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Possible etiologies include rest-induced aerobic deconditioning and\/or impaired cardiopulmonary function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined cardiovascular and respiratory function at rest and during progressive cycle ergometer exercise in adolescents within 10\u00a0days of sport-related concussion compared with non-concussed athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Concussed participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200926, 15.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u00a0years, 54% male, 7.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\u00a0days from injury) and control participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924, 15.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6\u00a0years, 58% male) performed the Buffalo Concussion Bike Test. Blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and end-tidal CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      were collected at rest and continuously during exercise.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concussed participants exercised for 16.24\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6\u00a0min, experienced a greater than 2-point (on a 0\u201310 scale) exacerbation of their concussion symptoms at their final minute, and reported higher perceived exertion throughout exercise versus controls. Controls exercised for 25.08\u2009\u00b1\u20097.0\u00a0min up to voluntary exhaustion without reporting any concussion-like symptoms. Concussed participants\u2019 cardiovascular and respiratory parameters did not differ at rest versus controls, but concussed participants had higher minute ventilation and their blood pressure plateaued at lower values during the first 10\u00a0min of exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No evidence of aerobic deconditioning was found within 10\u00a0days of injury. Our study found attenuated cardiopulmonary responses to progressive aerobic exercise, which may be a cause for exercise intolerance in concussed adolescent athletes. Additional research is warranted to determine if this may be related to altered autonomic nervous system regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02301-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T16:35:30Z","timestamp":1756226130000},"page":"271-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses During Graded Exercise in Adolescents After Sport-Related Concussion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Leddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad N.","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2113-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley M.","family":"Chizuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad S. 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The content is solely the authors\u2019 responsibility and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"John J. Leddy, Mohammad N. Haider, Haley M. Chizuk, Muhammad S.Z. Nazir, Phillip Worts, Barry S. Willer, and Blair D. Johnson have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Data can be requested from the corresponding author at haider@buffalo.edu.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of Data and Material"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}},{"value":"JJL, MNH, BSW, and BDJ developed the study idea and designed the experiment. MNH, HMC, MSZN, and PW collected the data, organized it, and prepared it for analysis. MNH performed the statistical analysis. JJL and MNH drafted the first version of the manuscript. All authors played a role in interpreting the results and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 Contributions"}}]}}