{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:06:08Z","timestamp":1793725568504,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As an inter-individual psychological and behavioural construct, coachability is hypothesised to be a fundamental determinant of learning and performance enhancement within sport, business and education domains. Despite its perceived importance, consensus on a precise definition and its exact dimensional components has yet to be established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aimed to: (1) establish consensus on a common definition and (2) identify consistent constituent component constructs of coachability\u00a0evident in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using systematic search and screening methods, 53 articles (41 studies; 12 grey literature) from sources spanning 5 decades were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Findings revealed variable definitions of coachability that evolved with respective theoretical and investigatory paradigm shifts. Nonetheless, throughout, coachability was consistently considered a multi-component construct. Literature supported the existence of potentially six inter-connected component dimensions:\n                      <jats:italic>Attentiveness to information<\/jats:italic>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>Willingness to learn<\/jats:italic>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>Persistence in overcoming setbacks<\/jats:italic>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>Feedback seeking<\/jats:italic>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic>Feedback receptivity<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; and\n                      <jats:italic>Feedback implementation.<\/jats:italic>\n                      For each component, evidence illustrating psychological and behavioural features resonating with higher and lower component presence was identified. Identified components were also validated through independent interviews with sport coaches. Collectively, findings established a synthesised consensus definition aligned with identified component dimensions, reflecting:\n                      <jats:italic>an individual\u2019s willingness and ability to seek, receive and act upon constructive feedback to persistently foster self-development and enhance performance in a given domain<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the limited assessments, methodologies and instruments available, research is recommended to refine and validate assessment instruments, verify constituent components identified, confirm relationships between coachability and developmental outcomes, and identify coachability optimisation strategies to benefit personal development within domain contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02267-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T13:35:59Z","timestamp":1752327359000},"page":"2147-2189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"MacGabhann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Witchalls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Dowse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Cobley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2267_CR1","volume-title":"Problem athletes and how to handle them","author":"BC Ogilvie","year":"1966","unstructured":"*Ogilvie BC, Tutko TA. Problem athletes and how to handle them. London: Pelham Books; 1966."},{"key":"2267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.3.204","volume":"61","author":"DP McAdams","year":"2006","unstructured":"McAdams DP, Pals JL. A new Big Five: fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. Am Psychol. 2006;61:204\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.61.3.204.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2267_CR3","unstructured":"* Beswick B. One goal. 1st ed. Human Kinetics. Champaign: Illinois; 2015."},{"key":"2267_CR4","volume-title":"The psychology of coaching","author":"TA Tutko","year":"1971","unstructured":"*Tutko TA, Richards JW. The psychology of coaching. Boston (MA): Allyn and Bacon; 1971."},{"key":"2267_CR5","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth","author":"B Bird","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bird B. Toward a theory of entrepreneurial competency. In: Katz JA, Brockhaus RH, editors. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth. Greenwich: JAI Press; 1995. p. 251\u201372."},{"key":"2267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(00)00058-6","volume":"17","author":"TWY Man","year":"2002","unstructured":"Man TWY, Lau T, Chan KF. The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises: a conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies. J Bus Ventur. 2002;17:123\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0883-9026(00)00058-6.","journal-title":"J Bus Ventur"},{"key":"2267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12023","volume":"51","author":"MH Morris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morris MH, Webb JW, Fu J, Singhal S. A competency-based perspective on entrepreneurship education: conceptual and empirical insights. J Small Bus Manag. 2013;51:352\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsbm.12023.","journal-title":"J Small Bus Manag"},{"key":"2267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.26.2.186","volume":"26","author":"AP Driska","year":"2012","unstructured":"*Driska AP, Kamphoff C, Armentrout SM. Elite swimming coaches\u2019 perceptions of mental toughness. Sport Psychol. 2012;26:186\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.26.2.186.","journal-title":"Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2267_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.17.4.399","volume":"17","author":"RE Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"*Smith RE, Christensen DS. Psychological skills as predictors of performance and survival in professional baseball. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1995;17:399\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.17.4.399.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/s0191-8869(98)00280-3","volume":"27","author":"RL Piedmont","year":"1999","unstructured":"*Piedmont RL, Hill DC, Blanco S. Predicting athletic performance using the five-factor model of personality. Pers Individ Dif. 1999;27:769\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0191-8869(98)00280-3.