{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:18:31Z","timestamp":1793301511879,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"The University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Hamstring injuries are a major concern in sports owing to their high incidence and recurrence rates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of their mechanisms and prevention. This narrative review aims to inform hamstring injury prevention strategies by examining: (1) the causes of hamstring injuries, (2) the effectiveness of eccentric training in reducing injury risk, and (3) muscle adaptations from eccentric training that may offer protective effects. Hamstring injuries often occur during the late swing phase of running, potentially due to insufficient or delayed neural activation or an inability to generate the necessary force to decelerate the leg and resist active overstretching. In this phase, the hamstrings must produce large eccentric forces while operating at long lengths, placing them in a vulnerable position. Despite the potential of eccentric training to induce muscle adaptations that may reduce injury risk, current research has overly focused on architectural changes, particularly resting fascicle lengthening, without adequately exploring how these adaptations influence the functional behavior of hamstrings during exercise. In addition, the lack of research into adaptations of non-contractile and neural elements in the hamstrings following eccentric training represents a significant gap in the literature. This review argues for a broader focus on these underexplored areas to enhance hamstring injury prevention strategies. Further research is essential to fully understand the mechanisms behind muscle fascicle lengthening after eccentric training. Exploring functional and regional differences in hamstring adaptations and delving deeper into non-contractile and neural elements could enhance injury prevention strategies, potentially reducing the incidence of hamstring injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02291-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:21:00Z","timestamp":1756218060000},"page":"2429-2443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hamstring Injury Mechanisms and Eccentric Training-Induced Muscle Adaptations: Current Insights and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9814-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max H.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Shield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen A.","family":"Lichtwark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio A.","family":"Pincheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104936","volume":"57","author":"N Maniar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maniar N, Carmichael DS, Hickey JT, Timmins RG, San Jose AJ, Dickson J, et al. Incidence and prevalence of hamstring injuries in field-based team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5952 injuries from over 7 million exposure hours. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(2):109\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104936.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.9305","volume":"51","author":"WM Diemer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diemer WM, Winters M, Tol JL, Pas HIMFL, Moen MH. Incidence of acute hamstring injuries in soccer: a systematic review of 13 studies involving more than 3800 athletes with 2 million sport exposure hours. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021;51(1):27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2021.9305.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100666","volume":"54","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ekstrand J, Krutsch W, Spreco A, van Zoest W, Roberts C, Meyer T, et al. Time before return to play for the most common injuries in professional football: a 16-year follow-up of the UEFA elite club injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(7):421\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100666.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221111742","volume":"10","author":"Y Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu Y, Pareek A, Lavoie-Gagne OZ, Forlenza EM, Patel BH, Reinholz AK, et al. Machine learning for predicting lower extremity muscle strain in National Basketball Association athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10(7): 23259671221111742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671221111742.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"2291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4895","volume":"6","author":"M Roe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roe M, Murphy JC, Gissane C, Blake C. Time to get our four priorities right: an 8-year prospective investigation of 1326 player-seasons to identify the frequency, nature, and burden of time-loss injuries in elite Gaelic football. PeerJ. 2018;6: e4895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4895.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20190885","volume":"14","author":"J Zachazewski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zachazewski J, Silvers H, Li B, Pohlig R, Ahmad C, Mandelbaum B. Prevalence of hamstring injuries in summer league baseball players. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019;14(6):885\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/ijspt20190885.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.02.2022.01","volume":"12","author":"A Eftekhari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eftekhari A, Cogan C, Pandya N, Feeley B. Hamstring injury epidemiology in the National Basketball Association over a five-year period. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2022;12(2):79\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32098\/mltj.02.2022.01.","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.03.007","volume":"9","author":"GM Verrall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Verrall GM, Kalairajah Y, Slavotinek JP, Spriggins AJ. Assessment of player performance following return to sport after hamstring muscle strain injury. J Sci Med Sport. 2006;9(1):87\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.03.007.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092884","volume":"48","author":"J Hickey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hickey J, Shield AJ, Williams MD, Opar DA. The financial cost of hamstring strain injuries in the Australian Football League. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(8):729\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092884.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105407","volume":"57","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Wald\u00e9n M, Davison M, Khan KM, H\u00e4gglund M. Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men\u2019s professional football: the UEFA elite club injury study from 2001\/02 to 2021\/22. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(5):292\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105407.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095359","volume":"50","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekstrand J, Wald\u00e9n M, H\u00e4gglund M. Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annually in men\u2019s professional football, since 2001: a 13-year longitudinal analysis of the UEFA elite club injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(12):731\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095359.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000404","volume":"47","author":"Y Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun Y, Wei S, Zhong Y, Fu W, Li LI, Liu YU. How joint torques affect hamstring injury risk in sprinting swing\u2500stance transition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(2):373\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000404.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093466","volume":"49","author":"AP Goode","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goode AP, Reiman MP, Harris L, DeLisa L, Kauffman A, Beltramo D, et al. Eccentric training for prevention of hamstring injuries may depend on intervention compliance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(6):349\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093466.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032057","volume":"20","author":"C Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu C, Du Z, Tao M, Song Y. Effects of different hamstring eccentric exercise programs on preventing lower extremity injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20032057.","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0819-7","volume":"48","author":"AJ Shield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shield AJ, Bourne MN. Hamstring injury prevention practices in elite sport: evidence for eccentric strength vs. lumbo-pelvic training. Sports Med. 2018;48(3):513\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0819-7.