{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:24:24Z","timestamp":1791750264781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02272-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T23:26:59Z","timestamp":1751585219000},"page":"2111-2135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Advancing Aerobic Exercise Training Intensity Prescription in Health and Disease Beyond Standard Recommendations: A Call to Action"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3074-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson Cipriano","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Goulart Prata Oliveira","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tin","family":"Gojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe V. C.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Kambic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thijs M. H.","family":"Eijsvogels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bonifazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Dendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"D\u2019Ascenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9838","key":"2272_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","volume":"380","author":"IM Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219\u201329.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.10.029","volume":"94","author":"F Zaccardi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaccardi F, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Yates T. Comparative relevance of physical fitness and adiposity on life expectancy: a UK Biobank observational study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(6):985\u201394.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"24","key":"2272_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","volume":"54","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451\u201362.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2272_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102599","volume":"72","author":"GO Dibben","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dibben GO, Gardiner L, Young HML, PERFORM Research Team, et al. Evidence for exercise-based interventions across 45 different long-term conditions: an overview of systematic reviews. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;72:102599.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2272_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12581","volume":"25","author":"BK Pedersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine\u2014evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(Suppl 3):1\u201372.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"34","key":"2272_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","volume":"42","author":"FLJ Visseren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, ESC National Cardiac Societies; ESC Scientific Document Group, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227\u2013337.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"14","key":"2272_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.003","volume":"78","author":"MW Martinez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez MW, Kim JH, Shah AB, et al. Exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptations and approach to exercise and cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(14):1453\u201370.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac747","volume":"44","author":"GO Dibben","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dibben GO, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(6):452\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2272_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3046","volume":"25","author":"CD Molloy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molloy CD, Long L, Mordi IR, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure\u20142023 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(12):2263\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","volume":"42","author":"A Pelliccia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, ESC Scientific Document Group, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group 2020. ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(1):17\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"18","key":"2272_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad232","volume":"30","author":"D Hansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hansen D, Coninx K, Beckers P, et al. Appropriate exercise prescription in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: why this skill remains to be improved among clinicians and healthcare professionals. A call for action from the EXPERT Network. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(18):1986\u201395.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2272_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107849","volume":"58","author":"JJ Lang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lang JJ, Prince SA, Merucci K, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality among adults: an overview of meta-analyses representing over 20.9 million observations from 199 unique cohort studies. Br J Sports Med. 2024;58(10):556\u201366.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2272_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0930-4","volume":"48","author":"D Hansen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hansen D, Niebauer J, Cornelissen V, et al. Exercise prescription in patients with different combinations of cardiovascular disease risk factors: a consensus statement from the EXPERT Working Group. Sports Med. 2018;48(8):1781\u201397.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2272_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107451","author":"J Fridolfsson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fridolfsson J, Ekblom-Bak E, Ekblom \u00d6, et al. Fitness-related physical activity intensity explains most of the association between accelerometer data and cardiometabolic health in persons 50\u201364 years old. Br J Sports Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107451. (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38997147).","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad717","volume":"45","author":"JM Blodgett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blodgett JM, Ahmadi MN, Atkin AJ, ProPASS Collaboration, et al. Device-measured physical activity and cardiometabolic health: the prospective physical activity, sitting, and sleep (ProPASS) consortium. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(6):458\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"43","key":"2272_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz564","volume":"40","author":"SW Jeong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeong SW, Kim SH, Kang SH, et al. Mortality reduction with physical activity in patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(43):3547\u201355.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2272_CR17","unstructured":"American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 11 ed: Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2022."},{"issue":"7","key":"2272_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1665-8","volume":"25","author":"M Izquierdo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Izquierdo M, Merchant RA, Morley JE, et al. international exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): expert consensus guidelines. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(7):824\u201353.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"11","key":"2272_CR19","first-page":"e596","volume":"140","author":"DK Arnett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596-646.