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Peak T<jats:sub>CORE<\/jats:sub> was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00a0\u00b0C; HK-Elite: 39.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u00a0\u00b0C; Amateur: 39.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u00a0\u00b0C; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). Changes in T<jats:sub>CORE<\/jats:sub> for World Cup (2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u00a0\u00b0C) and HK-Elite (2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u00a0\u00b0C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u00a0\u00b0C). Peak T<jats:sub>TORSO<\/jats:sub> was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). T<jats:sub>TORSO<\/jats:sub> reduced during the swim (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>bonf<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), then increased during the bike (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>bonf<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but not run (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>bonf<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.00). World Cup athletes (3.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u00a0m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35\u00a0m; Amateurs: 2.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30\u00a0m; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>bonf<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), shorter contact times (209.3\u2009\u00b1\u200913.7\u00a0ms; HK-Elites: 237.8\u2009\u00b1\u200923.0\u00a0ms; Amateurs: 262.9\u2009\u00b1\u200931.0\u00a0ms, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>bonf<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3\u00a0strides.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) than HK-Elites (173.9\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8\u00a0strides.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and Amateurs (173.2\u2009\u00b1\u20098.7\u00a0strides.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>bonf<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak T<jats:sub>CORE<\/jats:sub> responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated T<jats:sub>CORE<\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;\u200940.0\u00a0\u00b0C without heat illness symptoms. T<jats:sub>CORE<\/jats:sub> may rise\u2009&gt;\u200941\u00a0\u00b0C during a sprint triathlon held under <jats:italic>Blue<\/jats:italic> flag conditions (~\u200926\u00a0\u00b0C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under <jats:italic>Red\/Black<\/jats:italic> flag conditions (&gt;\u200930.1\u00a0\u00b0C WBGT).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02193-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T12:20:10Z","timestamp":1743337210000},"page":"1515-1526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thermal and Biomechanical Responses of Amateur, Elite and World Cup Athletes During a World Cup Sprint Triathlon in the Heat"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2099-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9191-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Muniz-Pardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5592-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ihsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8357-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka-Kay","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing-Kai","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6973-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dani Pe\u00f1a","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2417-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Angeloudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7594-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiao","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0534-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KaKi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fergus","family":"Guppy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Racinais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1901-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0735-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Migliorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Pitsiladis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2193_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.21.12752-5","volume":"61","author":"B Muniz-Pardos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muniz-Pardos B, Angeloudis K, Guppy FM, et al. 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The funding body had no role in the study\u2019s design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or manuscript writing.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"YP is a founder of Human Telemetrics (London, UK). DPI is an employee of Human Telemetrics (London, UK). YP is the founder of the original Sub2 marathon project now affiliated to Human Telemetrics (London, UK). The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The data are not available to the public, as they include those of professional athletes. Authors are willing to share code upon request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee (Hong Kong Baptist University REC\/23-24\/0028). Written informed consent was obtained from the participants (and their parent or legal guardian in the case of participants under 18\u00a0years of age).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate and to publish was obtained from all participants included in the study (and their parent or legal guardian in the case of participants under 18\u00a0years of age).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Study design was conceived by CJ and YP. All authors participated in data collection in some capacity. Analysis was performed by KA, FG and CJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by CJ. Comments and revisions were provided by all. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}}]}}