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0796-x","volume":"48","author":"MN Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne MN, Timmins RG, Opar DA, Pizzari T, Ruddy JD, Sims C, et al. An evidence-based framework for strengthening exercises to prevent hamstring injury. Sports Med. 2017;48(2):251\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0796-x.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13085","volume":"28","author":"JD Presland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Presland JD, Timmins RG, Bourne MN, Williams MD, Opar DA. The effect of Nordic hamstring exercise training volume on biceps femoris long head architectural adaptation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(7):1775\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13085.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001975","volume":"32","author":"JB Ribeiro- Alvares","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Marques VB, Vaz MA, Baroni BM. Four weeks of Nordic hamstring exercise reduce muscle injury risk factors in young adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(5):1254\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001975.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"2291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094881","volume":"50","author":"RG Timmins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timmins RG, Shield AJ, Williams MD, Lorenzen C, Opar DA. Architectural adaptations of muscle to training and injury: a narrative review outlining the contributions by fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(23):1467\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094881.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00481.2005","volume":"99","author":"TA Butterfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Butterfield TA, Leonard TR, Herzog W. Differential serial sarcomere number adaptations in knee extensor muscles of rats is contraction type dependent. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(4):1352\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00481.2005.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(90)82524-8","volume":"57","author":"DL Morgan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Morgan DL. New insights into the behavior of muscle during active lengthening. Biophys J. 1990;57(2):209\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3495(90)82524-8.","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2004.04029.x","volume":"31","author":"DL Morgan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morgan DL, Proske U. Popping sarcomere hypothesis explains stretch-induced muscle damage. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;31(8):541\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2004.04029.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095974","volume":"50","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekstrand J, Lee JC, Healy JC. MRI findings and return to play in football: a prospective analysis of 255 hamstring injuries in the UEFA elite club injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(12):738\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095974.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"2291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095362","volume":"50","author":"RG Timmins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timmins RG, Bourne MN, Shield AJ, Williams MD, Lorenzen C, Opar DA. Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(24):1524\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095362.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.01.011","volume":"6","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhu W, Yu J. The late swing and early stance of sprinting are most hazardous for hamstring injuries. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(2):133\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.01.011.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f23fe8","volume":"43","author":"ES Chumanov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chumanov ES, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG. Hamstring musculotendon dynamics during stance and swing phases of high-speed running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(3):525\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f23fe8.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1980.10605202","volume":"51","author":"R Mann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mann R, Sprague P. A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1980;51(2):334\u201348.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090127","volume":"46","author":"JW Orchard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Orchard JW. Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):88\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090127.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2291_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8927415","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8927415","volume":"2017","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Fu W, Wei S, Li Q, Liu Y. Joint torque and mechanical power of lower extremity and its relevance to hamstring strain during sprint running. J Healthc Eng. 2017;2017:8927415\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/8927415.","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1385865","volume":"36","author":"T Ono","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ono T, Higashihara A, Shinohara J, Hirose N, Fukubayashi T. Estimation of tensile force in the hamstring muscles during overground sprinting. Int J Sports Med. 2014;36(2):163\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0034-1385865.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.990483","volume":"33","author":"A Higashihara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Higashihara A, Nagano Y, Takahashi K, Fukubayashi T. Effects of forward trunk lean on hamstring muscle kinematics during sprinting. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(13):1366\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2014.990483.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.06.268","volume":"57","author":"J Schuermans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schuermans J, Van Tiggelen D, Palmans T, Danneels L, Witvrouw E. Deviating running kinematics and hamstring injury susceptibility in male soccer players: cause or consequence? Gait Posture. 2017;57:270\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.06.268.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12045","volume":"32","author":"J Mendiguchia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mendiguchia J, Garrues MA, Schilders E, Myer GD, Dalmau-Pastor M. Anterior pelvic tilt increases hamstring strain and is a key factor to target for injury prevention and rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2024;32(3):573\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ksa.12045.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318236a3d2","volume":"44","author":"AG Schache","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schache AG, Dorn TW, Blanch PD, Brown NAT, Pandy MG. Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(4):647\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318236a3d2.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000150078.79120.C8","volume":"37","author":"DG Thelen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Hoerth DM, Best TM, Swanson SC, Li L, et al. Hamstring muscle kinematics during treadmill sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(1):108\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000150078.79120.C8.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8050065","volume":"8","author":"S Huygaerts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huygaerts S, Cos F, Cohen DD, Calleja-Gonz\u00e1lez J, Guitart M, Blazevich AJ, et al. Mechanisms of hamstring strain injury: interactions between fatigue, muscle activation and function. Sports. 2020;8(5):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports8050065.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13437","volume":"29","author":"CJB Kenneally-Dabrowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kenneally-Dabrowski CJB, Brown NAT, Lai AKM, Perriman D, Spratford W, Serpell BG. Late swing or early stance? A narrative review of hamstring injury mechanisms during high-speed running. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(8):1083\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13437.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.520","volume":"74","author":"RL Lieber","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lieber RL, Friden J. Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active muscle strain. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74(2):520\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.520.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00008","volume":"81","author":"RL Lieber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lieber RL, Friden J. Mechanisms of muscle injury gleaned from animal models. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(11):S70\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00008.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2012.07.003","volume":"1","author":"H Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu H, Garrett WE, Moorman CT, Yu B. Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: a review of the literature. J Sport Health Sci. 2012;1(2):92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2012.07.003.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2291_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020980","volume":"488","author":"SV Brooks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brooks SV, Zerba E, Faulkner JA. Injury to muscle fibres after single stretches of passive and maximally stimulated muscles in mice. J Physiol. 1995;488(Pt 2):459\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020980.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090176","volume":"46","author":"ES Chumanov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chumanov ES, Schache AG, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG. Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the late swing phase of sprinting. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090176.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"2291_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.005","volume":"41","author":"B Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu B, Queen RM, Abbey AN, Liu Y, Moorman CT, Garrett WE. Hamstring muscle kinematics and activation during overground sprinting. J Biomech. 2008;41(15):3121\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.005.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.03.012","volume":"6","author":"X Wan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wan X, Qu F, Garrett WE, Liu H, Yu B. The effect of hamstring flexibility on peak hamstring muscle strain in sprinting. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(3):283\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.03.012.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.973913","volume":"16","author":"A Higashihara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Higashihara A, Nagano Y, Ono T, Fukubayashi T. Relationship between the peak time of hamstring stretch and activation during sprinting. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(1):36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2014.973913.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002060","volume":"51","author":"A Hegyi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hegyi A, Gon\u00e7alves BAM, Finni T, Cronin NJ. Individual region- and muscle-specific hamstring activity at different running speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(11):2274\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002060.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2291_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.494308","volume":"28","author":"A Higashihara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Higashihara A, Ono T, Kubota J, Okuwaki T, Fukubayashi T. Functional differences in the activity of the hamstring muscles with increasing running speed. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(10):1085\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2010.494308.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003577","volume":"57","author":"RD Gurchiek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gurchiek RD, Teplin Z, Falisse A, Hicks JL, Delp SL. Hamstrings are stretched more and faster during accelerative running compared to speed-matched constant-speed running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025;57(3):461\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003577.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500504","volume":"15","author":"WE Garrett","year":"1987","unstructured":"Garrett WE, Safran MR, Seaber AV, Glisson RR, Ribbeck BM. Biomechanical comparison of stimulated and nonstimulated skeletal muscle pulled to failure. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(5):448\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658701500504.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000465","volume":"47","author":"DA Opar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opar DA, Williams MD, Timmins RG, Hickey J, Duhig SJ, Shield AJ. Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian footballers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(4):857\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000465.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515599633","volume":"43","author":"MN Bourne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bourne MN, Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Eccentric knee flexor strength and risk of hamstring injuries in rugby union: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(11):2663\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546515599633.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2291_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100983","volume":"54","author":"B Green","year":"2020","unstructured":"Green B, Bourne MN, van Dyk N, Pizzari T. Recalibrating the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI): a 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for index and recurrent hamstring strain injury in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(18):1081\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100983.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"2291_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097754","volume":"51","author":"N van Dyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Dyk N, Bahr R, Burnett AF, Whiteley R, Bakken A, Mosler A, et al. A comprehensive strength testing protocol offers no clinical value in predicting risk of hamstring injury: a prospective cohort study of 413 professional football players. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(23):1695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097754.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.384","volume":"37","author":"R Bahr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bahr R, Holme I. Risk factors for sports injuries\u2014a methodological approach. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(5):384\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.384.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.02.002","volume":"6","author":"B Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu B, Liu H, Garrett WE. Mechanism of hamstring muscle strain injury in sprinting. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(2):130\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.02.002.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000507","volume":"47","author":"RG Timmins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Timmins RG, Shield AJ, Williams MD, Lorenzen C, Opar DA. Biceps femoris long head architecture: a reliability and retrospective injury study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(5):905\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000507.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117165.75832.05","volume":"36","author":"CL Brockett","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U. Predicting hamstring strain injury in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(3):379\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117165.75832.05.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"October","key":"2291_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.742034","volume":"12","author":"A Kruse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for adaptations in muscle length and the length range of active force exertion\u2014a narrative review. Front Physiol. 2021;12(October):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.742034.