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-018-0278-8","volume":"25","author":"M Volpe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volpe M, Battistoni A, Gallo G, et al. Executive summary of the 2018 joint consensus document on cardiovascular disease prevention in Italy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018;25(3):327\u201341.","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"2272_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"103","author":"AH Herdy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herdy AH, Lopez-Jimenez F, Terzic CP, et al. South American guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(2 Suppl 1):1\u201331.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2272_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.02.014","volume":"83","author":"SR Ommen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, et al. 2024 AHA\/ACC\/AMSSM\/HRS\/PACES\/SCMR guideline for the management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(23):2324\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2272_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2023.06.854","volume":"32","author":"C Verdicchio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verdicchio C, Freene N, Hollings M, et al. A Clinical guide for assessment and prescription of exercise and physical activity in cardiac rehabilitation. A CSANZ position statement. Heart Lung Circ. 2023;32(9):1035\u201348.","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"2272_CR24","unstructured":"ACPICR. Standards for physical activity and exercise in the cardiovascular population; 2023. https:\/\/www.acpicr.com\/data\/Page_Downloads\/ACPICR2023StandardsReaderlayout.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"2272_CR25","first-page":"1786","volume":"38","author":"GLM Ghisi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghisi GLM, Kin SMR, Price J, et al. Women-focused cardiovascular rehabilitation: an international council of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation clinical practice guideline. Can J Cardiol. 2022;38(12):1786\u201398.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab007","volume":"29","author":"D Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen D, Abreu A, Ambrosetti M, et al. Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(1):230\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-22-0234","volume":"87","author":"S Makita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makita S, Yasu T, Akashi YJ, et al. JCS\/JACR 2021 guideline on rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease. Circ J. 2022;87(1):155\u2013235.","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2272_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102192","volume":"10","author":"B Rauch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rauch B, Salzwedel A, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Albus C, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation in German speaking countries of Europe-Evidence-based guidelines from Germany, Austria and Switzerland LLKardReha-DACH-Part 1. J Clin Med. 2021;10(10):2192.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2272_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143071","volume":"10","author":"B Schwaab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwaab B, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Meng K, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation in German speaking countries of Europe-evidence-based guidelines from Germany, Austria and Switzerland LLKardReha-DACH-Part 2. J Clin Med. 2021;10(14):3071.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2272_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.36660\/abc.20200407","volume":"114","author":"T Carvalho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carvalho T, Milani M, Ferraz AS, et al. Brazilian cardiovascular rehabilitation guideline 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(5):943\u201387.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz127","volume":"100","author":"MJ Shoemaker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shoemaker MJ, Dias KJ, Lefebvre KM, Heick JD, Collins SM. Physical therapist clinical practice guideline for the management of individuals with heart failure. Phys Ther. 2020;100(1):14\u201343.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"2272_CR32","first-page":"1342","volume":"33","author":"JA Ezekowitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ezekowitz JA, O\u2019Meara E, McDonald MA, et al. 2017 Comprehensive update of the Canadian cardiovascular society guidelines for the management of heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(11):1342\u2013433.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487312446137","volume":"20","author":"J Niebauer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niebauer J, Mayr K, Tschentscher M, Pokan R, Benzer W. Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: the Austrian model. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;20(3):468\u201379.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2272_CR34","unstructured":"Irish Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. Cardiac rehabilitation guidelines; 2013. https:\/\/iacronline.ie\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IACR-Guidelines2013.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"2272_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2012.01.010","volume":"105","author":"B Pavy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pavy B, Iliou MC, Verges-Patois B, et al. French Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation in adults. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;105(5):309\u201328.","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2272_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"121","author":"KNGF","year":"2011","unstructured":"KNGF. Clinical practice guideline for physical therapy in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Dutch J Phys Ther. 2011;121:1\u201347.","journal-title":"Dutch J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2143\/AC.63.6.2033383","volume":"63","author":"P Dendale","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dendale P, Dereppe H, De Sutter J, et al. Position paper of the Belgian working group on cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: cardiovascular rehabilitation. Acta Cardiol. 2008;63(6):673\u201381.","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"2272_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100424","volume":"12","author":"BA Franklin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franklin BA, Eijsvogels TMH, Pandey A, Quindry J, Toth PP. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: a clinical practice statement of the ASPC Part I: bioenergetics, contemporary physical activity recommendations, benefits, risks, extreme exercise regimens, potential maladaptations. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;12:100424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100424.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2272_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100425","volume":"12","author":"BA Franklin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franklin BA, Eijsvogels TMH, Pandey A, Quindry J, Toth PP. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: a clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology part II: physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;12:100425.