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However, there is a large inter-individual variation in muscle fiber hypertrophy following resistance exercise training. It has been hypothesized that a less than optimal muscle fiber capillarization and perfusion capacity may compromise muscle hypertrophy during resistance exercise training in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed whether 8\u00a0weeks of aerobic exercise preconditioning, to improve muscle fiber capillarization and perfusion capacity, augments the gains in muscle mass and strength during subsequent resistance exercise training in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 34 healthy older males and females (71\u00a0years standard deviation (SD)\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u00a0years) participated in 12\u00a0weeks of progressive resistance exercise training, preceded by either 8\u00a0weeks of aerobic preconditioning (AER,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917) through cycle-ergometer endurance training, or a no exercise control condition (CON,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917). Muscle strength (one repetition maximum (1RM)) and muscle fiber characteristics (histochemistry) were assessed at baseline, following 8\u00a0weeks of AER or CON, and after 12\u00a0weeks of resistance exercise training. Femoral artery blood flow and vastus lateralis muscle microvascular perfusion kinetics were assessed at baseline and following 8\u00a0weeks of AER or CON intervention. Thigh muscle volume (magnetic resonance imaging scan) was assessed before and after the 12\u00a0weeks of resistance exercise training.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aerobic exercise preconditioning increased type I (+\u200919\u2009\u00b1\u200919%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and type II (+\u200935\u2009\u00b1\u200937%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) muscle capillary-to-fiber ratio, with no changes in the CON group (type I:\u2009+\u20090\u2009\u00b1\u200917%; type II:\u2009\u2212\u20093\u2009\u00b1\u200926%). Muscle microvascular perfusion following a submaximal resistance exercise stimulus was reduced following aerobic exercise preconditioning, whereas no changes were observed in the CON group (interaction effect,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.051). Resistance exercise training increased leg press 1RM (+\u200916\u2009\u00b1\u200910% versus\u2009+\u200912\u2009\u00b1\u20098%, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and thigh muscle volume (+\u20090.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69 versus\u2009+\u20090.31\u2009\u00b1\u20090.62 L, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in both the AER and CON groups, with no differences between the groups. No differences were observed in type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophy in response to the entire intervention program between groups (interaction effect,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.5).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aerobic exercise preconditioning increases type I and type II muscle fiber capillarization in healthy older adults. Aerobic exercise preconditioning does not further increase muscle hypertrophy during subsequent resistance exercise training in healthy older adults. Both structural and functional microvascular characteristics do not seem to restrict the skeletal muscle adaptive response to resistance-type exercise training in healthy older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02229-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T08:48:46Z","timestamp":1745398126000},"page":"2323-2338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Aerobic Exercise Preconditioning Does Not Augment Muscle Hypertrophy During Subsequent Resistance Exercise Training in Healthy Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Milan W.","family":"Betz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra P.","family":"Monsegue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisanne H. 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Betz, Alfons J.H.M. Houben, Lex B. Verdijk, Luc J.C. van Loon, and Tim Snijders contributed to the design of the study. Milan W. Betz, Alejandra P. Monsegue, Lisanne H.P. Houben, and Floris K. Hendriks contributed to data acquisition. Milan W. Betz, Janneau van Kranenburg, T. Aussieker, and Bouke P. Adriaans contributed to data analysis. Milan W. Betz, Alejandra P. Monsegue, Lisanne H.P. Houben, Floris K. Hendriks, Janneau van Kranenburg, T. Aussieker, Bouke P. Adriaans, Alfons J.H.M. Houben, Lex Verdijk, Luc J.C. van Loon, and Tim Snijders contributed to the interpretation of the data. Milan W. Betz wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Alejandra P. Monsegue, Lisanne H.P. Houben, Floris K. Hendriks, Janneau van Kranenburg, T. Aussieker, Bouke P. Adriaans, Alfons J.H.M. Houben, Lex Verdijk, Luc J.C. van Loon, and Tim Snijders critically reviewed the current work for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"Lex B. Verdijk has received research funding from FrieslandCampina BV (not related to the work presented here). Alfons J.H.M. Houben is part of a European consortium financed by the European Union: European Commission, European Research Executive Agency, Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions and Support to Experts; MSCA Doctoral Networks no. 954798. Luc J.C. van Loon has received research grants, consulting fees, speaking honoraria, or a combination of these for research on the impact of exercise and nutrition on muscle metabolism. A full overview of research funding is provided at\n                      \n                      . All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"This research was supported by funding from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and ZonMw-veni (016.196.008). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability Statement"}}]}}