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000795","volume":"48","author":"RG Timmins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timmins RG, Ruddy JD, Presland J, Maniar N, Shield AJ, Williams MD, et al. Architectural changes of the biceps femoris long head after concentric or eccentric training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):499\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000795.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2291_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.100996","volume":"14","author":"MH Andrews","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andrews MH, Pai AS, Gurchiek RD, Pincheira PA, Chaudhari AS, Hodges PW, et al. Multiscale hamstring muscle adaptations following 9 weeks of eccentric training. J Sport Health Sci. 2025;14: 100996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.100996.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.09.002","volume":"11","author":"PA Pincheira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pincheira PA, Boswell MA, Franchi MV, Delp SL, Lichtwark GA. Biceps femoris long head sarcomere and fascicle length adaptations after 3 weeks of eccentric exercise training. J Sport Health Sci. 2022;11(1):43\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.09.002.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00634.x","volume":"18","author":"A Arnason","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arnason A, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Prevention of hamstring strains in elite soccer: an intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(1):40\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00634.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2019.43.4.465","volume":"43","author":"AE Elerian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elerian AE, El-Sayyad MM, Dorgham HAA. Effect of pre-training and post-training Nordic exercise on hamstring injury prevention, recurrence, and severity in soccer players. Ann Rehabil Med. 2019;43(4):465\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/arm.2019.43.4.465.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511419277","volume":"39","author":"J Petersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petersen J, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, Budtz-J\u00f8rgensen E, H\u00f6lmich P. Preventive effect of eccentric training on acute hamstring injuries in men\u2019s soccer: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(11):2296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546511419277.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515574057","volume":"43","author":"N van der Horst","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Horst N, Smits D-W, Petersen J, Goedhart EA, Backx FJG. The preventive effect of the Nordic hamstring exercise on hamstring injuries in amateur soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(6):1316\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546515574057.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0638-2","volume":"47","author":"WSA Al Attar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Attar WSA, Soomro N, Sinclair PJ, Pappas E, Sanders RH. Effect of injury prevention programs that include the Nordic hamstring exercise on hamstring injury rates in soccer players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017;47(5):907\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0638-2.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2291_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100045","volume":"53","author":"N van Dyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Dyk N, Behan FP, Whiteley R. Including the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programmes halves the rate of hamstring injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 8459 athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(21):1362\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100045.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314432","volume":"36","author":"AH Engebretsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Engebretsen AH, Myklebust G, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Prevention of injuries among male soccer players: a prospective, randomized intervention study targeting players with previous injuries or reduced function. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(6):1052\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546508314432.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.02.001","volume":"9","author":"BJ Gabbe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gabbe BJ, Branson R, Bennell KL. A pilot randomised controlled trial of eccentric exercise to prevent hamstring injuries in community-level Australian Football. J Sci Med Sport. 2006;9(1):103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.02.001.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0628-4","volume":"47","author":"J Douglas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Chronic adaptations to eccentric training: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47(5):917\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0628-4.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.005","volume":"7","author":"RL Lieber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lieber RL. Biomechanical response of skeletal muscle to eccentric contractions. J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7(3):294\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.005.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096130","volume":"51","author":"MN Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne MN, Duhig SJ, Timmins RG, Williams MD, Opar DA, Al Najjar A, et al. Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring architecture and morphology: implications for injury prevention. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(5):469\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096130.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12925","volume":"28","author":"R Lovell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lovell R, Knox M, Weston M, Siegler JC, Brennan S, Marshall PWM. Hamstring injury prevention in soccer: before or after training? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(2):658\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12925.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071658","volume":"9","author":"KW Jorgenson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the structural adaptations that drive the mechanical load-induced growth of skeletal muscle: a scoping review. Cells. 2020;9(7):1658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9071658.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.05.005","volume":"7","author":"W Herzog","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herzog W. Why are muscles strong, and why do they require little energy in eccentric action? J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7(3):255\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.05.005.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(94)00047-I","volume":"14","author":"TJ Koh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Koh TJ. Do adaptations in serial sarcomere number occur with strength training? Hum Mov Sci. 1995;14(1):61\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-9457(94)00047-I.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007909","volume":"184","author":"AM Gordon","year":"1966","unstructured":"Gordon AM, Huxley AF, Julian FJ. The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres. J Physiol. 1966;184(1):170\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007909.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2291_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.9.1529","volume":"204","author":"TJ Burkholder","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burkholder TJ, Lieber RL. Sarcomere length operating range of vertebrate muscles during movement. J Exp Biol. 2001;204(9):1529\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.204.9.1529.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.3.309","volume":"201","author":"TJ Burkholder","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burkholder TJ, Lieber RL. Sarcomere number adaptation after retinaculum transection in adult mice. J Exp Biol. 1998;201(3):309\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.201.3.309.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880070213","volume":"7","author":"SW Herring","year":"1984","unstructured":"Herring SW, Grimm AF, Grimm BR. Regulation of sarcomere number in skeletal muscle: a comparison of hypotheses. Muscle Nerve. 1984;7(2):161\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.880070213.