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"2267_CR11","unstructured":"* Giacobbi PR. The athletic coachability scale: construct conceptualization and psychometric analyses [dissertation]. University of Tennessee; 2000."},{"key":"2267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.6.2.301","volume":"6","author":"JK Favor","year":"2011","unstructured":"*Favor JK. The relationship between personality traits and coachability in NCAA divisions I and II female softball athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2011;6:301\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/1747-9541.6.2.301.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"2267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-012-0302-9","volume":"41","author":"KLJ Shannahan","year":"2013","unstructured":"*Shannahan KLJ, Bush AJ, Shannahan RJ. Are your salespeople coachable? How salesperson coachability, trait competitiveness, and transformational leadership enhance sales performance. J Acad Mark Sci. 2013;41:40\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11747-012-0302-9.","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"},{"key":"2267_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1260\/174795408787186477","volume":"3","author":"GB Solomon","year":"2008","unstructured":"*Solomon GB. The assessment of athletic ability in intercollegiate sport: instrument construction and validation. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2008;3:513\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/174795408787186477.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"2267_CR15","first-page":"164","volume":"25","author":"PR Giacobbi Jr","year":"2002","unstructured":"*Giacobbi PR Jr, Roper E, Whitney J, Butryn T. College coaches\u2019 views about the development of successful athletes: a descriptive exploratory investigation. J Sport Behav. 2002;25:164\u201380.","journal-title":"J Sport Behav"},{"key":"2267_CR16","volume-title":"Adaptive coaching: the art and practice of a client-centered approach to performance improvement","author":"TR Bacon","year":"2003","unstructured":"*Bacon TR, Spear KI. Adaptive coaching: the art and practice of a client-centered approach to performance improvement. Palo Alto: Davies-Black Publishing; 2003."},{"key":"2267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1108\/JMD-06-2020-0174","volume":"40","author":"MJ Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Johnson MJ, Kim KH, Colarelli SM, Boyajian M. Coachability and the development of the coachability scale. J Manag Dev. 2021;40:585\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JMD-06-2020-0174.","journal-title":"J Manag Dev"},{"key":"2267_CR18","volume-title":"The influence of coachability and emotional intelligence on organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior [unpublished doctoral dissertation]","author":"KM Brent","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brent KM. The influence of coachability and emotional intelligence on organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Beaumont: Lamar University; 2017."},{"key":"2267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1177\/1042258717725520","volume":"42","author":"MP Ciuchta","year":"2018","unstructured":"*Ciuchta MP, Letwin C, Stevenson R, McMahon S, Huvaj MN. Betting on the coachable entrepreneur: signaling and social exchange in entrepreneurial pitches. Entrep Theory Pract. 2018;42:860\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1042258717725520.","journal-title":"Entrep Theory Pract"},{"key":"2267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2020.106060","volume":"35","author":"MR Marvel","year":"2020","unstructured":"*Marvel MR, Wolfe MT, Kuratko DF. Escaping the knowledge corridor: how founder human capital and founder coachability impacts product innovation in new ventures. J Bus Ventur. 2020;35: 106060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2020.106060.","journal-title":"J Bus Ventur"},{"key":"2267_CR21","first-page":"3","volume":"30","author":"CR Mitteness","year":"2010","unstructured":"*Mitteness CR, Sudek R, Baucus MS. Entrepreneurs as authentic transformational leaders: critical behaviors for gaining angel capital. Front Entrep Res. 2010;30:3.","journal-title":"Front Entrep Res"},{"key":"2267_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2011.11.003","volume":"27","author":"C Mitteness","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitteness C, Sudek R, Cardon MS. Angel investor characteristics that determine whether perceived passion leads to higher evaluations of funding potential. J Bus Ventur. 2012;27:592\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2011.11.003.","journal-title":"J Bus Ventur"},{"key":"2267_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.24384\/kfmwab52","volume":"19","author":"JA Weiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Weiss JA, Merrigan M. Employee coachability: new insights to increase employee adaptability, performance, and promotability in organizations. Int J Evid Based Coach Mentor. 2021;19:121\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24384\/kfmwab52.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Coach Mentor"},{"key":"2267_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1108\/08858621311330254","volume":"28","author":"KLJ Shannahan","year":"2013","unstructured":"*Shannahan KLJ, Shannahan RJ, Bush AJ. Salesperson coachability: what it is and why it matters. J Bus Ind Mark. 2013;28:411\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/08858621311330254.","journal-title":"J Bus Ind Mark"},{"key":"2267_CR25","volume-title":"The commercialisation of sport","year":"2004","unstructured":"Slack T, editor. The commercialisation of sport. Oxon: Routledge; 2004."},{"key":"2267_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/16184742.2015.1062990","volume":"15","author":"S Nagel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagel S, Schlesinger T, Bayle E, Giauque D. Professionalisation of sport federations: a multi-level framework for analysing forms, causes and consequences. Eur Sport Manag Q. 2015;15:407\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16184742.2015.1062990.","journal-title":"Eur Sport Manag Q"},{"key":"2267_CR27","unstructured":"De Bosscher V. The global sporting arms race: an international comparative study on sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. Meyer & Meyer Verlag: Oxford; 2008."