{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1779941052365,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation is the primary procedure used to collect haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation in individuals with haematological malignancies. More than 90,000 HSC transplants take place globally each year, and there is an increasing need to guarantee HSC mobilisation, improve tolerability to apheresis, and optimise immune reconstitution. Currently, mobilisation of HSCs depends upon pharmacological agents, with donors inactive during their subsequent apheresis. A successful yield of HSCs is not always achieved, and greater efficiency of collection procedures would improve the donors\u2019 safety and experience, along with the overall functioning of apheresis departments. The mobilisation of immune cells during bouts of exercise has been increasingly studied over the past 40\u00a0years. Exercise enriches peripheral blood with HSCs and immune cells such as cytolytic natural killer cells, and these may impact upon collection efficiency and patient outcomes following transplantation. Using exercise in conjunction with routine pharmaceutical agents may meet these needs. This article describes the impact of exercise on the quantity and engraftment potential of HSCs. Given that PBSC collections take on average 3\u20134\u00a0h per day per donor, and often consecutive days to complete, particular attention is paid to adopting interval exercise in this setting. Moreover, practical and safety considerations for allogeneic and autologous donors are discussed. \u2018Intra-apheresis cycling\u2019 is proposed as a feasible adjunctive strategy to evoke clinically significant improvements in the quality of the immune graft. Further research is needed to validate this concept in conjunction with routine mobilisation agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02183-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T12:25:02Z","timestamp":1744719902000},"page":"1085-1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intra-apheresis Cycling to Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Donations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex J.","family":"Wadley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fendi","family":"Pradana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarondeep","family":"Nijjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Drayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J. E.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca A. M.","family":"Kinsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe A.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2183_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403515","author":"EC Attar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Attar EC, Scadden DT. Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell growth. Leukemia. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.leu.2403515.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2183_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10162","volume":"5","author":"I Henig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Henig I, Zuckerman T. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-50 years of evolution and future perspectives. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2014;5: e0028.","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med J"},{"key":"2183_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279189","volume":"107","author":"D Niederwieser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niederwieser D, Baldomero H, Bazuaye N, et al. One and a half million hematopoietic stem cell transplants: continuous and differential improvement in worldwide access with the use of non-identical family donors. Haematologica. 2022;107:1045\u201353.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"2183_CR4","first-page":"213","volume":"5","author":"DR Sutherland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sutherland DR, Anderson L, Keeney M, et al. The ISHAGE guidelines for CD34+ cell determination by flow cytometry. J Hematotherapy Stem Cell Res. 1996;5:213\u201326.","journal-title":"J Hematotherapy Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"2183_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S307520","volume":"12","author":"YM Bilgin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilgin YM. Use of plerixafor for stem cell mobilization in the setting of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantations: an update. J Blood Med. 2021;12:403\u201312.","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"key":"2183_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.04210.x","volume":"45","author":"JF Abrahamsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abrahamsen JF, Stamnesfet S, Liseth K, et al. Large-volume leukapheresis yields more viable CD34+ cells and colony-forming units than normal-volume leukapheresis, especially in patients who mobilize low numbers of CD34+ cells. Transfusion. 2005;45:248\u201353.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2183_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21222","volume":"27","author":"G Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee G, Arepally GM. Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis: from heparin to citrate and beyond. J Clin Apher. 2012;27:117\u201325.","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"key":"2183_CR8","unstructured":"Blood donor selection: guidelines on assessing donor suitability for blood donation. 2012."},{"key":"2183_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00155","volume":"7","author":"M Stoikou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stoikou M, van Breda SV, Sch\u00e4fer G, et al. G-CSF infusion for stem cell mobilization transiently increases serum cell-free DNA and protease concentrations. Front Med. 2020;7:155.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2183_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3747\/co.26.5033","volume":"26","author":"A Bazinet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bazinet A, Popradi G. A general practitioner\u2019s guide to hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Curr Oncol. 2019;26:187\u201391.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"2183_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21712","volume":"28","author":"S-A Yahng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yahng S-A, Lee JW, Kim Y, et al. New proposed guidelines for early identification of successful myeloid and erythroid engraftment in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Lab Anal. 2014;28:469\u201377.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"2183_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00347","volume":"3","author":"P Carrega","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carrega P, Ferlazzo G. Natural killer cell distribution and trafficking in human tissues. Front Immunol. 