{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:41:21Z","timestamp":1791402081554,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001787","name":"University of South Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Handgrip strength (HGS) is an important marker of health. Using allometric scaling, we previously identified that adult HGS should be normalized by a cross-sectional or surface area measure of body size, although it is unclear whether scaling youth HGS by the same body size dimension is appropriate. We therefore aimed to (1) identify the optimal body size dimension(s) to normalize youth HGS for differences in body size and (2) generate norm-referenced values for HGS using the identified body size dimension(s).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a representative sample of the US non-institutionalized civilian population. Exclusions resulted in a final sample of 4816 youth (51.2% male) aged 6\u201319\u00a0years. Handgrip strength was measured using electronic hand dynamometry. Body size dimensions included body mass, height, and waist circumference. Allometry was used to identify the most appropriate dimension(s) associated with HGS. Population-weighted, sex-stratified generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape were used to develop norms by sex and age. Norms were tabulated as percentile values (3rd to 97th) and visualized as smoothed percentile curves.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Predicting HGS using all three body size dimensions (three-dimensional) resulted in collinearity predominantly owing to the presence of waist circumference, prohibiting the use of all three body size dimensions as normalizers. However, collinearity was not an issue when two of the three dimensions (body mass and height) were adopted. Allometry identified a \u201cgeneralizable\u201d normalizing ratio as HGS\n n<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009\n \n \n $$HGS\/({HT}^{2}*{M}^{0.333})$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n G<\/mml:mi>\n S<\/mml:mi>\n \/<\/mml:mo>\n (<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n HT<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n \n \u2217<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n M<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 0.333<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . If only a single body size dimension were available, then HGS should be normalized using height\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (i.e.,\n \n \n $$HGS\/{HT}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n G<\/mml:mi>\n S<\/mml:mi>\n \/<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n HT<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) because height was identified as the strongest single body size dimension associated with HGS. Sex- and age-specific norms for\n \n \n $$HGS\/({HT}^{2}*{M}^{0.333})$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n H<\/mml:mi>\n G<\/mml:mi>\n S<\/mml:mi>\n \/<\/mml:mo>\n (<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n HT<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n \n \u2217<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n M<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 0.333<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n declined from age 6\u20138\u00a0years and progressively increased thereafter.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Allometrically scaling HGS by\n \n \n $$({HT}^{2}*{M}^{0.333})$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n HT<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n \n \u2217<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n M<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 0.333<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n helps normalize strength for body size in population-based youth research.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02235-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T08:09:39Z","timestamp":1748592579000},"page":"2303-2312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["How Should Youth Handgrip Strength be Normalized? New Insights Using 3-D Allometry with \u201cGeneralizable\u201d Norm-Referenced Values, Data from NHANES"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0506-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan M.","family":"Nevill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1768-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin J.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5208-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Niemz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant R.","family":"Tomkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0196-4","volume":"44","author":"JJ Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith JJ, Eather N, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Faigenbaum AD, Lubans DR. 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Nevill, Justin J. Lang, Mark Niemz, and Grant R. Tomkinson have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"The NHANES protocols (Protocol #2011-17) were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board in compliance with the revised Declaration of Helsinki. We did not seek additional approval because the data used in this study were free from personal identifiers.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Signed parental consent (participants aged 0\u20136\u00a0years), signed parental consent and child assent (participants aged 7\u201317\u00a0years), and signed consent (participants aged 18\u2009+\u2009years) were provided as part of the original NHANES data collection. No consent was required for our study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Data are publicly available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics (\n \n ,\n \n ).","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"AMN, JJL, and GRT conceptualized\/designed the study and drafted the manuscript. AMN analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results, edited and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content, approved the manuscript as submitted, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions"}},{"value":"The content and views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Government of Canada.","order":10,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}