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2291_CR81","first-page":"459","volume":"127","author":"PE Williams","year":"1978","unstructured":"Williams PE, Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere length and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J Anat. 1978;127(Pt 3):459\u201368.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00114.2022","volume":"133","author":"A Hinks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hinks A, Franchi MV, Power GA. The influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function. J Appl Physiol. 2022;133(1):87\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00114.2022.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7205","key":"2291_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07104","volume":"454","author":"ME Llewellyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Llewellyn ME, Barretto RPJ, Delp SL, Schnitzer MJ. Minimally invasive high-speed imaging of sarcomere contractile dynamics in mice and humans. Nature. 2008;454(7205):784\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature07104.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.022","volume":"88","author":"GN Sanchez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanchez GN, Sinha S, Liske H, Chen X, Nguyen V, Delp SL, et al. In vivo imaging of human sarcomere twitch dynamics in individual motor units. Neuron. 2015;88(6):1109\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.022.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.04.009","volume":"38","author":"SS Blemker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blemker SS, Pinsky PM, Delp SL. A 3D model of muscle reveals the causes of nonuniform strains in the biceps brachii. J Biomech. 2005;38(4):657\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.04.009.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.12.015","volume":"45","author":"NM Fiorentino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fiorentino NM, Epstein FH, Blemker SS. Activation and aponeurosis morphology affect in vivo muscle tissue strains near the myotendinous junction. J Biomech. 2011;45(4):647\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.12.015.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.07.012","volume":"20","author":"E Kellis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kellis E, Galanis N, Natsis K, Kapetanos G. Muscle architecture variations along the human semitendinosus and biceps femoris (long head) length. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(6):1237\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.07.012.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2291_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.08.010","volume":"47","author":"NM Fiorentino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fiorentino NM, Blemker SS. Musculotendon variability influences tissue strains experienced by the biceps femoris long head muscle during high-speed running. J Biomech. 2014;47(13):3325\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.08.010.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000172","volume":"46","author":"NM Fiorentino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fiorentino NM, Rehorn MR, Chumanov ES, Thelen DG, Blemker SS. Computational models predict larger muscle tissue strains at faster sprinting speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(4):776\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000172.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.05.002","volume":"25","author":"PA Pincheira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pincheira PA, Riveros-Matthey C, Lichtwark GA. Isometric fascicle behaviour of the biceps femoris long head muscle during Nordic hamstring exercise variations. J Sci Med Sport. 2022;25(8):684\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2022.05.002.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2855-4","volume":"114","author":"RM Erskine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Erskine RM, Fletcher G, Folland JP. The contribution of muscle hypertrophy to strength changes following resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(6):1239\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-014-2855-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3583-3","volume":"117","author":"KD Seymore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seymore KD, Domire ZJ, DeVita P, Rider PM, Kulas AS. The effect of Nordic hamstring strength training on muscle architecture, stiffness, and strength. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(5):943\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3583-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2291_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003490","author":"S Maeo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maeo S, Balshaw TG, Nin DZ, Mc Dermott EJ, Osborne T, Cooper NB, et al. Hamstrings hypertrophy is specific to the training exercise: Nordic hamstring versus lengthened state eccentric training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003490.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2291_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pai AS, Andrews MH, Gurchiek RD, Pincheira PA, Barbieri M, Friedrich T et al. Hamstring muscle architecture and microstructure changes following Nordic hamstring exercise training and detraining. J Sport Health Sci. 2025;(In press).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2025.101070"},{"issue":"9","key":"2291_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14728","volume":"34","author":"SL Lazarczuk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lazarczuk SL, Collings TJ, Hams AH, Timmins RG, Shield AJ, Barrett RS, et al. Hamstring muscle-tendon geometric adaptations to resistance training using the hip extension and Nordic hamstring exercises. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024;34(9): e14728.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000095","volume":"45","author":"RD Hyldahl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyldahl RD, Chen TC, Nosaka K. Mechanisms and mediators of the skeletal muscle repeated bout effect. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2017;45(1):24\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JES.0000000000000095.","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00577.2016","volume":"122","author":"AL Mackey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mackey AL, Kjaer M. Connective tissue regeneration in skeletal muscle after eccentric contraction-induced injury. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122(3):533\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00577.2016.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"36","key":"2291_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805365105","volume":"105","author":"M Fl\u00fcck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcck M, Mund SI, Schittny JC, Klossner S, Durieux A-C, Giraud M-N. Mechano-regulated tenascin-C orchestrates muscle repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(36):13662\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0805365105.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Pt 20","key":"2291_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.20.3583","volume":"113","author":"M Fl\u00fcck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcck M, Tunc-Civelek V, Chiquet M. Rapid and reciprocal regulation of tenascin-C and tenascin-Y expression by loading of skeletal muscle. J Cell Sci. 2000;113(Pt 20):3583\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.113.20.3583.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-176487","volume":"25","author":"AL Mackey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mackey AL, Brandstetter S, Schjerling P, Bojsen-Moller J, Qvortrup K, Pedersen MM, et al. Sequenced response of extracellular matrix deadhesion and fibrotic regulators after muscle damage is involved in protection against future injury in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 2011;25(6):1943\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.10-176487.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12609","volume":"107","author":"JE Murphy-Ullrich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murphy-Ullrich JE. The de-adhesive activity of matricellular proteins: is intermediate cell adhesion an adaptive state? J Clin Invest. 2001;107(7):785\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI12609.