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2272_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D'Ascenzi F, Cavigli L, Pagliaro A, et al. Clinician approach to cardiopulmonary exercise testing for exercise prescription in patients at risk of and with cardiovascular disease. Br J Sports Med 2022 Jun 9:bjsports-2021-105261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105261 (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35680397).","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105261"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328304fed4","volume":"15","author":"RK Binder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Binder RK, Wonisch M, Corra U, et al. Methodological approach to the first and second lactate threshold in incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(6):726\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01581-z","volume":"52","author":"DA Keir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keir DA, Iannetta D, Mattioni Maturana F, et al. Identification of non-invasive exercise thresholds: methods, strategies, and an online app. Sports Med. 2022;52(2):237\u201355.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2272_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01322-8","volume":"50","author":"NA Jamnick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jamnick NA, Pettitt RW, Granata C, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ. An examination and critique of current methods to determine exercise intensity. Sports Med. 2020;50(10):1729\u201356.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00508.2019","volume":"127","author":"D Iannetta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iannetta D, de Almeida AR, Keir DA, Murias JM. Establishing the V\u0307o2 versus constant-work-rate relationship from ramp-incremental exercise: simple strategies for an unsolved problem. J Appl Physiol. 2019;127(6):1519\u201327.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2272_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002343","volume":"52","author":"D Iannetta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iannetta D, Inglis EC, Pogliaghi S, et al. A \u201cstep-ramp-step\u201d protocol to identify the maximal metabolic steady state. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(9):2011\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2272_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003684","author":"R Faricier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Faricier R, Keltz RR, Hartley T, et al. A protocol to establish exercise intensity domains for aerobic exercise training in coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003684. (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000837","volume":"44","author":"R Faricier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faricier R, Keltz RR, Hartley T, et al. Quantifying improvement in Vo2peak and exercise thresholds in cardiovascular disease using reliable change indices. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2024;44(2):121\u201330.","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2272_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.03.022","volume":"4","author":"R Malhotra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malhotra R, Bakken K, D\u2019Elia E, Lewis GD. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4(8):607\u201316.","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421445","volume":"39","author":"V Katch","year":"1978","unstructured":"Katch V, Weltman A, Sady S, Freedson P. Validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1978;39(4):219\u201327.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2272_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199909000-00017","volume":"31","author":"T Meyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meyer T, Gabriel HH, Kindermann W. Is determination of exercise intensities as percentages of VO2max or HRmax adequate? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(9):1342\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.12.626","volume":"13","author":"F Scharhag-Rosenberger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Meyer T, G\u00e4ssler N, Faude O, Kindermann W. Exercise at given percentages of VO2max: heterogeneous metabolic responses between individuals. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(1):74\u20139.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"7","key":"2272_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273754","volume":"32","author":"KE Lansley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lansley KE, Dimenna FJ, Bailey SJ, Jones AM. A \u2018new\u2019 method to normalise exercise intensity. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(7):535\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2272_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009000-00020","volume":"32","author":"J Baldwin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baldwin J, Snow RJ, Febbraio MA. Effect of training status and relative exercise intensity on physiological responses in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(9):1648\u201354.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00942.2016","volume":"122","author":"MI Black","year":"2017","unstructured":"Black MI, Jones AM, Blackwell JR, et al. Muscle metabolic and neuromuscular determinants of fatigue during cycling in different exercise intensity domains. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122(3):446\u201359.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR55","volume":"9","author":"JGPO Milani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Milani JGPO, Milani M, Cipriano GFB, Hansen D, Cipriano JG. Exercise intensity domains determined by heart rate at the ventilatory thresholds in patients with cardiovascular disease: new insights and comparisons to cardiovascular rehabilitation prescription recommendations. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2023;9(3): e001601.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2272_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319859450","volume":"26","author":"D Hansen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hansen D, Bonn\u00e9 K, Alders T, et al. Exercise training intensity determination in cardiovascular rehabilitation: should the guidelines be reconsidered? Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(18):1921\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2272_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14007","volume":"31","author":"F Anselmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anselmi F, Cavigli L, Pagliaro A, et al. The importance of ventilatory thresholds to define aerobic exercise intensity in cardiac patients and healthy subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31(9):1796\u2013808.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198315010-00013","volume":"15","author":"J Dwyer","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dwyer J, Bybee R. Heart rate indices of the anaerobic threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1983;15(1):72\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002147","volume":"52","author":"D Iannetta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iannetta D, Inglis EC, Mattu AT, et al. A critical evaluation of current methods for exercise prescription in women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(2):466\u201373.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2272_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01476-z","volume":"51","author":"D Iannetta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iannetta D, Keir DA, Fontana FY, et al. Evaluating the accuracy of using fixed ranges of METs to categorize exertional intensity in a heterogeneous group of healthy individuals: implications for cardiorespiratory fitness and health outcomes. Sports Med. 2021;51(11):2411\u201321.