{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T21:19:01Z","timestamp":1793740741214,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005713","name":"Technical University of Munich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are the two truly major energy metabolism pathways\u00a0in humans. While maximal oxygen uptake (\n \n \n $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n max) has been used for a century as a whole-body measure of maximal oxidative phosphorylation, there is no universally accepted, comparable measure of maximal glycolysis. However, already in 1984, Alois Mader introduced the maximal rate of lactate accumulation in mmol\/kg\/s related to active muscle weight (\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n muscle<\/jats:sub>\n ) for his mathematical model of human exercise metabolism. In 1994, on the basis of a critical analysis of glycolytic tests at the time, Mader proposed a practical test of the maximal rate of lactate accumulation in mmol per litre of earlobe or fingertip blood per second, corrected for alactic time (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n alac<\/jats:sub>\n ), that is measured during an\u2009~\u200910\u201315-s all-out exercise test (\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n blood<\/jats:sub>\n ). The variant\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n blood<\/jats:sub>\n differs from the original\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n muscle<\/jats:sub>\n , as it is normalized to 1 L of blood volume and is today measured as the maximal rate of blood lactate accumulation in mmol\/L\/s. To measure it, participants typically perform a 10\u201315-s all-out test followed by quantification of the rise of the blood lactate concentration from pre-test to the maximum after exercise. Some few seconds of a 10\u201315-s all-out test are \u201calactic\u201d and should be subtracted from the work time to more accurately estimate the\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n blood<\/jats:sub>\n . However, (1) glycolytic flux is unlikely to be truly maximal during an all-out exercise test, (2) peak glycolytic flux occurs only briefly, (3) there is no criterion for reaching the\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n blood<\/jats:sub>\n , (4) there is no correction for lactate clearance in the time from exercise cessation to blood sampling, (5) there is no correction for ATP resynthesis by oxidative phosphorylation and (6) the\n t<\/jats:italic>\n alac<\/jats:sub>\n correction is error-prone. Therefore, we propose the peak rate of lactate accumulation in mmol\/L\/s in arterialized earlobe or fingertip blood during an all-out exercise test lasting 10\u201315 s (\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lapeak) as a simplified estimate of peak glycolytic rate analogous to the\n \n \n $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n V<\/mml:mi>\n \u02d9<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mover>\n \n O<\/mml:mtext>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n peak. In contrast to the\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n blood<\/jats:sub>\n , the\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lapeak is not corrected for\n t<\/jats:italic>\n alac<\/jats:sub>\n . Modelling using Alois Mader\u2019s model of human exercise metabolism suggests that (with everything else being the same) a higher\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n muscle<\/jats:sub>\n will (a) improve performance in events where a large part of the hydrolysed ATP is resynthesized by glycolysis, (b) cause a leftward shift of the lactate curve and (c) increase carbohydrate usage and accelerate glycogen depletion at a given exercise intensity. There is large potential for research on the validation and improvement of\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lapeak tests for athletes, healthy sedentary individuals and patients. This research should improve estimation of\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n muscle<\/jats:sub>\n from\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lapeak and experimentally test the modelling predictions of the effects of changes in\n v<\/jats:italic>\n Lamax\n muscle<\/jats:sub>\n on exercise performance and fatigue.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T18:59:45Z","timestamp":1752778785000},"page":"1853-1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Is the vLamax for Glycolysis What the $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ max is for Oxidative Phosphorylation?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Wackerhage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Kabasakalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Seiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"62","key":"2259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/os-16.62.135","volume":"os-16","author":"AV Hill","year":"1923","unstructured":"Hill AV, Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. QJM. 1923;os-16(62):135\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/os-16.62.135.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","volume":"32","author":"DR Bassett Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bassett DR Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):70\u201384.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2259_CR3","unstructured":"INSCYD. Wout van Aert talks about Fatmax and vLamax. 2020."},{"key":"2259_CR4","unstructured":"Busca N. Proper science or hocus pocus? Pros and cons of using VLamax. Rouleur; 2022."},{"key":"2259_CR5","unstructured":"Mader A. Aussagekraft der Laktatleistungskurve in Kombination mit anaeroben Tests zur Bestimmung der Stoffwechselkapazit\u00e4t. In: Clasing D, Weicker H, D B, editors. Stellenwert der Laktatbestimmung in der Leistungsdiagnostik. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1994. p. 133\u201352."},{"key":"2259_CR6","unstructured":"Mader A. Eine Theorie zur Berechnung der Dynamik und des steady state von Phosphorylierungsszzustand und Stoffwechselaktivit\u00e4t der Muskelzelle als Folge des Energiebedarfs. Cologne1984."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2259_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0676-3","volume":"88","author":"A Mader","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mader A. Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation as a function of cytosolic phosphorylation state and power output of the muscle cell. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;88(4\u20135):317\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90844.2008a","volume":"106","author":"B Ekblom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ekblom B. Counterpoint: maximal oxygen uptake is not limited by a central nervous system governor. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(1):339\u201341.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2259_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poole DC, Jones AM. Measurement of the maximum oxygen uptake $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ max: $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ peak is no longer acceptable. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122(4):997\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01063.2016.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01063.2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.1.73","volume":"8","author":"HL Taylor","year":"1955","unstructured":"Taylor HL, Buskirk E, Henschel A. Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. J Appl Physiol. 1955;8(1):73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1955.8.1.73.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2259_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00024.2003","volume":"95","author":"JR Day","year":"2003","unstructured":"Day JR, Rossiter HB, Coats EM, Skasick A, Whipp BJ. The maximally attainable VO2 during exercise in humans: the peak vs. maximum issue. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(5):1901\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00024.2003.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72028-4","volume":"14","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang C, Taylor MJ, Stafford CD, Dang DS, Matarneh SK, Gerrard DE, et al. Analysis of phosphofructokinase-1 activity as affected by pH and ATP concentration. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):21192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72028-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2259_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langley JO, Porter MS. $$\\dot{V}$$Lamax: determining the optimal test duration for maximal lactate formation\u00a0rate during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Euro J Appl Physiol. 2024;124(10):3149\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05507-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05507-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"2259_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05529-9","volume":"124","author":"BJ Meixner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meixner BJ, Nusser V, Koehler K, Sablain M, Boone J, Sperlich B. Relationship of peak capillary blood lactate accumulation and body composition in determining the mechanical energy equivalent of lactate during sprint cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024;124(11):3399\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05529-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2259_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70020","volume":"12","author":"A Pohl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pohl A, Sch\u00fcnemann F, Schaaf K, Yang WH, Heck H, Heine O, et al. Increased resting lactate levels and reduced carbohydrate intake cause \u03bdLa.max underestimation by reducing net lactate accumulation\u2014a pilot study in young adults. Physiol Rep. 2024;12(16): e70020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.70020.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2259_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11040087","author":"M Mavroudi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mavroudi M, Kabasakalis A, Petridou A, Mougios V. Blood lactate and maximal lactate accumulation rate at three sprint swimming distances in highly trained and elite swimmers. Sports (Basel). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports11040087.","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1958-3876","volume":"44","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ, Foitschik T, Vafa R, Freitag FJ, Sparmann N, Nolte S, et al. Is maximal lactate accumulation rate promising for improving 5000-m prediction in running? Int J Sports Med. 2023;44(4):268\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1958-3876.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2259_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390300073302","volume":"3","author":"H Heck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heck H, Schulz H, Bartmus U. Diagnostics of anaerobic power and capacity. Eur J Sport Sci. 2003;3(3):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461390300073302.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2259_CR19","unstructured":"Weber S. Berechnung leistungsbestimmender Parameter der metabolischen Aktivit\u00e4t auf zellul\u00e4rer Ebene mittels fahrradergometrischer Untersuchungen. 2003."},{"key":"2259_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-59835-1","volume-title":"Laktat: Stoffwechselgrundlagen, Leistungsdiagnostik, Trainingssteuerung","author":"H Heck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heck H, Bartmus U, Grabow V. Laktat: Stoffwechselgrundlagen, Leistungsdiagnostik, Trainingssteuerung. Berlin: Springer; 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51808-6","volume":"15","author":"EM Lynch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lynch EM, Hansen H, Salay L, Cooper M, Timr S, Kollman JM, et al. Structural basis for allosteric regulation of human phosphofructokinase-1. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):7323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-51808-6.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2259_CR22","first-page":"151","volume":"4","author":"H Wackerhage","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wackerhage H, Mueller K, Hoffmann U, Leyk D, Essfeld D, Zange J. Glycolytic ATP production estimated from 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements during ischemic exercise in vivo. Magma (New York, NY). 1996;4(3\u20134):151\u20135.","journal-title":"Magma (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(84)90038-7","volume":"805","author":"EA Shoubridge","year":"1984","unstructured":"Shoubridge EA, Bland JL, Radda GK. Regulation of creatine kinase during steady-state isometric twitch contraction in rat skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Mol Cell Res. 1984;805(1):72\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-4889(84)90038-7.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"2259_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto GJ, Stryer L. Biochemistry, 8 edn. Freeman & Company; 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54620-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-021-00279-0","volume":"11","author":"M Murgia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murgia M, Nogara L, Baraldo M, Reggiani C, Mann M, Schiaffino S. Protein profile of fiber types in human skeletal muscle: a single-fiber proteomics study. Skelet Muscle. 2021;11(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13395-021-00279-0.","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14545","volume":"34","author":"V Galvan-Alvarez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galvan-Alvarez V, Gallego-Selles A, Martinez-Canton M, Perez-Suarez I, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Martin-Rincon M, et al. Physiological and molecular predictors of cycling sprint performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024;34(1): e14545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14545.