2014;100(4):344\u20138.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2179_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.5459","volume":"45","author":"P Mota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mota P, Pascoal AG, Carita AI, B\u00f8 K. The immediate effects on inter-rectus distance of abdominal crunch and drawing-in exercises during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Orthopaedic Sports Phys Therapy. 2015;45(10):781\u20138.","journal-title":"J Orthopaedic Sports Phys Therapy."},{"issue":"7","key":"2179_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6536","volume":"46","author":"D Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee D, Hodges PW. Behavior of the linea alba during a curl-up task in diastasis rectus abdominis: an observational study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(7):580\u20139.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2179_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2021.01.008","volume":"111","author":"S Gluppe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gluppe S, Ellstr\u00f6m Engh M, Kari B. Women with diastasis recti abdominis might have weaker abdominal muscles and more abdominal pain, but no higher prevalence of pelvic floor disorders, low back and pelvic girdle pain than women without diastasis recti abdominis. Physiotherapy. 2021;111:57\u201365 (2021\/06\/01\/).","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02179-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02179-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02179-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T07:03:00Z","timestamp":1745218980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02179-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02179-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, grant number MOST 111-2320-B-039-020-MY3, and China Medical University, Taiwan, grant number CMU113-MF-30.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"All data related to this network meta-analysis are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"Conceptualization: W-CW, W-HW, C-YC, and C-YH; literature search, data extraction, and verification: W-CW, W-HW, M-FL, P-YW, HL, C-YC, and C-YH; statistical analysis and data interpretation: W-CW, W-HW, and Y-KT; writing-original draft preparation: W-CW, W-HW, M-FL, P-YW, HL, C-YC, and C-YH; writing-review and editing: W-CW, M-FL, C-YC, and C-YH. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}}]}}