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-266668","volume":"29","author":"RD Hyldahl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyldahl RD, Nelson B, Xin L, Welling T, Groscost L, Hubal MJ, et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling and its contribution to protective adaptation following lengthening contractions in human muscle. FASEB J. 2015;29(7):2894\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.14-266668.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2291_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111575","volume":"152","author":"T Finni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Finni T, de Brito Fontana H, Maas H. Force transmission and interactions between synergistic muscles. J Biomech. 2023;152: 111575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111575.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00049.2014","volume":"31","author":"W Herzog","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herzog W, Schappacher G, DuVall M, Leonard TR, Herzog JA. Residual force enhancement following eccentric contractions: a new mechanism involving titin. Physiology. 2016;31(4):300\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00049.2014.","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121234","volume":"80","author":"WA Linke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Linke WA. Titin gene and protein functions in passive and active muscle. Annu Rev Physiol. 2018;80(1):389\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121234.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.002","volume":"7","author":"KC Nishikawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nishikawa KC, Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC. Basic science and clinical use of eccentric contractions: history and uncertainties. J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7(3):265\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.002.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00069.2013","volume":"116","author":"W Herzog","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herzog W. Mechanisms of enhanced force production in lengthening (eccentric) muscle contractions. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116(11):1407\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00069.2013.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1730","key":"2291_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1304","volume":"279","author":"KC Nishikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nishikawa KC, Monroy JA, Uyeno TE, Yeo SH, Pai DK, Lindstedt SL. Is titin a \u2018winding filament\u2019? A new twist on muscle contraction. Proc R Soc B. 2012;279(1730):981\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2011.1304.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"issue":"23","key":"2291_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1266018","volume":"35","author":"B Van Hooren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Hooren B, Bosch F. Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings during the swing phase of high-speed running? Part I: a critical review of the literature. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(23):2313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2016.1266018.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"2291_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1266019","volume":"35","author":"B Van Hooren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Hooren B, Bosch F. Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings during the swing phase of high-speed running? Part II: implications for exercise. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(23):2322\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2016.1266019.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01431.2012","volume":"116","author":"BW Hoffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoffman BW, Cresswell AG, Carroll TJ, Lichtwark GA. Muscle fascicle strains in human gastrocnemius during backward downhill walking. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116(11):1455\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01431.2012.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2291_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.011","volume":"43","author":"MR Rehorn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rehorn MR, Blemker SS. The effects of aponeurosis geometry on strain injury susceptibility explored with a 3D muscle model. J Biomech. 2010;43(13):2574\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.011.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2291_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.669813","volume":"3","author":"BJ Raiteri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raiteri BJ, Beller R, Hahn D. Biceps femoris long head muscle fascicles actively lengthen during the Nordic hamstring exercise. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3: 669813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.669813.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14158","volume":"32","author":"B Van Hooren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Hooren B, Van wanseele B, van Rossom S, Teratsias P, Willems P, Drost M, et al. Muscle forces and fascicle behavior during three hamstring exercises. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(6):997\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14158.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"10","key":"2291_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01695-y","volume":"52","author":"SL Lazarczuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lazarczuk SL, Maniar N, Opar DA, Duhig SJ, Shield A, Barrett RS, et al. Mechanical, material and morphological adaptations of healthy lower limb tendons to mechanical loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52(10):2405\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01695-y.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000176674.42929.de","volume":"37","author":"DG Thelen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thelen DG, Chumanov ES, Best TM, Swanson SC, Heiderscheit BC. Simulation of biceps femoris musculotendon mechanics during the swing phase of sprinting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(11):1931\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000176674.42929.de.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1570","key":"2291_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0345","volume":"366","author":"EM Arnold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arnold EM, Delp SL. Fibre operating lengths of human lower limb muscles during walking. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366(1570):1530\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2010.0345.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1917","key":"2291_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20192560","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.2560","volume":"286","author":"S Bohm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bohm S, Mersmann F, Santuz A, Arampatzis A. The force-length-velocity potential of the human soleus muscle is related to the energetic cost of running. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2019;286(1917):20192560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.2560.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-150580","volume":"23","author":"B Manfredini Baroni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manfredini Baroni B, Silveira Pinto R, Herzog W, Aur\u00e9lio Vaz M. Eccentric resistance training of the knee extensor muscle: training programs and neuromuscular adaptations. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2015;23(3):183\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/IES-150580.","journal-title":"Isokinet Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051417","volume":"43","author":"M Roig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roig M, O\u2019Brien K, Kirk G, Murray R, McKinnon P, Shadgan B, et al. The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(8):556\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051417.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00002.2013","volume":"116","author":"J Duchateau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duchateau J, Baudry S. Insights into the neural control of eccentric contractions. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116(11):1418\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00002.2013.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.123158","volume":"219","author":"J Duchateau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duchateau J, Enoka RM. Neural control of lengthening contractions. J Exp Biol. 2016;219(2):197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.123158.