2012;3:347.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2183_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.12.2459.2459","volume":"75","author":"K Atkinson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Atkinson K, Horowitz MM, Gale RP, et al. Risk factors for chronic graft-versus-host disease after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1990;75:2459\u201364.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2183_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00523","volume":"7","author":"U Impola","year":"2016","unstructured":"Impola U, Larjo A, Salmenniemi U, et al. Graft immune cell composition associates with clinical outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with AML. Front Immunol. 2016;7:523.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2183_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017008631","volume":"1","author":"L Maggs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maggs L, Kinsella F, Chan YLT, et al. The number of CD56dim NK cells in the graft has a major impact on risk of disease relapse following allo-HSCT. Blood Adv. 2017;1:1589\u201397.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2183_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01997","volume":"10","author":"L Minculescu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minculescu L, Marquart HV, Ryder LP, et al. Improved overall survival, relapse-free-survival, and less graft-vs.-host-disease in patients with high immune reconstitution of TCR gamma delta cells 2 months after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1997.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2183_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.215","volume":"51","author":"RD Danby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Danby RD, Zhang W, Medd P, et al. High proportions of regulatory T cells in PBSC grafts predict improved survival after allogeneic haematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016;51:110\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93552","volume":"127","author":"D Amsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amsen D. T cells take directions from supporting cast in graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:1215\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2183_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.12.009","volume":"21","author":"M Loschi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loschi M, Porcher R, Peffault de Latour R, et al. High number of memory t cells is associated with higher risk of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:569\u201374.","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.10.013","volume":"20","author":"S Giralt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giralt S, Costa L, Schriber J, et al. Optimizing autologous stem cell mobilization strategies to improve patient outcomes: consensus guidelines and recommendations. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:295\u2013308.","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703566","volume":"29","author":"A Carral","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carral A, de la Rubia J, Mart\u00edn G, et al. Factors influencing hematopoietic recovery after autologous blood stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and with non-myeloid malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29:825\u201332.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.01.016","volume":"28","author":"N Sumransub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sumransub N, Cao Q, Wangen R, et al. High proliferating regulatory T cells post-transplantation are associated with poor survival in lymphoma patients treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther. 2022;28:184.e1-184.e8.","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"2183_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100508","volume":"3","author":"H Nahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nahi H, Chrobok M, Meinke S, et al. Autologous NK cells as consolidation therapy following stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Cell reports Med. 2022;3: 100508.","journal-title":"Cell reports Med"},{"key":"2183_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.592487","volume":"10","author":"M Martino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martino M, Paviglianiti A, Memoli M, et al. Multiple myeloma outpatient transplant program in the era of novel agents: state-of-the-art. Front Oncol. 2020;10: 592487.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2183_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023009681","volume":"7","author":"C Charalampous","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charalampous C, Goel U, Kapoor P, et al. Outcomes of patients with primary refractory multiple myeloma in the era of triplet and quadruplet induction therapy. Blood Adv. 2023;7:4371\u201380.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2183_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.2424","volume":"8","author":"BA Derman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Derman BA, Kansagra A, Zonder J, et al. Elotuzumab and weekly carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma without transplant intent: a phase 2 measurable residual disease-adapted study. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8:1278\u201386.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2183_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0205-9","volume":"9","author":"R Al Hamed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Hamed R, Bazarbachi AH, Malard F, et al. Current status of autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2019;9:44.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2183_CR28","first-page":"590","volume":"6","author":"AJ Barrett","year":"1978","unstructured":"Barrett AJ, Longhurst P, Sneath P, et al. Mobilization of CFU-C by exercise and ACTH induced stress in man. Exp Hematol. 1978;6(7):590\u2013594","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"2183_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000914","author":"JE Turner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turner JE, Wadley AJ, Aldred S, et al. Intensive exercise does not preferentially mobilize skin-homing T cells and NK cells. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000914.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2183_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.03.003","volume":"23","author":"LH Anane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anane LH, Edwards KM, Burns VE, et al. Mobilization of gammadelta T lymphocytes in response to psychological stress, exercise, and beta-agonist infusion. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23:823\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2183_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02021-2","volume":"21","author":"\u0160 Bogataj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bogataj \u0160, Pajek J, Buturovi\u0107 Ponikvar J, et al. Functional training added to intradialytic cycling lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and improves dialysis adequacy: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21:352.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2183_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.02.027","volume":"99","author":"MPM Graham-Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graham-Brown MPM, March DS, Young R, et al. A randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of intra-dialytic cycling on left ventricular mass. Kidney Int. 2021;99:1478\u201386.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2183_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.02.036","volume":"6","author":"DS March","year":"2021","unstructured":"March DS, Hurt AW, Grantham CE, et al. A cost-effective analysis of the CYCLE-HD randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int reports. 2021;6:1548\u201357.","journal-title":"Kidney Int reports"},{"key":"2183_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12205","volume":"25","author":"C Howell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Howell C, Douglas K, Cho G, et al. Guideline on the clinical use of apheresis procedures for the treatment of patients and collection of cellular therapy products. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Transfus Med. 2015;25:57\u201378.","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"2183_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","volume":"4","author":"C Baethge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr peer Rev. 2019;4:5.","journal-title":"Res Integr peer Rev"},{"key":"2183_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7131359","author":"R Emmons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmons R, Niemiro GM, De Lisio M. Exercise as an adjuvant therapy for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Stem Cells Int. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7131359.","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"2183_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19980415)34:2<61::AID-CYTO1>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"34","author":"M Keeney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Keeney M, Chin-Yee I, Weir K, et al. Single platform flow cytometric absolute CD34+ cell counts based on the ISHAGE guidelines. International Society of Hematotherapy and Graft Engineering. Cytometry. 1998;34:61\u201370.","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"2183_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240310000083","volume":"5","author":"JW Gratama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gratama JW, Kraan J, Keeney M, et al. Validation of the single-platform ISHAGE method for CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell enumeration in an international multicenter study. Cytotherapy. 2003;5:55\u201365.","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"2183_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10105-7","author":"M Schmid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmid M, Kr\u00f6pfl JM, Spengler CM. Changes in circulating stem and progenitor cell numbers following acute exercise in healthy human subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12015-020-10105-7.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"2183_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e283","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12320","volume":"25","author":"K Kr\u00fcger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger K, Pilat C, Schild M, et al. Progenitor cell mobilization after exercise is related to systemic levels of G-CSF and muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25:e283\u201391.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport"},{"key":"2183_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01344.2009","volume":"109","author":"MR Bonsignore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Riccioni R, et al. Hemopoietic and angiogenetic progenitors in healthy athletes: different responses to endurance and maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109:60\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1987.27287150188.x","volume":"27","author":"JM Heal","year":"1987","unstructured":"Heal JM. Exercise and circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in humans. Transfusion. 1987;27:155\u20138.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2183_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.10.001","volume":"68","author":"NH Agha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agha NH, Baker FL, Kunz HE, et al. Vigorous exercise mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells to peripheral blood via the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;68:66\u201375.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2183_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00696.2016","volume":"122","author":"JM Baker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baker JM, Nederveen JP, Parise G. Aerobic exercise in humans mobilizes HSCs in an intensity-dependent manner. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122:182\u201390.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00376.2002","volume":"93","author":"MR Bonsignore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Santoro A, et al. Circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells in runners. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:1691\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328309c756","volume":"15","author":"V Adams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adams V, Linke A, Breuckmann F, et al. Circulating progenitor cells decrease immediately after marathon race in advanced-age marathon runners. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2008;15:602\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2183_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger K, Alack K, Ringseis R, et al. Apoptosis of T-cell subsets after acute high-intensity interval exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Published Online First: 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000979.","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000979"},{"key":"2183_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.01.002","volume":"25","author":"GR Adams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adams GR, Zaldivar FP, Nance DM, et al. Exercise and leukocyte interchange among central circulation, lung, spleen, and muscle. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:658\u201366.