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198704040-00004","volume":"4","author":"H Vandewalle","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vandewalle H, P\u00e9er\u00e8s G, Monod H. Standard anaerobic exercise tests. Sports Med. 1987;4(4):268\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-198704040-00004.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2259_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198704060-00001","volume":"4","author":"O Bar-Or","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bar-Or O. The Wingate anaerobic test an update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med. 1987;4(6):381\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-198704060-00001.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"Spec Issue","key":"2259_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/186074","volume":"91","author":"A Mastalerz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mastalerz A, Johne M, Mr\u00f3z A, Bojarczuk A, Stastny P, Petr M, et al. Changes of anaerobic power and lactate concentration following intense glycolytic efforts in elite and sub-elite 400-meter sprinters. J Hum Kinet. 2024;91(Spec Issue):165\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/jhk\/186074.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"2259_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281142","author":"H Wackerhage","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wackerhage H. Contributions by the Cologne group to the development of lactate exercise testing and anaerobic threshold concepts in the 1970s and 1980s. J Physiol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP281142.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2259_CR31","volume-title":"H\u00f6chst- und Dauerleistungsf\u00e4higkeit des Sportlers","author":"W Hollmann","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hollmann W. H\u00f6chst- und Dauerleistungsf\u00e4higkeit des Sportlers. Munich: Barth; 1963."},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-11-25","volume":"11","author":"T Hauser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hauser T, Adam J, Schulz H. Comparison of calculated and experimental power in maximal lactate-steady state during cycling. Theor Biol Med Model. 2014;11(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4682-11-25.","journal-title":"Theor Biol Med Model"},{"issue":"2","key":"2259_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1134311","volume":"32","author":"J Adam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adam J, \u00d6hmichen M, \u00d6hmichen E, Rother J, M\u00fcller UM, Hauser T, et al. Reliability of the calculated maximal lactate steady state in amateur cyclists. Biol Sport. 2015;32(2):97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/20831862.1134311.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"7","key":"2259_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3879-y","volume":"118","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ, Abel T, Zeller S, Foitschik T, Str\u00fcder HK. Lactate kinetics in handcycling under various exercise modalities and their relationship to performance measures in able-bodied participants. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(7):1493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-018-3879-y.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2017.312","volume":"69","author":"N Nitzsche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nitzsche N, Baumg\u00e4rtel L, Schulz H. Comparison of maximum lactate formation rates in ergometer sprint and maximum strength loads. Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2018;69(1):13\u20138.","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Sportmed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2018.78906","volume":"36","author":"J Hommel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hommel J, \u00d6hmichen S, Rudolph UM, Hauser T, Schulz H. Effects of six-week sprint interval or endurance training on calculated power in maximal lactate steady state. Biol Sport. 2019;36(1):47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2018.78906.","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2259_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.08.013","volume":"23","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ, Appelhans D, Abel T, Str\u00fcder HK. Evaluation of a sport-specific field test to determine maximal lactate accumulation rate and sprint performance parameters in running. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(1):27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.08.013.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"2259_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E39","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1146-4236","volume":"4","author":"N Nitzsche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nitzsche N, Lenz JC, Voronoi P, Schulz H. Adaption of maximal glycolysis rate after resistance exercise with different volume load. Sports Med Int Open. 2020;4(2):E39-e44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1146-4236.","journal-title":"Sports Med Int Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1756420","volume":"21","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ, Abel T, Vafa R, Mester J, Schwarz YM, Str\u00fcder HK. Maximal lactate accumulation rate and post-exercise lactate kinetics in handcycling and cycling. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021;21(4):539\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2020.1756420.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1273-7589","volume":"42","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ, Schwarz YM, Mester J, Foitschik T, Abel T, Str\u00fcder HK. Maximal lactate accumulation rate in all-out exercise differs between cycling and running. Int J Sports Med. 2021;42(4):314\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1273-7589.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2259_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147321","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1147321","volume":"14","author":"WH Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang WH, Park SY, Kim T, Jeon HJ, Heine O, Gehlert S. A modified formula using energy system contributions to calculate pure maximal rate of lactate accumulation during a maximal sprint cycling test. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1147321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1147321.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2259_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13030317","author":"F Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann F, Park SY, Wawer C, Theis C, Yang WH, Gehlert S. Diagnostics of (\u03bd)(La.max) and glycolytic energy contribution indicate individual characteristics of anaerobic glycolytic energy metabolism contributing to rowing performance. Metabolites. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo13030317.