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Synthetic data have emerging applications in clinical and medical data contexts and may assist in overcoming privacy issues to help support open science practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study discusses the applicability of an established synthetic data generation process using sequential tree-based algorithms (synthpop package in R) in the context of athlete monitoring data in sport, with the aim of providing an educational primer and discussion for potential application of these methods when exploring issues in the field sports and exercise sciences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The software package in R, synthpop, was used in seven simulation conditions applied to a professional football dataset, with varying model constraints. Classification and regression trees were used as the base model framework for each simulation. Metrics associated with both global utility (overall dataset similarity) and specific utility (specific research outcome similarity) were assessed on each simulation condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All simulation conditions demonstrated high levels of global utility. Additionally, simpler simulation conditions, which more closely resembled the analysis of the original dataset (simulation condition 1 and 2), provided higher specific utility than more advanced simulation conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarize, three types of models can be conceptualised for generating synthetic data: (1) models used for analysis of the original data (answering specific research questions), (2) models used to generate synthetic data, and (3) models that represent the true generation process for the original data. Misalignments in the specifications of these models might introduce biases that can compromise the utility of synthetic data no matter the purpose. As synthetic data do not constitute a direct replacement for real data from conceptual and empirical standpoints, we believe that researchers embracing this practice must include sufficient documentation concerning the synthetic data generation process purpose, the predictors and model used, and the potential boundary conditions for using the synthetic data in future investigations in sports and other fields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02221-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T04:04:28Z","timestamp":1750910668000},"page":"2019-2037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Synthetic Data for Sharing and Exploration in High-Performance Sport: Considerations for Application"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Warmenhoven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco M.","family":"Impellizzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Shrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Vigotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Menasp\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Coutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Fanchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giles","family":"Hooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2221_CR1","first-page":"1143","volume-title":"Call for open science in sports medicine","author":"GS Bullock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bullock GS, et al. 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Package \u2018synthpop\u2019. 2022. https:\/\/cran.opencpu.org\/web\/packages\/synthpop\/synthpop.pdf"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02221-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02221-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02221-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T21:04:35Z","timestamp":1758747875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02221-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02221-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"J.W. (lead author) was supported by the Australian Institute Sport for research funding of his postdoctoral fellowship, for which this publication is an output.\u00a0No other sources of funding were used to assist in the conduct of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"All authors have read the Springer editorial policy on competing\/conflicts of interest and can confirm that they have fully considered and complied with this policy.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"J.W. led the investigation and topic formation; J.W. and F.I. led the initial conceptualization; J.W., F.I., G.H., A.V., and I.S. contributed to the development of ideas for simulations in the manuscript; all authors contributed to the writing of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"The views and opinions expressed in this article by author(s) affiliated with the Australian Institute of Sport are solely their own and do not necessarily represent or reflect the official policy or position of the Australian Institute of Sport. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the author(s).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Declarations"}},{"value":"No original data are publicly released with this article; however, as per Supplementary Material S5, synthetic datasets generated using two different sets of simulation conditions have been released with this manuscript and are available at:\n                      \n                      .","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}}]}}