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31816184dc","volume":"40","author":"J Duclay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duclay J, Martin A, Robbe A, Pousson M. Spinal reflex plasticity during maximal dynamic contractions after eccentric training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(4):722\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31816184dc.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001611","volume":"50","author":"S Maeo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maeo S, Shan X, Otsuka S, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Neuromuscular adaptations to work-matched maximal eccentric versus concentric training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(8):1629\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001611.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198810001-00009","volume":"20","author":"DG Sale","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(5):S135\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/00005768-198810001-00009.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00854.2010","volume":"105","author":"TJ Dartnall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dartnall TJ, Nordstrom MA, Semmler JG. Adaptations in biceps brachii motor unit activity after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in elbow flexor muscles. J Neurophysiol. 2011;105(3):1225\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00854.2010.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277250","volume":"597","author":"A Del Vecchio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Vecchio A, Casolo A, Negro F, Scorcelletti M, Bazzucchi I, Enoka R, et al. The increase in muscle force after 4 weeks of strength training is mediated by adaptations in motor unit recruitment and rate coding. J Physiol. 2019;597(7):1873\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP277250.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04273-9","volume":"120","author":"AJ Sterczala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterczala AJ, Miller JD, Dimmick HL, Wray ME, Trevino MA, Herda TJ. Eight weeks of resistance training increases strength, muscle cross-sectional area and motor unit size, but does not alter firing rates in the vastus lateralis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(1):281\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-019-04273-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.032094","volume":"91","author":"AR Pucci","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pucci AR, Griffin L, Cafarelli E. Maximal motor unit firing rates during isometric resistance training in men. Exp Physiol. 2006;91(1):171\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.032094.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00028","volume":"32","author":"C Rich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rich C, Cafarelli E. Submaximal motor unit firing rates after 8 wk of isometric resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):190\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00028.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00620.2016","volume":"117","author":"EA Kirk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirk EA, Rice CL. Contractile function and motor unit firing rates of the human hamstrings. J Neurophysiol. 2017;117(1):243\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00620.2016.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2291_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003530","volume":"56","author":"C Sahinis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sahinis C, Amiridis IG, Kannas T, Farina D, Enoka RM, Kellis E. Distinct neural drives along the semitendinosus muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024;56(12):2338\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003530.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2291_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102726","volume":"68","author":"E Martinez-Valdes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinez-Valdes E, Enoka RM, Holobar A, McGill K, Farina D, Besomi M, et al. Consensus for experimental design in electromyography (CEDE) project: single motor unit matrix. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2023;68: 102726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102726.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.10.065","volume":"127","author":"E Martinez-Valdes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martinez-Valdes E, Laine CM, Falla D, Mayer F, Farina D. High-density surface electromyography provides reliable estimates of motor unit behavior. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;127(6):2534\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.10.065.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2291_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-04905-7","volume":"122","author":"J Aeles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aeles J, Bellett M, Lichtwark GA, Cresswell AG. The effect of small changes in rate of force development on muscle fascicle velocity and motor unit discharge behaviour. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122(4):1035\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-022-04905-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00054-1","volume":"110","author":"RA Conwit","year":"1999","unstructured":"Conwit RA, Stashuk D, Tracy B, McHugh M, Brown WF, Metter EJ. The relationship of motor unit size, firing rate and force. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110(7):1270\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00054-1.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.6.2249","volume":"89","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson SP, Halkj\u00e6r-Kristensen J, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Neural inhibition during maximal eccentric and concentric quadriceps contraction: effects of resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(6):2249\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.6.2249.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1972.sp009812","volume":"222","author":"DM Lewis","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lewis DM, Proske U. The effect of muscle length and rate of fusimotor stimulation on the frequency of discharge in primary endings from muscle spindles in the cat. J Physiol. 1972;222(3):511\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1972.sp009812.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00071.2018","volume":"120","author":"VG Macefield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Macefield VG, Knellwolf TP. Functional properties of human muscle spindles. J Neurophysiol. 2018;120(2):452\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00071.2018.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050057","volume":"81","author":"GJ Pinniger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinniger GJ, Steele JR, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. Tension regulation during lengthening and shortening actions of the human soleus muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81(5):375\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004210050057.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2291_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12494","volume":"26","author":"MN Bourne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bourne MN, Opar DA, Williams MD, Al Najjar A, Shield AJ. Muscle activation patterns in the Nordic hamstring exercise: impact of prior strain injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(6):666\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12494.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.12.006","volume":"23","author":"JJ Fyfe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fyfe JJ, Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. The role of neuromuscular inhibition in hamstring strain injury recurrence. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23(3):523\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.12.006.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.003","volume":"7","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aagaard P. Spinal and supraspinal control of motor function during maximal eccentric muscle contraction: effects of resistance training. J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7(3):282\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.06.003.