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2183_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.08.017","volume":"74","author":"RM Graff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Graff RM, Kunz HE, Agha NH, et al. \u03b22-adrenergic receptor signaling mediates the preferential mobilization of differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes in response to acute exercise in humans. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;74:143\u201353.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2183_CR50","first-page":"30","volume":"22","author":"R Landmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Landmann R. Beta-adrenergic receptors in human leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Clin Invest. 1992;22(Suppl 1):30\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2183_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001","volume":"135","author":"RJ Simpson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, et al. Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2015;135:355\u201380.","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"2183_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-019-00050-4","volume":"2","author":"JP Nederveen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nederveen JP, Baker J, Ibrahim G, et al. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization responses to different exercise intensities in young and older adults. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2020;2:47\u201358.","journal-title":"J Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2183_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088864","volume":"105","author":"ML Bay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bay ML, Heywood S, Wedell-Neergaard A-S, et al. Human immune cell mobilization during exercise: effect of IL-6 receptor blockade. Exp Physiol. 2020;105:2086\u201398.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00338.2005","volume":"289","author":"G Morici","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morici G, Zangla D, Santoro A, et al. Supramaximal exercise mobilizes hematopoietic progenitors and reticulocytes in athletes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;289:1496\u2013503.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00438.2004","volume":"288","author":"M Okutsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Okutsu M, Ishii K, Kai JN, et al. Cortisol-induced CXCR4 augmentation mobilizes T lymphocytes after acute physical stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:591\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.08.008","volume":"22","author":"K Kr\u00fcger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger K, Lechtermann A, Fobker M, et al. Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22:324\u201338.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2183_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318201f39d","volume":"39","author":"RJ Simpson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simpson RJ. Aging, persistent viral infections, and immunosenescence: can exercise \u2018make space\u2019? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011;39:23\u201333.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"2183_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00925.2015","volume":"120","author":"R Emmons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmons R, Niemiro GM, Owolabi O, et al. Acute exercise mobilizes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and alters the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome. J Appl Physiol. 2016;120:624\u201332.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00936.2016","volume":"122","author":"GM Niemiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niemiro GM, Parel J, Beals J, et al. Kinetics of circulating progenitor cell mobilization during submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122:675\u201382.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180332d36","volume":"61","author":"F Zaldivar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zaldivar F, Eliakim A, Radom-Aizik S, et al. The effect of brief exercise on circulating CD34+ stem cells in early and late pubertal boys. Pediatr Res. 2007;61:491\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2183_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000342","volume":"46","author":"JN Stabley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stabley JN, Moningka NC, Behnke BJ, et al. Exercise training augments regional bone and marrow blood flow during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:2107\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2183_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.10.029","volume":"46","author":"JM Dominguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dominguez JM, Prisby RD, Muller-Delp JM, et al. Increased nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation of bone resistance arteries is associated with increased trabecular bone volume after endurance training in rats. Bone. 2010;46:813\u20139.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2183_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2007.10.003","volume":"36","author":"GG Wardyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wardyn GG, Rennard SI, Brusnahan SK, et al. Effects of exercise on hematological parameters, circulating side population cells, and cytokines. Exp Hematol. 2008;36:216\u201323.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"2183_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318168ec1f","volume":"36","author":"MJ Gibala","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gibala MJ, McGee SL. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008;36:58\u201363.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"2183_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092576","volume":"48","author":"KS Weston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weston KS, Wisl\u00f8ff U, Coombes JS. High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1227\u201334.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2183_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2019.01.004","volume":"62","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor JL, Holland DJ, Spathis JG, et al. Guidelines for the delivery and monitoring of high intensity interval training in clinical populations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62:140\u20136.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2183_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradana F, Nijjar T, Cox PA, et al. Brief cycling intervals incrementally increase the number of hematopoietic stem & progenitor and cytolytic natural killer cells in human peripheral blood. Front Immunol. 2024. (In Press).