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The key independent variable was age of first exposure to football (AFE\u2009&lt;\u200912 versus AFE\u2009\u2265\u200912). Main outcomes included depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9), anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7; GAD-7), cognitive difficulties (British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory; BC-CCI), Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) score, and prevalence of other health problems. Multivariable regressions were assessed for associations between AFE and outcome variables.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In total, 107 male participants with exposure to football (mean age: 60.6\u2009\u00b1\u200915.1 years) reported an average of 4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7 years of exposure to football, with an average AFE of 11.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 years. In multivariable analyses, AFE\u2009&lt;\u200912 was not a significant predictor of PHQ-9 (unstandardized beta,\u00a0<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.51, standard error, SE: 1.25, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.682), GAD-7 (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.09, SE: 0.95, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.926), NSI (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>:\u2009\u2212\u20090.56, SE: 2.93, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.850), or BC-CCI (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>:\u2009\u2212\u20090.65, SE: 0.77, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.403). However, more prior concussions were associated with worse PHQ-9 (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.44, SE: 0.10, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), GAD-7 (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.33, SE: 0.07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), NSI (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 1.04, SE: 0.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and BC-CCI scores (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.26, SE: 0.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). AFE\u2009&lt;\u200912 did not predict general health problems or independent functional status.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>AFE to football was not associated with adverse psychiatric, cognitive, neurobehavioral, or general health outcomes among young, former amateur American Football players. However, more lifetime concussions were associated with adverse cognitive and psychiatric health outcomes. Future studies should examine similar outcomes in older cohorts with more comorbidities to further minimize potential confounding between general health and lack of later-life symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02239-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T07:56:07Z","timestamp":1747209367000},"page":"2613-2625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Association Between Age of First Exposure to American Football at a Young Age and Later-Life Health Issues in Healthy, Community-Dwelling Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Grant H.","family":"Rigney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Dugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Bishay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soren","family":"Jonzzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.197","volume":"7","author":"ML Alosco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alosco ML, Kasimis AB, Stamm JM, Chua AS, Baugh CM, Daneshvar DH, et al. 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He previously consulted for REACT Neuro, Inc. He has a consulting practice in forensic neuropsychology, including expert testimony, involving individuals who have sustained mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) (including former athletes). He receives grant funding from Amgen, Inc. and Football Research, Inc. Scott Zuckerman, MD, MPH, is a member of the NFL Head, Neck, and Spine Committee and consultant for Medtronic. No other authors have any conflicts of interest to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Grant Rigney contributed to design, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. John Dugan contributed to design and drafting of the manuscript. Anthony Bishay contributed to design and drafting of the manuscript. Soren Jonzzon contributed to design of the study and editing of the manuscript. Jacob Jo contributed to the design of the study and editing of the manuscript. Kristen Williams contributed to study oversight and data acquisition. Scott L. Zuckerman contributed to study design and conception, data acquisition, study oversight, drafting of manuscript, and editing of manuscript. Douglas P. Terry contributed to study design and conception, data acquisition, study oversight, drafting of manuscript, and editing of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Data are available to qualified investigators on reasonable request.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}}]}}