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"2259_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langley JO, Ng SC, Todd EE, Porter MS. $$\\dot{V}$$La(max): determining the optimal test duration for maximal lactate formation rate during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024;124(8):2461\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05456-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05456-9"},{"key":"2259_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376876","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1376876","volume":"6","author":"C Poff\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poff\u00e9 C, Van Dael K, Van Schuylenbergh R. INSCYD physiological performance software is valid to determine the maximal lactate steady state in male and female cyclists. Front Sports Act Living. 2024;6:1376876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1376876.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"2259_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483659","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1483659","volume":"6","author":"Y Sengoku","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sengoku Y, Shinno A, Kim J, Homoto K, Nakazono Y, Tsunokawa T, et al. The relationship between maximal lactate accumulation rate and sprint performance parameters in male competitive swimmers. Front Sports Act Living. 2024;6:1483659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1483659.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"3","key":"2259_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2206-4959","volume":"45","author":"S Held","year":"2024","unstructured":"Held S, Rappelt L, Brockherde J, Donath L. Reliability of the maximal lactate accumulation rate in rowers. Int J Sports Med. 2024;45(3):238\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2206-4959.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2259_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000004801","volume":"38","author":"M Thron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thron M, Woll A, Doller L, Quittmann OJ, H\u00e4rtel S, Ruf L, et al. Physiological and locomotor profiling enables to differentiate between sprinters, 400-m runners, and middle-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2024;38(8):1419\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/jsc.0000000000004801.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2259_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2255-5254","volume":"45","author":"R Haase","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haase R, Dunst AK, Nitzsche N. The influence of pedaling frequency on blood lactate accumulation in cycling sprints. Int J Sports Med. 2024;45(8):608\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2255-5254.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2259_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.899670","author":"H Wackerhage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wackerhage H, Gehlert S, Schulz H, Weber S, Ring-Dimitriou S, Heine O. Lactate thresholds and the simulation of human energy metabolism: contributions by the Cologne Sports Medicine Group in the 1970s and 1980s. Front Physiol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.899670.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2259_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198606000-00019","volume":"18","author":"GA Brooks","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brooks GA. The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18(3):360\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00005768-198606000-00019.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.008","volume":"27","author":"GA Brooks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brooks GA. The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):757\u201385.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2259_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.827","volume":"61","author":"EA Richter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Richter EA, Galbo H. High glycogen levels enhance glycogen breakdown in isolated contracting skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1986;61(3):827\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.827.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2259_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.6.1598","volume":"52","author":"EF Hughes","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hughes EF, Turner SC, Brooks GA. Effects of glycogen depletion and pedaling speed on \u201canaerobic threshold.\u201d J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982;52(6):1598\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.6.1598.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR54","first-page":"80","volume":"27","author":"A Mader","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mader A, Liesen H, Heck H, Philippi H, Rost R, Sch\u00fcrch P, et al. Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsf\u00e4higkeit im Labor. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin. 1976;27(4):80\u20138.","journal-title":"Sportarzt und Sportmedizin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2259_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.22.4.141","volume":"22","author":"R Ramsbottom","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ramsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C. A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. Br J Sports Med. 1988;22(4):141\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.22.4.141.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2259_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07735.x","volume":"125","author":"NK Vollestad","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vollestad NK, Blom PC. Effect of varying exercise intensity on glycogen depletion in human muscle fibres. Acta Physiol Scand. 1985;125(3):395\u2013405.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"6899","key":"2259_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00904","volume":"418","author":"J Lin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, Zhang CY, Wu Z, Boss O, et al. Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1 alpha drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Nature. 2002;418(6899):797\u2013801.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T14:53:30Z","timestamp":1768575210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The Technical University of Munich (TUM) exercise biology lab is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Deutsche Diabetes Stiftung (DDS).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"We declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"We will make the simulation data available in the case of a reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data"}},{"value":"Hermann Heck did all the simulations using Alois Mader\u2019s computer model of human energy metabolism. He helped to revise the manuscript. Henning Wackerhage proposed the idea of this review\u00a0and wrote the first version. Athanasios Kabasakalis did the literature search for publications reporting\n v\n Lamax data and revised the manuscript. Stephen Seiler revised the manuscript. All authors have read, edited and approved the final version, and agreed to be accountable for the work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}