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1327269"},{"key":"2183_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000492741","volume":"140","author":"AM Halldorsdottir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halldorsdottir AM, Atladottir S, Thorsteinsdottir MA, et al. To wash or not to wash? Comparison of patient outcome after infusion of cryopreserved autologous hematopoietic stem cells before and after the replacement of manual washing by bedside thawing. Acta Haematol. 2018;140:169\u201375.","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"2183_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00532.2009","volume":"107","author":"S M\u00f6bius-Winkler","year":"2009","unstructured":"M\u00f6bius-Winkler S, Hilberg T, Menzel K, et al. Time-dependent mobilization of circulating progenitor cells during strenuous exercise in healthy individuals. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107:1943\u201350.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stroncek DF, Clay ME, Herr G, et al. The kinetics of G-CSF mobilization of CD34+ cells in healthy people. Transfus Med. Published Online First: 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3148.1997.d01-75.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3148.1997.d01-75.x"},{"key":"2183_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1039\/B512049G","volume":"6","author":"P Sethu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sethu P, Sin A, Toner M. Microfluidic diffusive filter for apheresis (leukapheresis). Lab Chip. 2006;6:83\u20139.","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2183_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21959","volume":"37","author":"EA Burgstaler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burgstaler EA, Bryant SC, Winters JL. Comparison of hematopoietic progenitor cell collection using different inlet flow rates with the Fenwal Amicus. J Clin Apher. 2022;37:206\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Apher"},{"key":"2183_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100415","volume":"20","author":"E Arroyo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arroyo E, Tagesen EC, Hart TL, et al. Comparison of the lymphocyte response to interval exercise versus continuous exercise in recreationally trained men. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022;20: 100415.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"2183_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2017.22.4.260","volume":"22","author":"NG Barra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barra NG, Fan IY, Gillen JB, et al. High intensity interval training increases natural killer cell number and function in obese breast cancer-challenged mice and obese women. J Cancer Prev. 2017;22:260\u20136.","journal-title":"J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2183_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R529","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00348.2016","volume":"312","author":"C Durrer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Durrer C, Francois M, Neudorf H, et al. Acute high-intensity interval exercise reduces human monocyte toll-like receptor 2 expression in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;312:R529\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33432-4","volume":"13","author":"T Koivula","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koivula T, Lempi\u00e4inen S, Rinne P, et al. The effect of acute exercise on circulating immune cells in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Sci Rep. 2023;13:6561.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2183_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078512","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1078512","volume":"13","author":"T Koivula","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koivula T, Lempi\u00e4inen S, Rinne P, et al. Acute exercise mobilizes CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in lymphoma patients. Front Physiol. 2022;13:1078512.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S416708","volume":"16","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Liu X, Zhang X, et al. Impact of early natural killer cell reconstitution on the outcomes of T cell-replete allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:2993\u20133008.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2183_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000354196","volume":"40","author":"K H\u00f6lig","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00f6lig K. G-CSF in healthy allogeneic stem cell donors. Transfus Med Hemother. 2013;40:225\u201335.","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"2183_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705917","volume":"41","author":"J Wiskemann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wiskemann J, Huber G. Physical exercise as adjuvant therapy for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;41:321\u20139.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00717.2012","volume":"113","author":"M De Lisio","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Lisio M, Parise G. Characterization of the effects of exercise training on hematopoietic stem cell quantity and function. J Appl Physiol. 2012;113:1576\u201384.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR82","first-page":"1157","volume":"18","author":"F Dimeo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dimeo F, Bertz H, Finke J, et al. An aerobic exercise program for patients with haematological malignancies after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1996;18:1157\u201360.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.9.3390","volume":"90","author":"F Dimeo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dimeo F, Fetscher S, Lange W, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on the physical performance and incidence of treatment-related complications after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood. 1997;90:3390\u20134.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2183_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-003-0512-2","volume":"11","author":"F Dimeo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dimeo F, Schwartz S, Fietz T, et al. Effects of endurance training on the physical performance of patients with hematological malignancies during chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer. 2003;11:623\u20138.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"2183_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2006.00668.x","volume":"15","author":"S-D Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim S-D, Kim H-S. A series of bed exercises to improve lymphocyte count in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2006;15:453\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"2183_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970501)79:9<1717::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"79","author":"FC Dimeo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dimeo FC, Tilmann MH, Bertz H, et al. Aerobic exercise in the rehabilitation of cancer patients after high dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation. Cancer. 