},{"key":"2267_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203837962","volume-title":"Psychology of self-regulation","author":"JP Forgas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forgas JP, Baumeister RF, Tice DM. The psychology of self-regulation: an introductory review. In: Forgas JP, Baumeister RF, Tice DM, editors. Psychology of self-regulation. New York: Psychology Press; 2011. p. 1\u201317."},{"key":"2267_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000003","volume":"3","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarkar M, Fletcher D. Ordinary magic, extraordinary performance: psychological resilience and thriving in high achievers. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol. 2014;3:46\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000003.","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Perform Psychol"},{"key":"2267_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold R, Fletcher D, editors. Stress, well-being, and performance in sport. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon, Oxfordshire; 2021.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429295874"},{"key":"2267_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.898183","volume":"32","author":"L Davis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis L, Jowett S. Coach\u2013athlete attachment and the quality of the coach\u2013athlete relationship: implications for athlete\u2019s well-being. J Sports Sci. 2014;32:1454\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2014.898183.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2267_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2","volume":"46","author":"SM Rice","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rice SM, Purcell R, De Silva S, Mawren D, McGorry PD, Parker AG. The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic review. Sports Med. 2016;46:1333\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2267_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobley S, Baker J, Schorer J. Talent identification and development in sport: an introduction to a field of expanding research and practice. In: Baker J, Cobley S, Schorer J, editors. Talent identification and development in sport. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon, Oxfordshire; 2020. p. 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003049111-1"},{"key":"2267_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838090-00001","volume":"38","author":"R Vaeyens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vaeyens R, Lenoir M, Williams AM, Philippaerts RM. Talent identification and development programmes in sport: current models and future directions. Sports Med. 2008;38:703\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200838090-00001.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2267_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcllich A, Cobley S. On the efficacy of talent identification and talent development programmes. In: Baker J, Cobley S, Schorer J, Wattie N, editors. Routledge handbook of talent identification and development in sport. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon, Oxfordshire; 2017. p. 80\u201398.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315668017-7"},{"key":"2267_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.858371","volume":"14","author":"A G\u00fcllich","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00fcllich A. Selection, de-selection and progression in German football talent promotion. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14:530\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2013.858371.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2267_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1571-5027(07)19006-9","volume-title":"The global mindset","author":"S Beechler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beechler S, Javidan M. Leading with a global mindset. In: Javidan M, Steers RM, Hitt MA, editors. The global mindset. Emerald Group Publishing Limited: Leeds; 2007. p. 131\u201369."},{"key":"2267_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.12.009","volume":"29","author":"M Uhl-Bien","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uhl-Bien M, Arena M. Leadership for organizational adaptability: a theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. Leadersh Q. 2018;29:89\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2017.12.009.","journal-title":"Leadersh Q"},{"key":"2267_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns R. Adult learner at work: the challenges of lifelong education in the new millenium. Routledge: Abingdon, Oxon, Oxfordshire; 2020.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003134213"},{"key":"2267_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bubb S, Earley P. Leading & managing continuing professional development: developing people, developing schools. SAGE Publications Ltd: London; 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781446216637.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446216637"},{"key":"2267_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2023.100921","volume":"22","author":"T Somi\u00e0","year":"2024","unstructured":"*Somi\u00e0 T, Lechner C, Pittaway L. Assessment and development of coachability in entrepreneurship education. Int J Manag Educ. 2024;22: 100921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijme.2023.100921.","journal-title":"Int J Manag Educ"},{"key":"2267_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6: e1000097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2267_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140370082018","volume":"205","author":"BC Ogilvie","year":"1968","unstructured":"*Ogilvie BC. Psychological consistencies within the personality of high-level competitors. JAMA. 1968;205:780\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1968.03140370082018.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2267_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.17.4.379","volume":"17","author":"RE Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"*Smith RE, Schutz RW, Smoll FL, Ptacek JT. Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1995;17:379\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.17.4.379.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2267_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2021-0012","volume":"16","author":"S Iwasaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"*Iwasaki S, Hogue C, Fry M. Mindful engagement mediates the relationship between motivational climate perceptions and coachability for male high school athletes. J Clin Sport Psychol. 