{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T19:15:10Z","timestamp":1784142910004,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rugby Football Union"},{"name":"Premiership Rugby"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and magnitude of head acceleration events (HAEs) during elite men\u2019s and women\u2019s rugby union training for different contact training levels and drill types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected during the 2022\u201323 and 2023\u201324 seasons from 203 men and 125 women from 13 clubs using instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) during in-season training. One author reviewed the training videos to identify the contact level and drill type. HAE incidence was calculated per player minute.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For men\u2019s forwards and backs, only 4.7% and 5.8% of HAEs were\u2009\u2265\u200925\u00a0g and\u2009\u2265\u20091.5\u00a0Krad\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and 3.4% and 4.4% for women\u2019s forwards and backs, respectively. The incidence of\u2009\u2265\u20095\u00a0g and\u2009\u2265\u20090.4\u00a0Krad\/s\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      was highest during full-contact training for men\u2019s forwards (0.20\/min) and backs (0.16\/min) and women\u2019s forwards (0.10\/min). HAE incidence was 2\u20133 times higher during repetition-based compared with game-based training drills for men\u2019s forwards (0.25\/min vs 0.09\/min) and backs (0.22\/min vs 0.09\/min) and women\u2019s forwards (0.09\/min vs 0.04\/min) and backs (0.08\/min vs 0.03\/min). HAE incidences were halved when repetition-based training drills used pads compared with no pads for men\u2019s forwards (0.21\/min vs 0.44\/min) and backs (0.17\/min vs 0.30\/min), and women\u2019s forwards (0.06\/min vs 0.14\/min) and backs (0.06\/min vs 0.10\/min).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average HAE incidence (~\u200913\u201320% of weekly HAEs) and magnitude during an in-season training week is very low compared with matches. Opportunities to materially reduce HAE exposure in training are likely more limited than previously assumed. Future research on HAE load and injury, and understanding players\u2019 specific weekly training exposure, may inform effective individual player management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02287-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T19:22:07Z","timestamp":1754162527000},"page":"229-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Head Acceleration Event Exposure During Elite Men\u2019s and Women\u2019s Rugby Union Training"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Hudson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5398-4416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Tooby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4243-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Sawczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7877-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Cazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4274-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6105-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2287_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410801942122","volume":"26","author":"SP Roberts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roberts SP, Trewartha G, Higgitt RJ, et al. 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JT\u2019s fellowship is part-funded by the Rugby Football League. GR is part-funded by World Rugby and Premiership Rugby. TS is part-funded by World Rugby and Premiership Rugby. MC is employed by Premiership Rugby. BJ is employed by Premiership Rugby and Rugby Football League as a consultant and has received funding for research from Prevent Biometrics and World Rugby. SK and KS are employed by the Rugby Football Union. DC and SW have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. Anonymised data should be available upon reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"This project was approved by the Research Ethics Approval Committee for Health, University of Bath (EP 20\/21 088). The study was performed following the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written consent.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"SH, JT, GR, TS, MC, BJ, SK, and KS conceptualised the research project and designed the study. SH, JT, GR, TS, MC, BJ, SK, SW, and KS collected data for this study. All authors were responsible for the analysis and interpretation of the results. SH and KS drafted the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript prior to submission.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}