1997;79:1717\u201322.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2183_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200301000-00002","volume":"35","author":"SC Hayes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hayes SC, Rowbottom D, Davies PSW, et al. Immunological changes after cancer treatment and participation in an exercise program. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:2\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2183_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703867","volume":"31","author":"S Hayes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hayes S, Davies PSW, Parker T, et al. Total energy expenditure and body composition changes following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and participation in an exercise programme. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31:331\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2183_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990515)85:10<2273::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"85","author":"FC Dimeo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dimeo FC, Stieglitz RD, Novelli-Fischer U, et al. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer. 1999;85:2273\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2183_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49420-7","volume":"13","author":"R Kuehl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuehl R, Feyer J, Limbach M, et al. Prehabilitative high-intensity interval training and resistance exercise in patients prior allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Sci Rep. 2023;13:22069.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2183_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.12.013","volume":"29","author":"MC Tokaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tokaz MC, Baldomero H, Cowan AJ, et al. An analysis of the worldwide utilization of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Transplant Cell Ther. 2023;29:279.e1-279.e10.","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"2183_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.06.008","volume":"194","author":"BV Rooney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rooney BV, Bigley AB, LaVoy EC, et al. Lymphocytes and monocytes egress peripheral blood within minutes after cessation of steady state exercise: A detailed temporal analysis of leukocyte extravasation. Physiol Behav. 2018;194:260\u20137.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2183_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01331.2003","volume":"97","author":"J Peake","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peake J, Wilson G, Hordern M, et al. Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97:612\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR94","first-page":"367","volume":"1","author":"IN Micallef","year":"2000","unstructured":"Micallef IN, Apostolidis J, Rohatiner AZ, et al. Factors which predict unsuccessful mobilisation of peripheral blood progenitor cells following G-CSF alone in patients with non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. Hematol J Off J Eur Haematol Assoc. 2000;1:367\u201373.","journal-title":"Hematol J Off J Eur Haematol Assoc"},{"key":"2183_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21400","volume":"84","author":"C Hosing","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hosing C, Saliba RM, Ahlawat S, et al. Poor hematopoietic stem cell mobilizers: a single institution study of incidence and risk factors in patients with recurrent or relapsed lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2009;84:335\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2183_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104ra101","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002191","volume":"3","author":"F Ferraro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferraro F, Lymperi S, M\u00e9ndez-Ferrer S, et al. Diabetes impairs hematopoietic stem cell mobilization by altering niche function. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:104ra101.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"2183_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01254.2013","volume":"116","author":"K Kr\u00fcger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger K, Klocke R, Kloster J, et al. Activity of daily living is associated with circulating CD34+\/KDR+ cells and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels in patients after myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116:532\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2183_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001402","volume":"50","author":"GM Niemiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niemiro GM, Edwards T, Barfield JP, et al. Circulating progenitor cell response to exercise in wheelchair racing athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:88\u201397.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2183_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15311","volume":"26","author":"R Ojala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ojala R, Hentil\u00e4 J, Lietz\u00e9n MS, et al. Bone marrow metabolism is affected by body weight and response to exercise training varies according to anatomical location. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26:251\u201361.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2183_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2013.06.007","volume":"49","author":"I Keser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keser I, Suyani E, Aki SZ, et al. The positive impact of regular exercise program on stem cell mobilization prior to autologous stem cell transplantation. Transfus Apher Sci. 2013;49:302\u20136.","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"2183_CR101","volume-title":"Physiology, blood volume","author":"R Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma R, Sharma S. Physiology, blood volume. StatPearls Publishing; 2023."}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02183-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02183-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02183-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T12:02:54Z","timestamp":1748260974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02183-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02183-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"AJW conceived and wrote the article. AJW and FP designed the figures. AJW, FP, and PAC conducted literature searches. All authors undertook revision and approval of the final manuscript.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}