2022;16(3):246\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jcsp.2021-0012.","journal-title":"J Clin Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2267_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.3f.1289","volume":"97","author":"E Bebetsos","year":"2003","unstructured":"*Bebetsos E, Antoniou P. Psychological skills of Greek badminton athletes. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;97:1289\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.2003.97.3f.1289.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2267_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1469-0292(01)00024-3","volume":"4","author":"AE Bourgeois","year":"2003","unstructured":"*Bourgeois AE, Loss R, Meyers MC, LeUnes AD. The athletic coping skills inventory: relationship with impression management and self-deception aspects of socially desirable responding. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2003;4:71\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1469-0292(01)00024-3.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2267_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.19.3.251","volume":"17","author":"AJ Becker","year":"2005","unstructured":"*Becker AJ, Solomon GB. Expectancy information and coach effectiveness in intercollegiate basketball. J Sport Psychol. 2005;17:251\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.19.3.251.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2267_CR49","volume-title":"The relationship of salesperson coachability, trait competitiveness, and leadership style on salesperson performance: an interactionist perspective [dissertation]","author":"KLJ Shannahan","year":"2006","unstructured":"*Shannahan KLJ. The relationship of salesperson coachability, trait competitiveness, and leadership style on salesperson performance: an interactionist perspective [dissertation]. Memphis: University of Memphis; 2006."},{"key":"2267_CR50","volume-title":"Male college soccer coaches\u2019 perceptions of gender similarities and differences in coach-athlete and teammate relationships: introducing the construct of relationship-performance orientation [dissertation]","author":"MJ Navarre","year":"2012","unstructured":"*Navarre MJ. Male college soccer coaches\u2019 perceptions of gender similarities and differences in coach-athlete and teammate relationships: introducing the construct of relationship-performance orientation [dissertation]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota; 2012."},{"issue":"15","key":"2267_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.710753","volume":"30","author":"A Mills","year":"2012","unstructured":"*Mills A, Butt J, Maynard I, Harwood C. Identifying factors perceived to influence the development of elite youth football academy players. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(15):1593\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2012.710753.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2267_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2013.10820683","volume":"23","author":"A Kruger","year":"2013","unstructured":"*Kruger A, Pienaar AE, Kemp R, Nienaber A. Sport psychological characteristics of talented 13-year old adolescents. J Psychol Afr. 2013;23(4):651\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14330237.2013.10820683.","journal-title":"J Psychol Afr"},{"key":"2267_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/21520704.2010.528173","volume":"1","author":"G Solomon","year":"2010","unstructured":"*Solomon G. The influence of coach expectations on athlete development. J Sport Psychol Action. 2010;1:76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21520704.2010.528173.","journal-title":"J Sport Psychol Action"},{"issue":"3","key":"2267_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1108\/JGM-10-2014-0050","volume":"3","author":"R Salomaa","year":"2015","unstructured":"*Salomaa R. Expatriate coaching: factors impacting coaching success. J Glob Mobil. 2015;3(3):216\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JGM-10-2014-0050.","journal-title":"J Glob Mobil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2267_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175716","volume":"12","author":"P Larkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"*Larkin P, O\u2019Connor D. Talent identification and recruitment in youth soccer: recruiter\u2019s perceptions of the key attributes for player recruitment. PLoS One. 2017;12(4): e0175716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175716.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2267_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.19030\/jabr.v34i5.10204","volume":"34","author":"B Mayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"*Mayer B, Dale K, Brent K. Soft skills: impact of coachability and emotional intelligence on organizational citizenship behaviors. J Appl Bus Res. 2018;34(5):833\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19030\/jabr.v34i5.10204.","journal-title":"J Appl Bus Res"},{"key":"2267_CR57","volume-title":"An examination of employee coachability and managerial coaching in organizations [dissertation]","author":"JA Weiss","year":"2019","unstructured":"*Weiss JA. An examination of employee coachability and managerial coaching in organizations [dissertation]. Chicago: DePaul University; 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"2267_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2020.11.001","volume":"64","author":"DF Kuratko","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Kuratko DF, Neubert E, Marvel MR. Insights on the mentorship and coachability of entrepreneurs. Bus Horiz. 2021;64(2):199\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2020.11.001.","journal-title":"Bus Horiz"},{"issue":"13","key":"2267_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136802","volume":"18","author":"CH Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Wu CH, Nien JT, Lin CY, Nien YH, Kuan G, Wu TY, et al. Relationship between mindfulness, psychological skills, and mental toughness in college athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18136802.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2267_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/08276331.2021.1981728","volume":"34","author":"MM Maxheimer","year":"2022","unstructured":"*Maxheimer MM, Nicholls-Nixon CL. What women want (and need) from coaching relationships during business incubation. J Small Bus Entrep. 