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2291_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00262824","volume":"73","author":"IG Amiridis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Amiridis IG, Martin A, Morlon B, Martin L, Cometti G, Pousson M, et al. Co-activation and tension regulating phenomena during isokinetic knee extension in sedentary and highly skilled humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(1\u20132):149\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00262824.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08971.x","volume":"140","author":"SH Westing","year":"1990","unstructured":"Westing SH, Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Effects of electrical stimulation on eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships during knee extension in man. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990;140(1):17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08971.x.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0472","volume":"4","author":"TE Higham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Higham TE, Biewener AA, Wakeling JM. Functional diversification within and between muscle synergists during locomotion. Biol Lett. 2008;4(1):41\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0472.","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0459","volume":"5","author":"JM Wakeling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wakeling JM. The recruitment of different compartments within a muscle depends on the mechanics of the movement. Biol Lett. 2009;5(1):30\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0459.","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13016","volume":"28","author":"A Hegyi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hegyi A, P\u00e9ter A, Finni T, Cronin NJ. Region-dependent hamstrings activity in Nordic hamstring exercise and stiff-leg deadlift defined with high-density electromyography. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(3):992\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13016.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000598","volume":"29","author":"BJ Schoenfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schoenfeld BJ, Contreras B, Tiryaki-Sonmez G, Wilson JM, Kolber MJ, Peterson MD. Regional differences in muscle activation during hamstrings exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(1):159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000598.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2291_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20170718","volume":"12","author":"R van den Tillaar","year":"2017","unstructured":"van den Tillaar R, Solheim JAB, Bencke J. Comparison of hamstring muscle activation during high-speed running and various hamstring strengthening exercises. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(5):718\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/ijspt20170718.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"13","key":"2291_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095739","volume":"51","author":"MN Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne MN, Williams MD, Opar DA, Al Najjar A, Kerr GK, Shield AJ. Impact of exercise selection on hamstring muscle activation. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(13):1021\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095739.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2291_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100290","volume":"37","author":"R Fernandez-Gonzalo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Tesch PA, Linnehan RM, Kreider RB, Di Salvo V, Suarez-Arrones L, et al. Individual muscle use in hamstring exercises by soccer players assessed using functional MRI. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(7):559\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-100290.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2291_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.7748","volume":"48","author":"DJ Messer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Messer DJ, Bourne MN, Williams MD, Al Najjar A, Shield AJ. Hamstring muscle use in females during hip-extension and the Nordic hamstring exercise: an fMRI study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(8):607\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2018.7748.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"2291_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3586","volume":"41","author":"B Cagnie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cagnie B, Elliott J, O\u2019Leary S, D\u2019Hooge R, Dickx N, Danneels L. Muscle functional MRI as an imaging tool to evaluate muscle activity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(11):896\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2011.3586.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2291_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120938649","volume":"13","author":"S Guruhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guruhan S, Kafa N, Ecemis ZB, Guzel NA. Muscle activation differences during eccentric hamstring exercises. Sports Health. 2021;13(2):181\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1941738120938649.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"2291_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090281","volume":"47","author":"MK Zebis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zebis MK, Skotte J, Andersen CH, Mortensen P, Petersen HH, Visk\u00e6r TC, et al. Kettlebell swing targets semitendinosus and supine leg curl targets biceps femoris: an EMG study with rehabilitation implications. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(18):1192\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090281.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"2291_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1899405","volume":"39","author":"A Boyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boyer A, Hug F, Avrillon S, Lacourpaille L. Individual differences in the distribution of activation among the hamstring muscle heads during stiff-leg deadlift and Nordic hamstring exercises. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(16):1830\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2021.1899405.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2011.535769","volume":"19","author":"T Ono","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ono T, Higashihara A, Fukubayashi T. Hamstring functions during hip-extension exercise assessed with electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging. Res Sports Med. 2011;19(1):42\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15438627.2011.535769.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0130","volume":"26","author":"P Comfort","year":"2017","unstructured":"Comfort P, Regan A, Herrington L, Thomas C, McMahon J, Jones P. Lack of effect of ankle position during the Nordic curl on muscle activity of the biceps femoris and medial gastrocnemius. J Sport Rehabil. 2017;26(3):202\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.2015-0130.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"2291_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Muscle function: strength, speed, and fatigability. In: Zoladz JA, editor. Muscle and exercise physiology. Academic Press; 2019. pp. 129\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814593-7.00007-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13303","volume":"29","author":"A Hegyi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hegyi A, Csala D, P\u00e9ter A, Finni T, Cronin NJ. High-density electromyography activity in various hamstring exercises. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(1):34\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13303.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"}],"container-title":["Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02291-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02291-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02291-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T11:00:03Z","timestamp":1760094003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02291-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02291-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0112-1642","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-2035","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the conception of this review. M.H.A. conducted the literature search, and all authors critically reviewed the literature. M.H.A. drafted the manuscript, and all authors critically revised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Anthony Shield is a former shareholder in Vald Performance, a company that manufactures a device to assess hamstring strength. The remaining authors declare no competing interests relevant to the content of this review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}