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Tackle height (i.e. point of contact on ball-carrier) and body positions of tacklers and ball-carriers were labelled for all tackles in which a player wore an iMG. HAEs from the initial impact were identified. Mean player, tackler and ball-carrier exceedance probabilities for various peak linear and angular acceleration thresholds were estimated from ordinal mixed-effects models.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Contact with ball-carriers\u2019 head\/neck resulted in the highest mean HAE probabilities for both sexes. The probability of an HAE to the ball-carrier decreased as tackle height lowered. The highest probability for the tackler was initial contact to the ball-carriers upper leg. Body position influenced the probability of HAEs, with falling\/diving ball-carriers resulting in higher mean probabilities. When a player, regardless of role, was bent-at-waist, elevated HAE probabilities were observed in men\u2019s competitions. Women\u2019s data demonstrated similar probabilities of an HAE for all body positions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Initial contact to the ball-carrier\u2019s head\/neck had the highest chance of an HAE, whilst role-specific differences are apparent for different tackle heights and body positions. Future player-welfare strategies targeting contact events should therefore consider HAE mechanisms along with current literature.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02241-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T13:04:42Z","timestamp":1746623082000},"page":"2641-2657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the Probability of Head\u00a0Acceleration Events in Elite Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s Rugby Union Match-Play: The Impact of Tackle Height and Body Position"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6518-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron","family":"Owen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tooby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sawczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9anna","family":"Falvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharief","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03001-3","volume":"50","author":"C Kuo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuo C, Patton D, Rooks T, Tierney G, Mcintosh A, Lynall R, et al. 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Ann Biomed Eng. 2021;49(12):3189\u201399.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02241-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02241-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02241-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:02:59Z","timestamp":1760097779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02241-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02241-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"World Rugby funded this research project.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"C.O. is partly funded by the Rugby Football League and has received funding from Prevent Biometrics and World Rugby. T.S. is partly funded by Premiership Rugby and World Rugby. G.R. role is partly funded by World Rugby and Premiership Rugby. J.T. is partly funded by the Rugby Football League, Premiership Rugby and World Rugby. B.J. is employed by Premiership Rugby and Rugby Football League as a consultant and has received research funding from Prevent Biometrics and World Rugby. M.C. is employed by Premiership Rugby. L.S. and \u00c9.F. are employed by World Rugby. S.H. is funded by the Rugby Football Union and Premiership Rugby. K.S. and S.K. are employed by the Rugby Football Union. J.B. is part funded by World Rugby. R.T. is employed by World Rugby as a consultant.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This project was approved by the Leeds Beckett University Ethics Committee (ref. no.: 108638). This study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. Anonymised data are available upon reasonable request.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Code for analyses will be available upon reasonable request.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"C.O., J.T., T.S., G.R. and B.J. conceptualised the research project and study design. C.O. and T.S. conducted formal statistical analysis and presentation of results. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript prior to submission.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}