2022;34(5):548\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08276331.2021.1981728.","journal-title":"J Small Bus Entrep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2267_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136802","volume":"18","author":"K Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Nguyen K, Coplan RJ, Archbell KA, Rose-Krasnor L. Coaches\u2019 beliefs about shy children and adolescents in the context of team sports. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18136802.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2267_CR62","volume-title":"A model of coachability: coach and athlete perspectives [dissertation]","author":"EL Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Davis EL. A model of coachability: coach and athlete perspectives [dissertation]. Tucson: University of Arizona Global Campus; 2021."},{"key":"2267_CR63","volume-title":"Personality predictors of athletic performance in collegiate athletes [dissertation]","author":"J Kraska","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Kraska J. Personality predictors of athletic performance in collegiate athletes [dissertation]. Thousand Oaks: California Lutheran University; 2021."},{"key":"2267_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"* Somi\u00e0 T. Understanding coachability and its relevance to entrepreneurship education. In: Morris MH, Liguori E, editors. Annals of entrepreneurship education and pedagogy: 2023. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2022: p. 165\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781803926193.00018.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781803926193.00018"},{"key":"2267_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.872360","volume":"13","author":"R Bar-On","year":"2022","unstructured":"*Bar-On R, Fiedeldey-Van DC. The Bar-On model and multifactor measure of human performance: validation and application. Front Psychol. 2022;13: 872360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.872360.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2267_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2023.01016","volume":"23","author":"MG Azim","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Azim MG, Rahayuni K, Widiawati P. Psychological skills of Malang State University athletes who participate in POMPROV 2022. J Phys Educ Sport. 2023;23(1):123\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/jpes.2023.01016.","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"2267_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.24384\/d24j-fh23","volume":"21","author":"JA Weiss","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Weiss JA, Outland N, Plummer G, Zervos L, Carmichael-Tanaka N, Kang B. The stable individual differences driving employee coachability behaviours. Int J Evid Based Coach Mentor. 2023;21(2):102\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24384\/d24j-fh23.","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Coach Mentor"},{"issue":"2","key":"2267_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.24384\/d24j-fh23","volume":"21","author":"A Tetteh","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Tetteh A, Weng Q, Sungu LJ, Adams MZ. How much conflict is too much? How frequent task conflict expressions affect angels\u2019 reinvestment intention. Int J Manag Educ. 2023;21(2):102\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24384\/d24j-fh23.","journal-title":"Int J Manag Educ"},{"key":"2267_CR69","volume-title":"Competitive advantage or non-starter: coachability from the perspective of experienced professional coaches [dissertation]","author":"TC James-Boone","year":"2023","unstructured":"*James-Boone TC. Competitive advantage or non-starter: coachability from the perspective of experienced professional coaches [dissertation]. Philadelphia: Temple University; 2023."},{"key":"2267_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2023-0012","volume":"88","author":"J Jooste","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Jooste J, Kruger A, Tinkler N. The influence of emotional intelligence on coping ability in senior female field-hockey players in South Africa. J Hum Kinet. 2023;88:123\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/hukin-2023-0012.","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"key":"2267_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587211012345","author":"M Svetek","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Svetek M. The role of entrepreneurs\u2019 perceived competence and cooperativeness in early-stage financing. Entrep Theory Pract. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10422587211012345.","journal-title":"Entrep Theory Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2267_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587231183930","volume":"47","author":"C Letwin","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Letwin C, Ciuchta MP, Stevenson R, McMahon S. Being coachable can pay off for founders: up to a point. Entrep Theory Pract. 2023;47(6):2053\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10422587231183930.","journal-title":"Entrep Theory Pract"},{"key":"2267_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05159-0","author":"S Kemarat","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Kemarat S, Theanthong A, Yeemin W, Suwankan S, Makaje N. Influence of mental skills on competitive anxiety in professional futsal players: difference by successful and unsuccessful players. Curr Psychol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-05159-0.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2267_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2478\/foli-2023-0021","volume":"23","author":"MY Champatiray","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Champatiray MY, Hota SL, Kumar A, Kumar A. The sustainability of emotional intelligence and decision-making flair by financial investors through the mediating role of coachability. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia. 2023;23(2):102\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/foli-2023-0021.","journal-title":"Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia"},{"key":"2267_CR75","volume-title":"Coaching isn\u2019t just for little league anymore: a theory of individual coachability [dissertation]","author":"AC Fournet","year":"2023","unstructured":"*Fournet AC. Coaching isn\u2019t just for little league anymore: a theory of individual coachability [dissertation]. Ruston: Louisiana Tech University; 2023."