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X231166159","volume":"31","author":"T Kaihara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaihara T, Hansen D, Sankaran S, et al. Do we need to rethink the determination of exercise-related energy expenditure in cardiac telerehabilitation interventions? J Telemed Telecare. 2023;31(1):90\u20136.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"16","key":"2272_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae149","volume":"31","author":"JGPO Milani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milani JGPO, Milani M, Machado FVC, et al. Accurate prediction equations for ventilatory thresholds in cardiometabolic disease when gas exchange analysis is unavailable: development and validation. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31(16):1914\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024903","volume":"10","author":"A Weltman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weltman A, Weltman J, Rutt R, et al. Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, and VO2peak for determining endurance training intensity in sedentary women. Int J Sports Med. 1989;10(3):212\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024795","volume":"11","author":"A Weltman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weltman A, Snead D, Seip R, et al. Percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve and VO2max for determining endurance training intensity in male runners. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11(3):218\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2272_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319852711","volume":"27","author":"S Pymer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pymer S, Nichols S, Prosser J, Birkett S, Carroll S, Ingle L. Does exercise prescription based on estimated heart rate training zones exceed the ventilatory anaerobic threshold in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing usual-care cardiovascular rehabilitation? A United Kingdom perspective. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(6):579\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2272_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-015-0011-z","volume":"7","author":"AE Wolpern","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wolpern AE, Burgos DJ, Janot JM, Dalleck LC. Is a threshold-based model a superior method to the relative percent concept for establishing individual exercise intensity? A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2015;7:16.","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"2272_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122088","volume":"16","author":"BR Byrd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byrd BR, Keith J, Keeling SM, et al. Personalized moderate-intensity exercise training combined with high-intensity interval training enhances training responsiveness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2088.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001842","volume":"51","author":"RM Weatherwax","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weatherwax RM, Harris NK, Kilding AE, Dalleck LC. Incidence of VO2max responders to personalized versus standardized exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(4):681\u201391.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02125-x","volume":"55","author":"SJR Meyler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meyler SJR, Swinton PA, Bottoms L, et al. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness following exercise training prescribed relative to traditional intensity anchors and physiological thresholds: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual participant data. Sports Med. 2025;55(2):301\u201323.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2272_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003406","volume":"56","author":"EC Inglis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Rasica L, et al. Heavy-, severe-, and extreme-, but not moderate-intensity exercise increase Vo2max and thresholds after 6 wk of training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024;56(7):1307\u201316.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2272_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380639","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1380639","volume":"11","author":"JGPO Milani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milani JGPO, Milani M, Verboven K, et al. Exercise intensity prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation: bridging the gap between best evidence and clinical practice. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1380639.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2272_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faggian S, Centanini A, Quinto G, et al. The many faces of exercise intensity: a call to agree on definitions and provide standardized prescriptions. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024:zwae034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae034. (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38271589).","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae034"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.07.008","volume":"14","author":"FA da Cunha","year":"2011","unstructured":"da Cunha FA, Farinatti Pde T, Midgley AW. Methodological and practical application issues in exercise prescription using the heart rate reserve and oxygen uptake reserve methods. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(1):46\u201357.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2272_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287084","author":"IA Chavez-Guevara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chavez-Guevara IA, Helge JW, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Stop the madness An urgent call to standardize the assessment of exercise physiology thresholds. J Physiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP287084. (Epub ahead of print).","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2272_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01909-x","volume":"53","author":"D Hansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hansen D, Beckers P, Neunh\u00e4userer D, et al. Standardised exercise prescription for patients with chronic coronary syndrome and\/or heart failure: a consensus statement from the EXPERT Working Group. Sports Med. 2023;53(11):2013\u201337.","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02272-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02272-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02272-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T10:02:30Z","timestamp":1758967350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02272-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02272-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No funding or research grants were used in the preparation of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest to be declared, including financial interests and those that could impart bias on the work, such as professional interests, personal relationships or personal beliefs.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"D.H., J.G.P.O.M., T.G., F.V.C.M. and T.C. contributed to the literature search of original studies examining the impact of exercise (training) guided by a percentage of peak effort versus a threshold-based approach. G.C.J. and J.G.P.O.M. contributed to the literature search on the existing guidelines on exercise prescription. M.B. and F.D. contributed to the part on the methodology and physiology of the threshold-based approach. All authors were involved in the drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors gave final approval of the version to be published, and all agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}}]}}