},{"key":"2267_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112503","volume":"214","author":"TM Ober","year":"2024","unstructured":"*Ober TM, Williams KM, Kell HJ, Holtzman S. Measuring coachability by situational judgment task: development and initial validation. Pers Individ Dif. 2024;214: 112503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112503.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"4","key":"2267_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200903204754","volume":"21","author":"N Callow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Callow N, Smith MJ, Hardy L, Arthur CA, Hardy J. Measurement of transformational leadership and its relationship with team cohesion and performance level. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(4):395\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200903204754.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2267_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","volume":"11","author":"EL Deci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deci EL, Ryan RM. The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq. 2000;11(4):227\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01.","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"key":"2267_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frym.2022.676115","volume":"10","author":"V Shanmuganathan-Felton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shanmuganathan-Felton V, Felton L, Jowett S. It takes two: the importance of the coach-athlete relationship. Front Young Minds. 2022;10: 676115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frym.2022.676115.","journal-title":"Front Young Minds"},{"issue":"2","key":"2267_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00973.x","volume":"60","author":"DP McAdams","year":"1992","unstructured":"McAdams DP. The five-factor model in personality: a critical appraisal. J Pers. 1992;60(2):329\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00973.x.","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"2267_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849200462.n14","volume-title":"The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment","author":"GJ Boyle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boyle GJ. Critique of the five-factor model of personality. In: Boyle GJ, Matthews G, Saklofske DH, editors. The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment, vol. 1. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2008. p. 295\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781849200462.n14."},{"issue":"1","key":"2267_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.5.1.64","volume":"5","author":"WT Hoyt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoyt WT. Rater bias in psychological research: when is it a problem and what can we do about it? Psychol Methods. 2000;5(1):64\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.5.1.64.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2267_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","volume":"63","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff NP. Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annu Rev Psychol. 2012;63:539\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2267_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/105268461102100","volume":"21","author":"D Wise","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wise D, Hammack M. Leadership coaching: coaching competencies and best practices. J Sch Leadersh. 2011;21(3):449\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105268461102100.","journal-title":"J Sch Leadersh"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02267-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02267-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02267-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T09:54:55Z","timestamp":1758966895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02267-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02267-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. There was no financial assistance associated with completing this study or preparing this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Stephen MacGabhann, Phillip Newman, Jeremy Witchalls, Rebecca Dowse, Gordon Waddington and Stephen Cobley have no competing interests (financial, professional or personal) that could be perceived to influence manuscript development and content. Stephen MacGabhann was supported by an industry PhD scholarship grant from the New South Wales Institute of Sport and the University of Canberra. This support did not influence the study\u2019s design, analysis or reporting.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interests\/Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"This systematic review synthesised data from 53 publicly available articles (41 peer-reviewed journal articles, four book chapters and eight PhD dissertations) identified through systematic searches of databases, including CINAHL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Details of the included studies are provided in Table\u00a0\n                      \n                      . The full list of references is available in the References section, and the original sources can be accessed through their respective publishers or repositories, subject to access restrictions. Qualitative data from semi-structured focus-group interviews with elite diving (\n                      n\n                      \u2009=\u20095) and field hockey coaches (\n                      n\n                      \u2009=\u20093) were used to validate findings. Because of ethical considerations and confidentiality agreements with participants, the raw interview transcripts are not publicly available. The findings from these interviews are presented in an aggregated and anonymised format to protect participant privacy. For further enquiries regarding interview data, please contact the corresponding author: stephen.cobley@sydney.edu.au.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"SM: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, writing (original draft), project administration. PN: writing (review and editing). JW: writing (review and editing). RD: writing (review and editing). GW: writing (review and editing). SC: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, writing (original draft, review and editing). All authors read and approved the final version.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions"}}]}}